...Asia Nelson October 13, 2012 Professor Butler Guppies Lab Re-write Guppies The guppy is a freshwater fish that was originally found in certain South American and Caribbean locations, though it has since been introduced to areas all around the world. Its scientific name is Poecilia reticulata, while another name they are commonly known by is the millionfish. In my own words natural selection is when an animal or anything can go through process over and over again and become stronger. i also believe that if something tragic keeps happining to something or someone they would eventually change and adapt. What happened to the guppies is when we increased the predator; there were less colorful guppies, and more dull ones. The reason i mentioned the increased in pradator rate is because the predator has a lot to do with how the guppies adapt and evolve over time. Sexual selection is the process by which certain organisms produce more offspring by mating more frequently than other organisms of the same sex and thereby ensure the survival of more of their genetic traits. Sexual selection is a form of natural selection in which organisms are competing not for food or other resources in the environment but for mates. The development of size difference between males and females in mammals and birds, in which the greater strength (and often aggressiveness) of larger males allows...
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...Lost with werewolves It was a bright sunny morning; I was on my way to the pet store to get my cat more food. As I was looking around the store I heard a faint cry, I followed the cry and all I heard was “ help me!” I tried to figure out where the cry came from so I went in the middle to look down all the aisles. I couldn’t see anyone I knew so I went down the aisles and finally stopped in front of a fish tank full of guppies. A tiny guppy stuck its head out of the water and stared at me saying “ help me”, it was my friend Kasey she was turned into a guppy and the other guppies didn’t like her so they beat her up. She had a huge swollen black eye and tiny cuts on her body so I told her to jump in my hands but she told me she couldn’t because she obviously wouldn’t be able to survive without water. I assured her I would come back with something to put her in and I ran to find a bowl. I frantically searched all over the store and couldn’t seem to find any bags, bowls, or any sales associate to help me. I didn’t know what to do so I tried to find Kasey again, I called out her name and looked in every fish tank but she was nowhere to be found. I sadly left the pet store and walked home. While walking home I looked around and the streets were deserted houses were empty and I was alone. I kept making my way home and a strange feeling came over me like there was something very wrong, I felt the ground tremble and ran into a house for safety. Once I got inside the ground shook more...
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...costs. The researchers (Darrel J. Kemp, David N. Reznick, Gregory F. Grether, and John A. Endler) posited that three effects could cause the evolutionary courses of the ornamentation of male Trinidadian guppies: founder effects, population-specific female preferences for certain characteristics in males, and sensory drive (that is, the greatest change in ornamentation would be best perceived by guppies and their main predator C. Alta). The researchers transplanted two populations of Trinidadian guppies (Aripo and El Cedro) that have been previously studied by Endler into areas with a similar decrease in predation to the Classic Aripo experiment (1980) in order to compare the path of evolution between them. Initially, the researchers noted that the “starting point” of the two populations differed in that there was limited evolution at the control site for El Cedro over 29 years which contrasts with the marked evolution of the El Cedro introduction population in 2-3 years. After cross-examining the two introductory populations, the researchers showed that “El Cedro introduction fish only evolved brighter iridescence” while the “Aripo introduction fish evolved more extensive black, orange, and iridescent markings” (pg. 4340). The researchers explained the difference in evolution with the three effects mentioned above. Namely, founder effects could explain the difference in the two populations as the small number of introduction fish could have evolved on a separate path to the control...
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...Microevolution This is both a necessary step in covering the gamut of arguments in favor of evolution and the step that will least impress dyed-in-the-wool Creationists. Dawkins does a good job of explaining some ingenious experiments that demonstrate just how rapidly evolutionary change can occur. He describes a decades-long (and still ongoing) experiment involving E. coli bacteria, and another involving wild guppies in South America. Both experiments show conclusively that natural selection exerts powerful influence on the development of species. Here’s the problem: the cleverest Creationists have already embraced so-called “micro-evolution;” that is, change within a species, or change into species still very closely related. The Creationists made quite a big deal out of rapid evolution in discussing Darwin’s finches in the recent documentary film The Voyage that Shook the World. Their argument, in short, was that the incredible variety of birds we see today could be the results of rapid evolutionary expansion from only a few species left over after Noah’s Flood. (Yes, it’s a stupid argument, but one that has at least a whiff of plausibility.) So, while Dawkins is right to lay out this evidence, it won’t in and of itself be much of a convincer. Snarky Creationists would only be shut up (and maybe not even then) with an experiment that demonstrated the emergence of radical new features like, say winged mice, or grasshoppers with spines. Dawkins warns the reader not...
