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European Sovereign Policy Solutions

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European sovereign-debt crisis

Policy reactions

[edit]EU emergency measures
[edit]European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF)
Main article: European Financial Stability Facility
On 9 May 2010, the 27 EU member states agreed to create the European Financial Stability Facility, a legal instrument[222] aiming at preserving financial stability in Europe by providing financial assistance to eurozone states in difficulty. The EFSF can issue bonds or other debt instruments on the market with the support of the German Debt Management Office to raise the funds needed to provide loans to eurozone countries in financial troubles, recapitalize banks or buy sovereign debt.[223]
Emissions of bonds are backed by guarantees given by the euro area member states in proportion to their share in the paid-up capital of the European Central Bank. The €440 billion lending capacity of the facility is jointly and severally guaranteed by the eurozone countries' governments and may be combined with loans up to €60 billion from the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism (reliant on funds raised by the European Commission using the EU budget as collateral) and up to €250 billion from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to obtain a financial safety net up to €750 billion.[224]
The EFSF issued €5 billion of five-year bonds in its inaugural benchmark issue 25 January 2011, attracting an order book of €44.5 billion. This amount is a record for any sovereign bond in Europe, and €24.5 billion more than the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism (EFSM), a separate European Union funding vehicle, with a €5 billion issue in the first week of January 2011.[225]
On 29 November 2011, the member state finance ministers agreed to expand the EFSF by creating certificates that could guarantee up to 30% of new issues from troubled euro-area governments, and to create investment vehicles that would boost the EFSF’s firepower to intervene in primary and secondary bond markets.[226]
Reception by financial markets
Stocks surged worldwide after the EU announced the EFSF's creation. The facility eased fears that the Greek debt crisis would spread,[227] and this led to some stocks rising to the highest level in a year or more.[228] The euro made its biggest gain in 18 months,[229] before falling to a new four-year low a week later.[230] Shortly after the euro rose again as hedge funds and other short-term traders unwound short positions and carry trades in the currency.[231] Commodity prices also rose following the announcement.[232]
The dollar Libor held at a nine-month high.[233] Default swaps also fell.[234] The VIX closed down a record almost 30%, after a record weekly rise the preceding week that prompted the bailout.[235] The agreement is interpreted as allowing the ECB to start buying government debt from the secondary market which is expected to reduce bond yields.[236] As a result Greek bond yields fell sharply from over 10% to just over 5%.[237] Asian bonds yields also fell with the EU bailout.[238])
Usage of EFSF funds

