...It is the criticism that shows that trauma is a construction of the mind, but the connection to the suffering, to the individual truth of pain reconstructs it so we appreciate its metric as useful. The power of critique, then, is not the destruction of the norms though which we operate, but the added strength that it gives to the ones supported. The difference between this example, in terms of veteran affairs, and that of gender norms, is that trauma here becomes a quasi-scientific metric for the state, it becomes something that affirms power on the political subject qua subject of an institutional framework and its procedures. Moreover, this shows that the constructed metric, and for such the study of society plays an important role in the genealogical stage, which goes against the opposers of critique (only as deconstruction and reconstruction through pure reason, such as Latour), and indicates that we should take seriously the social sciences in this affirmation. To this, we need to add to things: first, we need to specify that the critical attitude should be maintained towards the methodology of research, as bias at this level may go undetected (e.g. racial biases in measurement, or for the case of trauma, selectively stating that trauma may...
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...destroying itself. A way authors do this is by critiquing norms of society. For example, George Orwell uses his book 1984 to critique the normalities found in society. To be specific, Orwell uses the novel 1984 to critique the social, political, intellectual norms of today’s society which can be seen extensively throughout the book. To start, George Orwell uses 1984 to critique to social norms of today’s society. One way he does this is through the use of telescreens. Telescreens are a propaganda tool used by the Big...
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...freedom without contradiction, but it could not assure any objective reality to it…Freedom, however, among all the ideas of speculative reason is the only one whose possibility we know a priori. We do not understand it, but we know it as the condition of the moral law which we do know ( KpV3-4). With a completely different strategy in the First Critique where freedom was explicated in order to confirm the possibility of morality, Kant reverses this doctrine by noting that the moral law is the grounding of the possibility of transcendental freedom. Kant reverses the doctrine of the First Critique, i.e., freedom is possible only under the conceivability of acting in accordance with moral law when he writes: For had not the moral law already been distinctly thought in our reason, we would never have been justified in assuming anything like freedom…But if there were no freedom, the moral law would never have been encountered in us ( KpV4...
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...German Philosophy: Kant’s concept of reason Critique of Pure Reason Prateek S Kolhar (EE10B109) 29th April 2014 1. Introduction During the period of enlightenment in Europe, there were 2 schools of thought that talked about the way we acquire knowledge: Rationalism and Empiricism. Rationalists like Leibniz claimed that knowledge is innate, that is, we are born with all the knowledge and the experiences that we have in this world just help us in uncovering/ remembering this knowledge. Empiricist believed that all knowledge is got only through experience in other words we are born with our minds/souls like a clean slate and the experiences write on them. With this struggle between the two schools of thought enlightenment Europe was striving to find ways to arrive at a consensus about some of these aforementioned central issues of theory of knowledge. And the champion of a philosopher who accomplished with task was Immanuel Kant. Kant borrowed many concepts from both empiricism and rationalism. But he felt that the many of the rationalist ideas were too simplistic and dogmatic and some of the empiricist ideas we too skeptic about the ability of humans to acquire true knowledge. As a part of his critical philosophy, with an aim to resolve this problem of theory of knowledge he wrote 3 critiques: Critique of pure reason, Critique of practical reason and Critique of judgment. Critique of Pure Reason talks about the process of knowledge acquisition in natural sciences, the way...
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...HPWS According to Nadler et al (1992 ) the high performance work systems (HPWS ) approach to the design of human work organizations , in its simplest form , is an organizational architecture that brings together work , people , technology , and information in a manner that optimizes the congruence or "fit " among them in to produce high performance in terms of the effective response to customer requirements and other environmental demands and opportunities. The best alternative for companies wanting to acquire and integrate the organizational technology to transform themselves may be the "high-performance work system. HPWS may be the one approach that focuses on both work and people, as well as on problem-solving and opportunity development. It is a business formula that meets employers ' needs for ever-increasing performance and productivity from employees, and employees ' needs for an environment that provides effective performance support and facilitates their on-the-job learning and continuous performance improvement. Among the latest developments in the evolution of management principles and practices, the HPWS concept is an all-encompassing approach that integrates numerous important management innovations capable of improving the performance of today’s companies. It incorporates the latest and best knowledge we have pertaining to the productive management of organizations (Pepitone, 1995) A high-performance work system is composed of three sets of managerial practices...
