...Freud Psychosexual Development In Freudian psychology, psychosexual development is a central element of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory, that human beings, from birth, possess an instinctual libido (sexual energy) that develops in five stages. Each stage – the oral, the anal, thephallic, the latent, and the genital – is characterized by the erogenous zone that is the source of the libidinal drive. Sigmund Freud proposed that if the child experienced sexual frustration in relation to any psychosexual developmental stage, he or she would experience anxiety that would persist into adulthood as a neurosis, a functional mental disorder. Stages of Development Stage | Age Range | Erogenous zone | Consequences of psychologic fixation | Oral | Birth–1 year | Mouth | Orally aggressive: chewing gum and the ends of pencils, etc. Orally Passive: smoking, eating, kissing, oral sexual practices[4] Oral stage fixation might result in a passive, gullible, immature, manipulativepersonality. | Anal | 1–3 years | Bowel and bladderelimination | Anal retentive: Obsessively organized, or excessively neat Anal expulsive: reckless, careless, defiant, disorganized, coprophiliac | Phallic | 3–6 years | Genitalia | Oedipus complex (in boys and girls); according to Sigmund Freud.Electra complex (in girls); according to Carl Jung. | Latency | 6–puberty | Dormant sexual feelings | Sexual unfulfillment if fixation occurs in this stage. | Genital | Puberty–death | Sexual interests mature...
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...Morality: A Critical Evaluation of Kohlberg’s Model Dennis L. Krebs and Kathy Denton Simon Fraser University In this article, the authors evaluate L. Kohlberg’s (1984) cognitive– developmental approach to morality, find it wanting, and introduce a more pragmatic approach. They review research designed to evaluate Kohlberg’s model, describe how they revised the model to accommodate discrepant findings, and explain why they concluded that it is poorly equipped to account for the ways in which people make moral decisions in their everyday lives. The authors outline in 11 propositions a framework for a new approach that is more attentive to the purposes that people use morality to achieve. People make moral judgments and engage in moral behaviors to induce themselves and others to uphold systems of cooperative exchange that help them achieve their goals and advance their interests. Keywords: moral development, cognitive development, cooperation, moral judgment After two decades of research on Kohlberg’s (1984) cognitive– developmental model of morality, we abandoned it in favor of a more pragmatic approach. In this article, we explain why. We identify problems with Kohlberg’s model, describe revisions aimed at solving them, and offer reasons why a new approach is necessary. We end with a new beginning, introducing a more pragmatic approach in a set of propositions that, we argue, is better equipped than Kohlberg’s model to account for the ways in which people make moral decisions in...
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...behavioural ethics to change our understanding from the influence of contemporary moral psychology and back to management theorist, in which Goshal expressed his opinion that moral is fundamental. Philosophical work of Emmanuel Levinas is then constructed to test on the metaphysical concern. Levinas viewed that essential moral character of human life and the reality of human agency as ontologically fundamental or to put simply, ethical is the “first cause” in regard to understand the nature and action of the individual. Problem Statement 1) The search for a definition of moral personhood which explains the moral-judgement-moral action gap For the past 10 years, researchers have worked to express definition of moral personhood and at the same time address the moral-judgment and moral-action gap. This gap represent the imbalance between an individual’s moral judgment and the action that follows this judgment. 2) The search for the nature and role of the primitive evaluative processes in moral judgement and action Hoffman (1970) and Eisenberg (1986) has come up with their theories that role emotion play important role in moral behaviour. However different views have arose to explain which component of moral judgement is mainly responsible for moral action; deliberative or more “automatic” emotions and intuitions, and everyone seems to agree that there’s an element of automacity in moral judgement. 3) The primary reason for ontological gap is a fundamental misconception...
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...81. - 100. You are to explain a complicated procedure to a 4-year-old child. Describe how you would consider their cognitive level (Piaget) psychosocial stage (Erikson) and moral level (Kohlberg) to create an appropriate setting and information to help the child understand the procedure. Pre-operational stage-To explain Piaget’s cognitive level of a four years old child, I am going to focus on his second level of cognitive development called pre-operational stage. The child’s thinking at this stage is said to be before operations. This age starts at two and ends at the age of seven. It is at this crucial stage that the child learns to use language symbols. At this level of development the child cannot separate ideas or even apply logic (Cherry...