Debt profile of Eurozone countries
The EFSF only raises funds after an aid request is made by a country.[239] As of the end of December 2011, it has been activated two times. In November 2010, it financed €17.7 billion of the total €67.5 billion rescue package for Ireland (the rest was loaned from individual European countries, the European Commission and the IMF). In May 2011 it contributed one third of the €78 billion package for Portugal. As part of the second bailout for Greece, the loan was shifted to the EFSF, amounting to €164 billion (130bn new package plus 34.4bn remaining from Greek Loan Facility) throughout 2014.[240] This leaves the EFSF with €250 billion or an equivalent of €750 billion in leveraged firepower.[241] According to German newspaper Sueddeutsche, this is more than enough to finance the debt rollovers of all flagging European countries until end of 2012, in case necessary.[241]
The EFSF is set to expire in 2013, running one year parallel to the permanent €500 billion rescue funding program called the European Stability Mechanism (ESM), which will start operating as soon as member states representing 90% of the capital commitments have ratified it. This is expected to be in July 2012.[242][243]
On 13 January 2012, Standard & Poor’s downgraded France and Austria from AAA rating, lowered Spain, Italy (and five other[244]) euro members further, and maintained the top credit rating for Finland, Germany, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands; shortly after, S&P also downgraded the EFSF from AAA to AA+.[244][245]
[edit]European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism (EFSM)
Main article: European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism
On 5 January 2011, the European Union created the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism (EFSM), an emergency funding programme reliant upon funds raised on the financial markets and guaranteed by the European Commission using the budget of the European Union as collateral.[246] It runs under the supervision of the Commission[247] and aims at preserving financial stability in Europe by providing financial assistance to EU member states in economic difficulty.[248] The Commission fund, backed by all 27 European Union members, has the authority to raise up to €60 billion[249] and is rated AAA by Fitch, Moody's and Standard & Poor's.[250][251]
Under the EFSM, the EU successfully placed in the capital markets a €5 billion issue of bonds as part of the financial support package agreed for Ireland, at a borrowing cost for the EFSM of 2.59%.[252]
Like the EFSF, the EFSM will also be replaced by the permanent rescue funding programme ESM, which is due to be launched in July 2012.[242]
[edit]Brussels agreement and aftermath
On 26 October 2011, leaders of the 17 eurozone countries met in Brussels and agreed on a 50% write-off of Greek sovereign debt held by banks, a fourfold increase (to about €1 trillion) in bail-out funds held under the European Financial Stability Facility, an increased mandatory level of 9% for bank capitalisation within the EU and a set of commitments from Italy to take measures to reduce its national debt. Also pledged was €35 billion in "credit enhancement" to mitigate losses likely to be suffered by European banks. José Manuel Barroso characterised the package as a set of "exceptional measures for exceptional times".[11][253]
The package's acceptance was put into doubt on 31 October when Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou announced that a referendum would be held so that the Greek people would have the final say on the bailout, upsetting financial markets.[254] On 3 November 2011 the promised Greek referendum on the bailout package was withdrawn by Prime Minister Papandreou.
In late 2011, Landon Thomas in the New York Times noted that some, at least, European banks were maintaining high dividend payout rates and none were getting capital injections from their governments even while being required to improve capital ratios. Thomas quoted Richard Koo, an economist based in Japan, an expert on that country's banking crisis, and specialist in balance sheet recessions, as saying:
I do not think Europeans understand the implications of a systemic banking crisis.... When all banks are forced to raise capital at the same time, the result is going to be even weaker banks and an even longer recession – if not depression.... Government intervention should be the first resort, not the last resort.
Beyond equity issuance and debt-to-equity conversion, then, one analyst "said that as banks find it more difficult to raise funds, they will move faster to cut down on loans and unload lagging assets" as they work to improve capital ratios. This latter contraction of balance sheets "could lead to a depression”, the analyst said.[255] Reduced lending was a circumstance already at the time being seen in a "deepen[ing] crisis" in commodities trade finance in western Europe.[256]
Final agreement on the second bailout package
In a marathon meeting on 20/21 February 2012 the Eurogroup agreed with the IMF and the Institute of International Finance on the final conditions of the second bailout package worth €130 billion. The lenders agreed to increase the nominal haircut from 50% to 53.5%. EU Member States agreed to an additional retroactive lowering of the interest rates of the Greek Loan Facility to a level of just 150 basis points above the Euribor. Furthermore, governments of Member States where central banks currently hold Greek government bonds in their investment portfolio commit to pass on to Greece an amount equal to any future income until 2020. Altogether this should bring down Greece's debt to between 117%[113] and 120.5% of GDP by 2020

Vers une instance commune de supervision bancaire[modifier]
Réunis lors du Conseil européen des 28 et 29 juin 2012126, les chefs d'État et de gouvernement de la zone euro ont décidé de mettre en place, avant la fin de l'année, un mécanisme commun de supervision des banques. Ils ont demandé à la Commission européenne de faire une proposition en ce sens127. Une fois ce système en place, le Mécanisme de stabilité européen (MSE) pourrait recapitaliser les banques directement, sans que cela pèse sur la dette des États membres128. Ce nouveau système pourrait être en place début 2013.
Les chefs d'État et de gouvernement ont également, lors de la même réunion, prévu une recapitalisation du secteur bancaire espagnol, l'aide financière étant apportée par le fonds européen de stabilité financière (FESF) en attendant la mise en place effective du MSE. Le gouvernement espagnol a obtenu que le MSE ne soit pas considéré comme un créancier prioritaire, afin de rassurer les autres investisseurs qui pourraient acheter la dette du pays129.
Les chefs d'État et de gouvernement de l'ensemble de l'Union ont par ailleurs adopté un « pacte pour la croissance et l'emploi »130