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...Chapter Learning Objectives Chapter 22: Descent with Modification: a Darwinian View of Life * Define evolution and adaptation a. Evolution-change over time of the genetic composition of a population; descent of modern organisms with modifications from pre-existing organisms b. Adaptation- accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms’ ability to survive in specific environments Concept 22.1: The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species * Describe the theories of catastrophism, gradualism, and uniformitarianism. c. Catastrophism- principle that events in the past occurred suddenly and were caused by mechanisms different than those operating in the present d. Gradualism- idea that Earth’s geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanisms still operating today e. Uniformitarianism- mechanisms of change are constant over time * Explain the mechanism for evolutionary change proposed by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck f. x-Use and disuse- Bodies of living organisms are modified through the use or disuse of parts g. x-Inheritance of acquired characteristics- these modifications are inherited by offspring Concept 22.2: Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life * Explain the mechanism for evolutionary change proposed by Darwin in On the Origin of Species. ...
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...Snapdragons red dominant to white heteroz pink. Green leaves dom to purple. Pink purple x pink heteroz what would be pink purple? ¼ Tomatoes red dom to white dark green incompletely dom to light green fruit and leaf color loci not linked. Red tomato medium green leaves x white tomato and out of progeny 100 plants two white. Plant then crossed to dithered. What fraction of progeny have white fruit and leaves not dark green? 3/16 Ferrets sing. Rec allele g sing G snort. Incompletely dominant alleles for dark rown and blond are also found in the species. Two loci segregate independently of each other. Singing light brown ferrets mate with snorting dark brown with singing mothers (gg Brbr x Gg BrBr. Expected phenotypic ratio? 9/16 sidabr:3/16silibr:3/16sndabr:1/16 snlibr Lucy int in butterflies X vulgaris. Rip rec lethal to relative to the wild type allele. Esp phen ratio of cross btw X vulgaris gen +rip X +rip if the alleles segregate independently? 3:1 Spotted rabbit x with a solid colored rabbit produced all spotted offspring. F1 generation rabbits x among themselves, they produced 32 spotted and 10 solid. What were the gen of F1? SS x ss Horses black dependant upon dom gene B chesnut upon rec b. trotting gait due to dom gene T pacing gait to rec allele t. Homozygous black pacer x chesnut trotter what is appearance of F1? Black trotters Located on X chrom of a cat is a gene that codes for deafness. This gene rec. Fem cat heteroz for deafness x male not deaf....
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...ology Chapter 13 Lecture Outline Introduction Clown, Fool, or Simply Well Adapted? A. Review: Evolution is the central theme of biology. Evolutionary adaptation is a universal characteristic of living things (see Module 1.6). NOTE: More than any other idea in biology, evolutionary theory serves to tie the discipline together. T. Dobzhansky: “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.” B. If you look at any organism critically, you are first struck by the differences from other organisms. 1. Further observation often reveals that an organism’s features show some relationship to where the organism lives and what it does in its environment. 2. The blue-footed booby has enormous webbed feet, an oil producing gland that keeps the booby afloat, a nostril that can close under water that prevents water from entering the lungs, a gland that secrets salt from consumed sea water, and a torpedo-like body—all adaptations that make life on the sea feasible. I. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Module 13.1 A sea voyage helped Darwin frame his theory of evolution. A. Awareness of each organism’s adaptations and how they fit the particular conditions of its environment helps us appreciate the natural world (Figure 13.1A). B. Early Greek philosophers held various views. Anaximander (about 2,500 years ago) suggested that life arose in water and that simpler forms...