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...Name: Tutor: Task: Date: Developmental psychology Infancy and Childhood Physical development During early childhood stage, infants begin to drop their roundish baby like display. Their bones grow more proportionate with the lengthening of their legs and arms. They start to obtain fine motor skills. The newfound skills enable them to grip a pencil in a more functional way. This is a good time to provide them with puzzles and blocks, as well as to supervise them while they use paper and scissors as objects (Stern 245). Although it is normal for boys than girls to be more physically active, they will acquire more control over their motor skills allowing for the advancement of new activities such as swinging, jumping, running, and climbing. Children will start to change themselves away from taking a daily nap, but it is vital to give periods to rest. Cognitive development According to Piaget’s stages of cognitive development; the first being the sensory motor stage, It is considered to extend from birth to the age of two years. The development of reflexes, motor abilities as well as senses is rapid. Throughout the initial development stages, infants only perceive and interact with their immediate surrounding through their actions and observations. The preoperational stage stretches from the age of two to seven where the child is not yet able to think logically. With the acquisition of language, the child can express to the world via mental images and symbols. The third...
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...commission if Ming chooses option 1 instead of option 2. * Ming’s wife will be optimistic because she can Complete an English course in the near future, this will help her to find an employment if Ming goes for option 1. * East Pharma will be extremely happy if Ming takes option 1 as their sales will go up but on the other hand West Pharma’s will not be happy because their sales will go down. * Customers will be happy if Ming goes with option 2 as they can save some money on medicine. According to my understanding, Option 1 is bringing the most goods in Ming’s case, and outcome is the main point in Utilitarianism. Therefore, it is ethical for Ming to recommend Modoxolin only to his customers. Kantian Ethics According to this theory, the rightness or wrongness of an action doesn’t depend on...
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...1. Frame the ethical issue: Should Kevin Lowe “eat time” by taking work home and not record the time? 2. Gathering all the facts: * Kevin Lowe is a new staff accountant at Stooges LLP * Kevin took 50% longer to complete audit work than his predecessor. * Stooges LLP is on a fixed budget for these audits. * Bo Chambers and Moe Chambers are partners supervising Kevin. * Bo and Mo explicitly say that they do not want Kevin to cut down on the work he does. * Bo and Mo will not directly tell Kevin to “eat hours”. * Bo and Mo do explicitly say that it is up to Kevin to decide how to increase his productivity. * Bo and Mo also imply that completing work within budget is an important element of performance evaluations. * All major accounting firms have explicit policies against “eating hours”. * “Eating hours” has been a pervasive problem in the accounting industry for many years. * By “eating hours” Kevin will be contributing to inaccurate budgeting for his audits. 3. Identify the Stakeholders and obligations: * Kevin Lowe – a. Perform his job professionally and competently. b. Honestly report his hours as specified in work rules as a staff accountant. c. Do his best at Stooges LLC and try to get promotions and raises. * Bo and Moe – d. Manage staff and workload to achieve budget goals for the audit. e. Provide good ethical leadership to the audit team. f. Communicate clearly goals...
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... . . Topic: "Imagine yourself in a situation of being encouraged to inflate your expense account. Do you think your choice would be most affected by your individual moral development or by the cultural values of the organisation for which you work? Explain" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nowadays, the current global business culture requires the making of critical decisions by employees at every level of a firm’s hierarchy. Since ethical standards are not codified, these business decisions will often involve dilemmas or disagreements that are bound to ethical or moral nature and such decision making is also essential to almost all business activities and functions that a company determines to take on. The focal point of mostly every ethical dilemma that an employee may come across in the course of daily business tasks usually includes choosing an option which will benefit the organisation (or the society) or selecting an option which will be beneficial to the individual only. Inflating expense accounts is considered as one of these difficult decisions that an employee may encounter during their career. Being in this situation, one must evaluate his individual moral development and the cultural values of the organization in order to make the final decision. Because it is impossible to codify ethical standards into practical and meaningful policies...