Les résultats des négociations d'octobre 2011[modifier]
En octobre 2011, les chefs d'États et de gouvernement tentent de stabiliser la zone euro quand il devient de plus en plus évident d'une part que la dette grecque doit être diminuée et que les banques doivent être recapitalisées. Au cours du mois de septembre un bras de fer oppose le FMI qui pousse à la recapitalisation des banques d'une part, et la France qui s'y refuse d'autre part.
L'accord[modifier]
Le mercredi 19 octobre Nicolas Sarkozy rencontre Angela Merkel en marge des cérémonies organisées pour le départ de Jean-Claude Trichet de la Banque centrale européenne. Le président français voudrait que le FESF soit transformé en banque et qu'il puisse se refinancer sans limite auprès de la BCE112. Il se heurte au refus d'Angela Merkel et de Jean-Claude Trichet. Angela Merkel fait savoir à ses partenaires de la zone euro que la cour constitutionnelle exige que toute décision soit validée par le parlement et que donc lors de la réunion du 23 octobre, aucune décision ne pourra être prise112Après des négociations le dimanche 23 octobre, le parlement allemand est consulté et un accord assez large est trouvé sur le cadre dans lequel Angela Merkel doit négocier. Cadre qui ne prévoit pas que le FESF soit transformé en banque mais qui prévoit par contre un effacement par les créanciers privés d'une partie de la dette. Les députés ont insisté sur la limitation des garanties allemandes et sur l'indépendance de la la BCE113.
Un accord est finalement trouvé le 27 octobre au matin. Cet accord prévoit : un abandon par les banques privées de 50 % de la dette publique qu'elles détiennent sur la Grèce (la BCE et le FMI ne sont pas concernés). Cet accord a été particulièrement difficile à atteindre du fait de la résistance des banques. Il a fallu que Charles Dallara le directeur de l'Institut de la finance internationale y soit fortement "incité" par Angela Merkel, Nicolas Sarkozy, Christine Lagarde et Herman Van Rompuy112.
Les banques doivent être recapitalisées pour un montant de 106 milliards d'Euros (30 milliards pour la Grèce, 26,1 milliard pour l'Espagne, 14,7 milliards pour l'Italie, 8,8 milliards pour la France et 5,1 milliards pour l'Allemagne.) 114. La recapitalisation sera faite soit par appel à l'épargne soit par les États soit, en dernier ressort par le FESF.
Le FESF n'est pas autorisé à devenir une banque mais un effet de levier va être recherché à travers deux mécanismes : « un rehaussement de crédit pour de nouvelles émissions par les Etats membres » et/ou en faisant appel de façon complémentaire à des investisseurs privés ou souverains en coopération avec le FMI115.
La réception de l'accord et projet de référendum[modifier]
L'accord est bien accueilli par la Bourse qui connaît le 27 octobre une forte hausse (4 %) 115. Franklin Pichard directeur de Barclays Bank déclare au journal Le Monde « hormis la création d'Eurobonds tout ce qu'on attendait on l'a eu »116. Toutefois d'autres sont plus circonspects et veulent "juger sur pièce" Jens Weidmann le président de la banque centrale allemande bundesbank se félicite que la Banque centrale européenne ne soit pas impliquée dans cet accord mais s'inquiète des risques liés à l'effet de levier117.
Les socialistes français accueillent froidement cet accord, qui entérine selon eux "la dégradation de l’Europe"118. Même si Catherine Trautmann se dit "soulagée" car "l’accord de cette nuit a le mérite d’exister", les socialistes condamnent la volonté de mettre en oeuvre le « pacte euro plus » afin de "repousser l’âge de départ à la retraite à 67 ans et flexibiliser le marché de l’emploi en remettant en cause le droit du travail". Pour Liêm Hoang-Ngoc, "les politiques d’austérité font plonger l’Europe dans la récession".
Pour Eric Le Boucher, l'accord ne s'occupe pas assez de croissance. Selon lui, pour cela, il faudrait s'attaquer à l'absence d'une politique macro-économique commune et aux divergences entre pays. Par ailleurs, comme d'ailleurs d'autres observateurs, il est inquiet par la création d'un mécanisme annexe au FESF ouvert à la Chine qui pourrait conduire à réduire l'indépendance de l'Europe115. Pervenche Berès a soulevé les risques concrets de cet appel à la Chine : "comment progresser vers le juste échange, comment l’Union européenne peut-elle peser sur la scène internationale pour obtenir une réévaluation du Yuan, comment parvenir à une authentique réciprocité en matière de respect des normes sociales et environnementales dorénavant ? »119.
Le premier ministre Georges Papandréou face au mécontentement populaire et à ce qu'il perçoit comme un abandon de souveraineté décide de soumettre l'accord à referendum120. Il abandonnera l'idée quatre jours plus tard quand la classe politique grecque, prenant conscience que les autres pays envisagent sérieusement la sortie de la Grèce de la zone euro121, se prononce contre ce projet et envisage un gouvernement d'union nationale122.