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...highlighting that it is an infective rationalization of weakness, which hinders the growth and progress of the human race. However, it could be argued that Nietzsche’s arguments are too naturalistic and can only be viable when based on an atheistic framework. In addition, despite the thorough critique of Christian morality, Nietzsche fails to offer an alternative system of morality, which questions the plausibility of his arguments. Nietzsche argues that Christianity sprung froth from Judaism and asserted that Christian morality was developed from the base motivation of what he called ‘ressentiment’, which is the feeling of hostility that the slaves held for the master race. The philosopher claimed that the Jews, out of their ressentiment and hatred for the strong master race, began to reject the “aristocratic value equation,” which stated that the good are the strong, the powerful, the wealthy, and that the bad are the weak, the cowardly. In order to seek retaliation and devalue the masters, the slaves inverted the concept of good and bad and created their own morality, slave morality, which valued humility, sympathy and became a moralistic distinction of “good” and “evil.” This self-interested creation of the weak allowed the slaves to gain power by corrupting the...
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...Glengarry Glen Ross The Culture of American Capitalism David Mamet’s Glengarry Glen Ross offers its audience a vivid portrait of the plethora of fallacies within a Capitalist-driven society. Within the realms of playwriting, Mamet echoes many of Karl Marx’s same critiques of Capitalism: universal acceptance, unequal distribution of resources, priority of self-interest versus that of the society in which one lives, and the false belief in the fair pursuit of achievement. These critiques are supported through the development of the characters who each represent a specific critique of American Capitalism. In addition to said critiques, Mamet shows how the artificial beliefs and subsequent actions derived from a Capitalistic culture can be counterproductive for an economic system/culture and its individuals. A constant example of this is the portrayal of men in this piece. The characters all associate the worth of a man with his level of success. The problem here is that a constant ideal of American Capitalism is that success is represented by material wealth, rather than an intangible source of self-fulfillment. Strength of intangible values is not the measure of a man, rather his ability to successfully fulfill the monetary-driven duties bestowed upon him by his boss. The successful fulfillment of the duties bring temporary, but instant gratification with the tools to continue to successfully fulfill those duties. Roma is depicted as not only the pinnacle of success in the office...
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...Article Critique: Differentiation of Self, Stress and Emotional Support as Predictors of Psychological Stress Lynne Gaynor EDF 5481 Florida International University This critique discusses the article written by Romana C. Krycak, Nancy L. Murdock and Jacob M. Marszalek (2012) regarding the relations among stress, emotional support, and differentiation of self from the family of origin as predictors of psychological distress. The review begins with a summary of literature review; continues with the methods utilized, results, discussion and conclusion; and concludes with personal contributions. Summary and Critique of Literature Review The topic discussed in the article, Differentiation of Self, Stress and Emotional Support as Predictors of Psychological Stress, focuses on both the measurement of stressful events and perceived stress and differentiation of self. The article discusses in length the relationship between differentiation of self, stress, social support, symptoms and psychological distress. According to Krycak, R.C., Marszalek, J. M. and Murdock, M. L., (2012) differentiation of self is defined as a person’s ability to maintain individuality while still being connected on an emotional level to his or her familial group. The researchers felt this topic was especially relevant among college students. Students who are higher in differentiation of self experience less psychological distress than students lower...
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...assume that each person will have a unique method as to how they are engaging in self-deception, thereby creating multiple methods, however, there are only two different routes to this deception; intention and motivation (Nelkin, 2002). Those who follow the intentionalist view argue that an intention to deceive oneself is necessary, whereas those who follow the motivationalist view argue that a desire is all that is needed to be deceived (Nelkin, 2002). For example, a student attempting to convince himself that he does not need to study for a final, because he attended all the classes and read all the chapters, is falling under the intentionalist view. This student knows deep down that in order to do well he will need to study, however, he has the intention to convince himself not to study therefore categorizing him as an intentionalist. An example of the motivationalist view is as follows; a woman is in a bad relationship and wants to believe that her partner will change. This woman knows that her partner will not change, however, she continues to work on their relationship, in hopes of change, which shows a desire to deceive herself into viewing only the positive aspects of this relationship....