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...theoretical infelicities...... 5 II. THE LESSONS OF SPORT......................... 5 III. BASICS................................................ 6 a. too much too early?.............................. 8 b. competition’s role understood ............... 11 c. competition, participation, and fun......... 12 d. not enough?........................................ 14 IV. WHAT CAN WE CONCLUDE?.................... 15 V. THE MICROWORLD OF PARTICIPATION...... 17 VI. APPENDIX A......................................... 19 a. Shields and Bredemeier...................... 19 a.1. moral maturity: what are psychologists looking for?............ 22 a.2. game thinking............................. 24 a.3. moral confusion........................... 25 b. Stoll, Lumpkin, Beller, and Hahm.............. 27 It has been recognized for centuries that sport can contribute to education values that make for the development of character and right social relations . . . . [Within this contribution] there are many intertwined and interwoven threads of influences, subtle and not always easy to analyze. But sportsmen who year by year have contact with the playing of amateur games do not need to be convinced by argument of the validity of . . . [sport’s contribution]. Kennedy, 19311 Sport studies scholars . . . [present sports as a] major source of . . . [social] problems . . . . [But most] athletes, coaches, parents, youth sports...
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...direct reflection of his/her leadership skills. This paper will discuss the appraisal process utilized by the world's largest home-improvement retailer, The Home Depot concluding with recommendations for improvement. Commencing in 2004, the organization adopted a forced ranking performance appraisal system. Careful evaluation of this assessment process suggests that the compulsory classification of an arbitrary number of employees has resulted in several unintended consequences while raising ethical concerns. The following topics relative to the utilization of a forced distribution system have been evaluated. The proposed benefits of forced distribution. The impact of forced ranking on employees and managers. The results of a forced ranking model on employee retention. Application of ethical theory to the forced ranking model. SWOT Analysis. Conclusion. This review of the forced ranking methodology will assess the moral and ethical implications of the model. Additionally, it will evaluate the impact on the organization, as well as the individuals employed by the firm. The Proposed Benefits of Forced Distribution "Performance evaluation systems are one of the most pervasive and important human resources systems in organizations today" (Baldwin, Blume, and Rubin, 2009, p. 77). Supporters of the forced distribution model claim that it has a...
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...CHAPTER 1: THE IMPORTANCE OF BUSINESS ETHICS Ethics- Inquiry into the nature and grounds of morality where the term of morality is taken to mean moral judgments, standards and rules of conduct. The American Heritage Dictionary- Ethics- The study of the general nature of morals and of specific moral choices, moral philosophy, and the rules or standards governing the conducts of the members of a profession. Applying Ethics to business: 1.To survive, business must earn a profit 2. Business must balance their desires for profits against the needs and desires of society. Business ethics comprises the principles and standards that guide behavior in the world of business. CHAPTER 2: STAKEHOLDER RELATIONSHIPS, SOCIAL RESPONDSIBILITY, AND CORPERATE GOVERNANCE. In a business context, customers, investors and shareholders, employees, suppliers, government agencies, communities, and many others who have a “stake” or claim in some aspect of a company’s products, operations, markets, industry, and outcomes are known as stakeholders. These groups are influenced by business, but they also have the ability to influence businesses; thus, the relationship between companies and their stakeholders is a two-way street. Stakeholders provide resources that are more or less critical to a firm’s long-term success. These resources may be both tangible and intangible. Primary stakeholders are those whose continued association is absolutely necessary for a firm’s survival; these include...