Réformes institutionnelles[modifier]

Évolutions nées de la crise grecque[modifier]
Le commissaire européen à l'énergie Günther Öttinger a estimé en mai 2010 que les mesures engagées avaient permis de gagner du temps mais que « nous n'avons pas encore décidé de l'issue de la bataille ». De fait l'essentiel reste à faire, notamment, retrouver des finances publiques soutenables sur la longue période, renforcer le fonctionnement de la zone euro, retrouver la croissance92.
À terme, selon le centre de recherche économique World Pensions Council (WPC), le retour à l’orthodoxie financière prôné par le gouvernement allemand et la Banque Centrale Européenne, et la politique de rigueur généralisée qui en découle nécessiteront une révision du traité de Lisbonne, car ils pourraient avoir pour conséquence de réduire les prérogatives budgétaires et fiscales des États-membres au-delà des dispositions du traité dans sa forme actuelle93.
Création d'un mécanisme temporaire de gestion des crises autour du Fonds européen de stabilité financière et de la coopération avec le FMI[modifier]
Dans la nuit du 9 au 10 mai 2010, pour faire face à la peur des marchés et éviter que la crise grecque s'étende à l'Espagne, au Portugal voire à l'Italie, l'Union européenne en coopération avec le FMI se dote d'un fonds de stabilisation de 750 milliards d'euros94.(La Commission européenne est autorisée à emprunter 60 milliards d'euros, 440 milliards apportés par les États à travers la création d'un Fonds européen de stabilité financière et 250 milliards apportés par le FMI.)94 Ce montant est à mettre en lien avec les besoins de financement du Portugal, de l'Espagne et de l'Irlande, qui s'élèvent à 600 milliards d'euros pour la période allant jusqu'à 201295.
Les 440 milliards des États seront empruntés par un instrument spécial (Special Purpose Vehicule) grâce aux garanties des États participants95, et serviront à acheter de la dette des pays menacés. L'Allemagne apporte des garanties sur 28 % de l'ensemble (la fraction de sa part dans le capital de la BCE), soit 123 milliards. Toutefois, cette garantie peut aller jusqu'à 150 milliards pour compenser la non-participation de certains pays non euro96. La France apporte des garanties de 90 milliards d'euros97. Si les Britanniques ont refusé de s'associer au mécanisme estimant que c'était l'affaire des pays de la zone euro95, la Pologne et la Suède bien que non euro ont accepté de participer98.
Durant la journée du dimanche 9 mai 2010, le président Barack ObamaN 3, soucieux des répercussions sur les autres paysN 4, téléphone deux fois à Angela Merkel et une fois à Nicolas Sarkozy pour leur faire part que les États-Unis voulaient une « action résolue »99. Dès dimanche matin la Fed avait ouvert des lignes de crédit aux banques centrales afin d'éviter qu'elles manquent de dollars99.
Une évolution du rôle de la Banque centrale européenne[modifier]
Le 10 mai, la BCE décide de permettre aux banques centrales de la zone d'acheter de la dette publique et de la dette privée sur les marchés secondaires. En décembre 2010, la BCE qui a acheté pour 72 milliards d'obligations d'État demande une augmentation de capital100. Le 16 décembre, le Conseil des gouverneurs décide d'augmenter de 5 milliards d'Euro le capital de la BCE pour le porter à 10,76 milliards en plusieurs étapes s'étalant jusqu'à la fin de l'année 2012101
Renforcement du pacte de stabilité[modifier]
Article détaillé : pacte de stabilité et de croissance.
Grandes lignes[modifier]