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...Christians and Stewardship of Their Environment 1. Introduction Our earthly habitat is not an unexpected occurrence of little worth, but rather, it is one to be highly valued and preserved. The biblical doctrine of creation helps the Christian to understand the true significance of the world in order to deal with the environmental crisis. The Bible says, “For thus saith the Lord that created the heavens; God himself that formed the earth and made it; he hath established it, he created it not in vain, he formed it to be inhabited…” (King James Version, Isaiah 45:18). In Christian teaching, God not only created Heavens and Earth, but expressed His delight in His creation. This creation meant, everything encompassing the trees, the rivers and all kinds of elements that go into preserving the environment (Genesis 1:31). Therefore, the destruction of the environment is against God’s will. The main problem in the stewardship model is the fall of mankind into a state of sin and depravity (Genesis 3). As a result of the fall, we are in rebellion against God. We no longer act as the stewards we ought to be regarding the earth and its resources. Therefore, we tend towards exploitation and abuse. In addition, the earth has been cursed as a result of the fall (Romans 8:20; Genesis 3:17-18). Action Institute expressed it this way; “Nature now produces floods, fires, earthquakes, weeds, and crop destroying insects (“A Biblical Perspective on Environmental Stewardship”). This...
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...Future Statement Genetic Engineering is in its infancy stage today. We have grasped the concept of it, but implementing all but the most simple of changes is still beyond us. I see many options in this field. From modifying our cells to resist diseases and cancer, to merging our DNA with the DNA of animals. The way I see things unfolding, keeping in mind how society is like today, only the people who make a decent amount of money can afford to get their DNA modified the way they want. Diseases will never go away due to new unforeseen possibilities. Athletes will have modified their DNA to add the strength ratio of a chimp or gorilla to be better at sports. With the rate at how long it takes the majority of the people to accept a new way of life (look at gay rights for example), buy the time the masses can change their DNA, they would have many rules and regulations up and running to make sure people can’t abuse the new found power. In fact by that time there will be failsafe’s added so a criminal can’t go on a warpath and kill thousands of innocent people. Businesses will use it to their advantage as well. If you need a security guard for the night shift, why not give him night vision on top of anything else that would be needed. We could finally explore the planet in its entirety due to being able to adapt to any place on it. Even with all the possible good, the down side to this is possible mutations. We could be no longer considered human. We could even go as far as losing...
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...understanding of human nature as it relates to business, culture and productivity all of which I intend to prove throughout this reaction paper. Let’s examine physical psychology in more depth. Research has provided us with information suggesting that a person is born with certain abilities as it relates to the make-up of the brain, nerves, hormones and other physical factors. These items collectively create our psychological core of which sets limits as to how much information we can process. In other words, when we are born we’re “hard-wired” with a certain capacity to process and interpret information at some level. According to Nicolson (1998), humans are hard-wired due our drive for survival which stems from Darwin’s theory of evolution. This theory suggests that human nature, or life for that matter, all stems from the human ability to naturally evolve for survival and efficiency over the span of our existence. Aligned is the theory of natural selection which specifies that nature will automatically work to eliminate weak or mutant genes which in turn leads to the stronger, healthier and smarter...
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...point of views about the Earth's geology. Dr. Mortenson touched basis on how the geology was debated by different groups, Christian and non Christian scientists and what their beliefs are concerning how the universe was created. Summary This article basically informs the readers of the contents of the old earth geology theory. The debate that Dr. Mortenson discusses in this article has been around for some time, but many people do not know that it exist. The repercussions of this article is shown throughout this whole debate, basically because the theories does not consider God as the creator of the universe. From the "new Theories about the History of Creation", during the 18th century, the French scientists concluded that the earth evolution was the result of a collision between the sun and a comet. During the 19 century, the Scriptural Geologist believed in the biblical account of the "six day creation". These four Scottish men were of strong Christian faith and Journal Article Review 3 respected character. Because Christianity played a strong role in how and why people believed. This is probably why the old earth theory was in such a great debate. Strengths of the Article Dr. Terry Mortenson explained each of the theories to give a basic understanding of each and how it was created. When describing each one, he gave important...