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...PERSONALITY Psychoanalytic Freud’s psychosexual theory Structure: id (pleasure principle), ego (reality principle), superego (morals, ideals) Levels of awareness: conscious, preconscious, unconscious Development: oral, anal, phallic (Oedipal complex, penis envy), latency, genital Fixations Defense mechanisms - reduce anxiety Repression (primary) Regression Reaction formation Rationalization Displacement Sublimation Projection Denial Neo-Freudians Adler—social, not sexual tensions * Birth order, inferiority complex Horney—rejected penis envy idea Carl Jung—collective unconscious Assessment Projective tests Rorschach TAT - Thematic Apperception Test Draw-a-person Sentence completion Evaluation: * Repression often not shown (vivid memory often results after trauma) * Terror management theory Social-cognitive Reciprocal determinism—interplay of Personal factors/internal cognition Behavior Environment Personal control (Julian Rotter) External locus of control Internal locus of control *Without internal locus, learned helplessness results Explanatory style (Martin Seligman) Optimistic Unstable, specific, external Pessimistic Stable, global, internal Bandura Personality influenced by observational learning, outside influences (Bobo doll study) Self-efficacy (belief in ability to do things that lead to positive outcomes) Humanism Maslow—self-actualization Hierarchy of needs * Safety—security—love—selfesteem—self-actualization Carl Rogers—person-centered Genuineness Unconditional...
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...2. The need for such personal assistance - advice, guidance, counseling - has existed, and in various ways been attended to, over the ages. 3. Many of the well-known historical figures (e.g. Plato, Aristotle, Charlemagne, Rousseau, and Thomas Jefferson) have expressed “counseling” points of view. 4. Psychology emerged as a field of study and psychiatry as a specialized branch of medicine in the late 1800s. 5. The development of programs of guidance and counseling in American education began in the years just prior to World War I. Frank Parsons is usually credited with much of the success of its early beginnings. 6. Parsons considered three factors necessary for the wise choice of a vocation. They were: (a) a clear understanding of self; (b) a knowledge of the requirements and conditions for success, compensation, and opportunities in different careers; and (b) true reasoning on the relationships between (a) and (b). 7. Other influences on the development of the counseling movement were: a. the development of standardized tests appropriate for assessment of intelligence and other characteristics of youth. b. the renewed interest in mental health as a result of Clifford Beers’ writings. c. the progressive education movement of the 1920s and 1930s. 8....
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...Luyao 39973591 Bai, Crystal Green’s performance as the new Senior Market Specialist was filled with pros and cons. Green’s ambition and determination in wanting “more than an account executive position” was inspiring. When he saw his opportunity in advancement, Green “aggressively campaigned to be considered for this position” (C 2-3). Even after Green’s promotion, he continuingly worked hard to impress McDonald’s, “living up to [her] expectations” by traveling to meet with clients and dedicating time to create new ideas (C 6). However, all of Green’s ambition and determination was blinded and guided by quick-to-feet judgments and idealistic optimism. Green’s incompetence to deliver to Davis’ standards during the first and second work evaluation, and his fall-out on unable to present to clients the hard data were all part of his downfall in performance. These downfalls in performance can be explained by failure in leadership, unprofessionalism, mal decision-making, unawareness in work environments, and misunderstandings from all three main characters in this case. Green should stay in Dynamic Display and amend his actions to go further. The Division Vice President, Shannon McDonald in this case has presented various leadership mistakes. First, she made a common perceptual bias mistake called Similar-to-me effect (OB 80). McDonald was quick to jump into conclusion that Green is a great candidate for the Senior Market Specialist position simply because of his impressive progress...
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...Counseling Approach: Narrative Lisa R. Murray Liberty University Online Abstract Narrative therapy is a therapeutic approach that is used alone or in conjunction with other methods of therapy. This particular method of therapy is used in family therapy to help clients focus on gaining access to preferred story lines in reference to their lives and identities the family dynamics that may affect them. The preferred story line will replace the place of the previous negative and self-defeating narratives about themselves. Helping clients within a family counseling to begin to become the author of their own story is important in many cases to overcoming multigenerational affects. Narrative therapy aids in this process. This comprehensive evaluation of narrative therapy within the structure of family therapy and the integration of faith will be constructed in the following pages. Keywords: self-defeating, Narrative therapy, multigenerational, therapeutic Introduction Narrative therapy is considered apart of the Social Construction Model. This particular type of therapy, the counselor or therapist is not a dominant entity or focal point of the process. Instead the therapist is seen as an influential individual to the client. The counselor will aid the client with the process of internalization and the creation of new stories or narratives within themselves that help them to draw new assumptions about themselves. This is done through the process of the client being opened...
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