Les vingt-sept ministres des Finances se sont mis d'accord le 15 mars 2011 sur une réforme du pacte de stabilité dans le but de renforcer la discipline budgétaire et d'éviter un endettement excessif102.
À partir d'un ensemble d'indicateurs la Commission européenne pourra alerter sur les déséquilibres (hausse trop forte des salaires, déficit de la balance des paiements, bulle immobilière, etc.)
Les pays dont la dette est supérieure à 60 % du PIB devront rembourser à raison d'un vingtième par an du différentiel entre le montant total de la dette et le seuil des soixante pour cent.
Les sanctions. Leur déclenchement, autrefois très politique et soumis au bon vouloir des États, sera plus encadré, plus automatique, de façon à accroître leur crédibilité.
Critiques et le débat au parlement européen sur la question[modifier]
Cet aménagement se heurte à des critiques de certains députés du parlement européen
Pour Sylvie Goulard « on parle beaucoup de coûts unitaire du travail mais il n'y a pas de vraie réflexion sur la manière dont on répartit la charge des réformes entre acteurs économiques »103 d'une façon générale au parlement européen auquel ce texte sera soumis, plus de 2 000 amendements ont été déposés.
Pacte pour l'euro[modifier]
Article détaillé : Europlus.
Grands traits[modifier]
Lors de la réunion des chefs d'État et de gouvernement de la zone euro du 11 mars 2011, il a été décidé de créer une coordination renforcée des politiques économiques intitulée pacte pour l'euro (l'idée avait été initialement proposée par l'Allemagne sous la dénomination pacte de compétitivité). Ce pacte sera soumis aux pays non euro lors du Conseil européen du 24 mars afin de leur permettre de s'y joindre éventuellement. Ce pacte repose sur quatre règles directrices : renforcer la gouvernance économique de l'Union européenne ; favoriser la compétitivité et la convergence des compétitivités des États ; respecter l'intégrité du marché unique ; impliquer les États membres. Pour ce faire, chaque chef d'État ou de gouvernement devra prendre des engagements concrets chaque année auprès de ses pairs qui assureront le suivi des réalisations104. Le pacte vise les quatre objectifs suivants104 :
Renforcer la compétitivité. Il s'agit ici de s'assurer que les coûts du travail évoluent avec la productivité ; d'examiner les mécanismes d'indexation de salaires et de veiller à ce que « les accords salariaux dans la fonction publique viennent soutenir les efforts de compétitivité consentis dans le secteur privé »104.
Promouvoir l'emploi en favorisant la flexicurité, l'éducation et la formation et en réduisant les charges fiscales sur le travail104.
Améliorer la viabilité des finances publiques. Deux grands axes sont mis en avant104.
Suivre la viabilité des retraites, des soins de santé et des prestations sociales.
« Les États de la zone euro s'engagent à traduire dans leur législation nationale les règles budgétaires de l'UE figurant dans le pacte de stabilité et de croissance ».
Renforcer la stabilité financière notamment à travers une « réforme globale du cadre européen de supervision et de régulation du secteur financier est en cours »104.
Par ailleurs, au niveau fiscal, il est prévu d'aller vers une assiette commune pour l'impôt sur les sociétés ainsi que des « discussions structurées sur les questions de politique fiscale, en vue notamment d'assurer l'échange des bonnes pratiques, sur la prévention des pratiques nuisibles et sur des propositions de lutte contre la fraude et l'évasion fiscale »104.