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...Evolution of Finches on Darwin and Wallace Islands INTRODUCTION The Evolution Lab simulates environmental situations to determine effects on evolution over periods of time. This lab experiments with the evolution of finches on two different islands over 100, 200, and 300 years. By manipulating parameters that influence natural selection, the effects that natural selection have on the evolution process can be studied. HYPOTHESES • The size of the island will influence the population. • The amount of precipitation will influence beak size. • The larger the clutch the higher the population over time MATERIALS The materials needed for this experiment consist of a computer and access to the Evolution Lab on the University of Phoenix student website. In the Evolution Lab there are two islands, Darwin Island and Wallace Island. There are seven variables that can be changed to run many different experiments on both islands. The variables are beak size, variance of beak size, heritability, clutch size, island size, population, and precipitation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Evolution Lab provides many variables. The user can change the following: beak size, variance of beak size in the population, heritability of the mid parent beak size, clutch size, island size, population of the finches to start the experiment, and precipitation on the island as it affects the hardness of seeds.. All of the numerous combinations of variables, set for two different islands lends...
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...Psychology Perspective Darla Houston AIU Online Abstract In this paper I will be discussing the similarities and differences between the three different Psychology Perspectives or specific theories of early Psychology. One theory used will be Structuralism. Another theory used in this paper will be the Functionalism. And lastly the Evolutionary theory will be used. This paper will explain three to four differences between each of the three theories listed and reviewed facts and see how one of these theories is superior to the others or that all three are comparable or equal. The thesis for this essay is “No matter how careful evolution, structuralism, and functionalism are examined, there is no evidence that these will not change in the future” Psychology Perspectives Structuralism, Functionalism, and Evolutionary theories each have similarities and differences among them. Both Structuralism and functionalism reflect the fact that consciousness is the subject matter, but both differ in how each should be studied. Evolutionary theory has potential to integrate conceptual approaches to study behavioral development for human adaption in both humans and animals which Structuralism and Functionalism stem form. Structuralism has many mental processes that are broken down into basic components. Functionalism forms a reaction to Structuralism which focuses on the purpose of both consciousness and behavior and emphasizes individual differences. Influenced by Darwin’s...
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...Questions: 1) What could account for the reversal against expectation? Answer: size of the mainland pool of species, lack of differences in dispersal ability among the mainland species, and competition between species. 2) Why aren’t all species equal in the larger context? Answer: Some species live in much greater jeopardy of extinction than others. The rare species, the highly specialized species, the less competitive species, and the species having low aptitude for dispersal and colonization, all these species might be missing from a reserve system if the reserves were numerous but small. 3) Why should the number of extinctions be inversely related to reverse size? Answer: reserve size will determine population size for each species and small populations face special jeopardizes. 4) How should the equilibrium number of species on a large reserve? Answer: It should be greater than the equilibrium number on a small reserve, but it doesn’t distinguish between a large reserve full of common species and a large reserve full of rare species. 5) Why did Diamond think that the theory of Simberloff has some mistakes? Answer: Simberloff’s reasoning from their assumptions is correct but minimizes or ignores much more important conservation problems. Because those indifferent to biological conservation may seize on Simberloff’s report as scientific evidence that large refuges are not needed, it is important to understand the flaws in their reasoning. 6)...
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...Mendel on Patterns of Inheritance Gregor Mendel, a monk, well read in natural sciences (Pruitt & Underwood, 2006, p. 64), wanted to answer the unanswered questions that stemmed from Darwin’s theory about heredity. He chose to study the pea plant to gain knowledge about how heredity works. Mendel’s success is contributed to the way he chose to conduct his experiments. Mendel decided to keep his control group small, unlike many of his colleagues, focusing on only seven traits. He kept excellent records of all of the results of the experiments and his choice to study the pea plant, “an organism that can be easily manipulated in breeding experiments” (Pruitt & Underwood, 2006, p. 64) proved to be a good move. Mendel also used “mathematical analysis” (Pruitt & Underwood, 2006, p. 64), an uncommon approach in his day, for showing results of the experiments. A few of Mendel’s discovered six major principles about heredity from his research. An example of one of his principles states that for every gene there are two factors or alleles, “the different forms a gene might take” (Pruitt & Underwood, 2006, p. 68). If an organism has two alike alleles for a specific trait the organism is considered homozygous for that trait; homo meaning the same. On the flip side, if an organism has two alleles that are different then the organism is considered heterozygous for that trait; hetero meaning different (Pruitt...
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