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...In the immediate aftermath of the financial meltdown in 2008, the global crisis has made an important shift. By then not the private banking sector, from where the financial crisis originally emerged from, but sovereign states face the risk of default. In order to analyse the multifaceted character of the European sovereign debt crisis, this essay focuses on its systemic causes. Contrary to the argument of popular Northern European politicians and journalists that blame the inability of Southern European states to manage deficit spending, the Eurozone crisis is firstly determined by imbalances in the European Monetary Union, and secondly by imbalances in the global political economy. This paper argues that the vast amount of sovereign debt is therefore not the result of weak Southern European nations, but of inherent structural illnesses that ultimately led to the current crisis. This essay is divided into two sections. The first section examines the problems of the design of the European Monetary Union. In regard to the theory of an ‘Optimum Currency Area’ by Robert Mundell, it analyses the extent to which the EMU has failed to meet the criteria of optimised efficiency. In the absence of an adjustment mechanism for unequal development in Euro member states, the dominance of Germany as leading export nation created severe inequalities. The second section then focuses on the role of the global political economy and imbalances that were created in the ‘era of financialisation’ following...

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International Monetary Fund

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Does Europe Need a Lender of Last Resort?

...Does Europe need a lender of last resort? German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Nicolas Sarkozy appear to hope their recent Summit will avoid further increasing Euro rescue fund, the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF), or issuing joint Eurobonds. Both measures are extremely unpopular in Germany, which sees itself as the financier of spendthrift southern Euro zone member countries. Germans are only willing to pay with “their” money in “return” for strict austerity measures. And, as Merkel has said, Eurobonds would only be considered as last means. The German Chancellor seems to believe that the Euro zone is not yet at the point where last resort measures need to be considered seriously. Unfortunately, Mrs Merkel may be wrong. Are we there yet? There are a number of compelling reasons to back this. With Italy and Spain (and eventually France and Belgium) in peril, even a tripling or a quadrupling of the ESFS fund would not be sufficient. And by providing such funds the debt crisis would surely arrive in Germany, too. So far, imposed austerity measures have induced recessions in the debtor countries, Euro zone economic growth is flat and even in Germany zero growth was reported in the last quarter. All this makes it more difficult to grow out of the debts. Financial markets and especially interbank markets are increasingly showing signs of resembling the conditions preceding the global financial crisis conditions – strongly suggesting that another...

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Internship Report

... Page No. 1.0 Overview 2 2.0 The Establishment of the Euro Zone and the introduction of the Euro 2 3.0 Key Causes of the European Financial and Economic Crises 3 4.0 The Start and Progression of the European Debt Crisis 5 5.1 Greece 6 5.2 Portugal 6 5.3 Italy 7 5.4 Spain 7 5.5 Ireland 8 5.6 Iceland 9 5.0 Measures Taken (so far) to Combat the Debt Crisis (European Level) 10 6.7 European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF). 10 6.8 European Financial Stabilization Mechanism (EFSM). 10 6.9 ECB interventions. 10 6.10 Brussels Agreement. 11 6.0 Implications of the European Debt Crisis: For the European Union 12 7.0 Implications of the European Debt Crisis: For the Global Economy 13 8.0 Implications of the European Debt Crisis: For Global Politics 14 9.0 Implications of the European Debt Crisis: For Pakistan 15 10.0 Implications of the European Debt Crisis: For the Welfare State 16 11.0 Solutions for the European Debt Crisis 16 12.11 Eurobonds. 16 12.12 Restructuring of Eurozone. 18 1.0 Overview: With a nominal GDP of $16,242 Billion in 2010 (20% of global GDP), the European monetary union is not only the world’s largest economic block, but also the foremost integrated economic and political association of nations in history. The economic...

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The Contagious Impact of the European Sovereign Debt Crisis on the Foreign Exchange Market

...The contagious impact of the European sovereign debt crisis on the foreign exchange market 1. Introduction In 2010, the debt crisis caused the euro to go down 10% in a three-month period. Some largest hedge funds in America discovered this opportunity and short euro in groups to an enormous scale. Later on, the British pound is being infected. It continuously dropped for six days, which wrote the longest dropping period record. In this paper, the objective is to critically analyse how the European sovereign debt crisis affects foreign exchange markets. The theme focuses on the contagion on the markets. The contagion phenomenon exists between foreign exchange spot and derivative markets. One of the channels is the investor sentiment, which makes large scale of influences on both markets and volatility dynamics (Corredor, P., Ferrer, E., Santamaria, R., 2015). It makes sense on aspects like trading volume, effective transaction costs and so on. This paper has two main parts. The first part is to evaluate impacts on foreign exchange spot market through analysing the political channel, bank channel and financial markert channel. The second part is to investigate impacts on foreign exchange derivatives, especially on the foreign exchange swap. 2. Contagious impact on the foreign exchange market 2-1 Impacts on foreign exchange spot (impacts on euro) In this part, we explain how the debt crisis makes impacts on the foreign exchange spot market, especially, we focus...

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Portugal and the Eurozone Crisis

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European Crisis and Its Impact on India

...Living beyond our means = European crisis In early 2010 economic activities of the PIGS (a group of 4 nations in Europe namely Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain) have come under increased scrutiny from the international investment community, with the threat of “Sovereign default” lurking around the corner. Sovereign default refers to a situation when government of particular country is unable to repay its debts. This situation of default payments by governments lead to European crisis. With onslaught of the recession and subsequent introduction of various financial stimulus packages, the government expenditure like public job creation, pensions, social benefits etc ..on various countries took on gargantuan proportions to support these packages. To support these packages government was forced to borrow heavily consequently generating high fiscal deficicts.Most countries had manageable fiscal deficit, the government of PIGS nations mopped up a huge debt bill. The state of affairs in Greece which was epicenter of the sovereign default malaise is shamboic as country was known to live beyond its means. Debt Skelton of PIGS [pic] Role over risk in EURO ZONE It is one element played a role in the crisis is “roll-over risk”. Countries involved are exposed to a fiscal crisis (the “bad equilibrium”) to the extent that they are forced to rely on the market to roll-over their debt. Thus, much depends on the amount...

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Crisis in Spending

...crisis played a huge role in international lending. This report will discuss how economic crisis can result from many different factors such as changes in government policies which result in failure, and the cost of bank bailouts. Least developing countries also learned a lesson about how interest rates and low exports and imports played a major role in the financial crisis. These countries also tried to stabile their country's currency by fixing its exchange rate to that of the United States, which also resulted in failure. European countries also integrated their currency to Euro that caused a major crisis in lending. All are major factors that contributed to a crisis in international lending. Countries need to know what they are doing wrong before they can solve their problems. The historical events discuss will help serve as answer of how it can be resolved. Sovereign risk is the risk of lending money to the government with the risk of not being able to repay the obligation. There is always a risk in lending but the previous debt crisis and the crisis that is occurring in Europe plays a role in whether financial institutes want to lend to governments. The sovereign risk is important in international lending because many countries borrow money and are unable to pay the money back. Greece is an example of a sovereign risk. Greece wanted to use EUROs instead of their previous currency but it failed and the backlash was that they fell into a debt crisis. Greece has borrowed money...

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The Euro in Crisis: Decision Time at the European Central Bank

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