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...However organisations have been moving away from it to focus on teams and employee engagement. Write a critique of “Scientific Management” describing the theory, its effect on management, the ethical implications and its sustainability. Introduction to your Theory or Practice (Criteria a – 10 Marks) Introductory Paragraph What is the theory/practice? In what context/time period has it been implemented? What forms has it taken? Key theorists? Briefly refer to examples. Impacting forces?. Provide an overview that you can further develop below. Provide a clear thesis statement at the end of your paragraph. Paragraph 2/3 etc. Provide a description of the theory and or practice? Referenced definition and discussion of terms? Principles? What are the key theorists writing in this field? What has been related research? In what ways has it manifested itself – past and present? Examples? What theories or practices have countered it? What factors have impacted on changes occurring? Influence on Management (Criteria b – 25 marks) How has the theory or principle changed management generally? What sort of practices/behaviour/tasks/styles/relationships/power/focus in management did this practice encourage? Culture/values/shaping of the Organization to accommodate it? Researched examples? How did counter moments change this? Critical view of Ethical and moral implications (Criteria C –...
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...the act wrong are the consequences. It says, it will be legitimate to lie in order to get out of a serious problem, such as to save a persons life. In other words a white lie is fine. So the essence of morality is determined by the result or outcome of the act. NON – CONSEQUENTIAL ETHICS In non-Consequential Ethics, the source of morality comes from something else: law, God’s law, moral law, sense of duty, and your definition of what is the virtuous thing to do. All those considerations are built into the act itself before you could think of consequences, before it makes it right or wrong. One classic example is this system is lying. Lying could be wrong because in one system, it’s a violation of the nature of speech. It’s wrong to use a lie to achieve a good end. Simply put, a lie is a lie, is a lie. Egoism – Utilitarianism – Pragmatism Egoism - Means, act in your own self-interest. Utilitarianism - Do that which is moral only if the act produces the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. There are two brands of Utilitarianism: 1. Act Utilitarianism- Do the act. No consideration of before or after. Do what is called for now, and consider what action will produce the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. 2. Follow the Rule- Means you can’t think of actions as isolated instances. We make decisions based on trial and error, on our experiences. Follow the pattern that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number of people...
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...Lindsay Williams Literary Histories The Victorian novel Comparison of critical sources. Ann Bronte the Tenant of Wildfell Hall APR0055-1516 Tutor: Merrick Burrows 27.11.2015 This essay seeks to discuss, compare and contrast two preferred sources that carried out a critique of Ann Bronte’s, the tenant of wildfell hall. In order to compile a factually based discussion, a key area needed to be focused on, namely, how social changes affected the gender roles in the early 18th century (1832-48). Furthermore detailing how the change challenged traditions and ideologies of the then rather prominent English common law, and the normative principle’s that surrounded motherhood. The Critical sources that bear the utmost relevance to the challenging social content that the tenant demonstrated are Monica Hope Lee’s essay a mother outlaw vindicated: social critique in Ann Bronte’s the tenant of wildfell hall. Nineteenth century gender studies. (4.3), 1-12. And chapter 2 from, Macdonald, T (2015) the new man, masculinity and marriage in the Victorian novel. London: Routledge. Both critics, attempt to dichotomise the tenant of wildfell hall in order to get representative discourse that outlines the social changes in question, moreover they seek to disclose how Bronte summarises her own personal perception of gender ideals in the regency culture, and how she displays openness and vision, as opposed to becoming a shrinking wall flower hidden in the shadows of sporadic sunlight...
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...Feminism………………………………………………………………...Pg.5 Interactionism…………………………………………………………...Pg.6 Collectivism……………………………………………………………...Pg.7 Post-Modernism………………………………………………………...Pg.8 New Right………………………………………………………………..Pg.9 You (Me)…………………………………………………………………Pg.10 Functionalism According to the functionalist perspective of sociology, each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to society’s stability and functioning as a whole. For example, the government provides education for the children of the family, which in turn pays taxes on which the state depends to keep itself running. That is, the family is independent upon the school to help children grow up to have good jobs so that they can raise and support their own families. In the process, the children become law-abiding, taxpaying citizens, who in turn support the state. If all goes well and to plan, parts of the society produce order, stability and productivity. If all doesn’t go to plan, then parts of the society then must adapt to recapture a new order, stability and productivity. For example, during a financial recession with its high rates of unemployment and inflation, social programs are trimmed or cut. Schools offer fewer programs. Then a new social order, stability and productivity occur. Functionalists also believe that society is held together by social consensus, in which members of the society agree upon, and works together to achieve, what is best for society altogether. Functionalism has received criticism for...
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...3.2 God in the Critique of Pure Reason's Transcendental Dialectic 3.2.1 The Ens Realissimum The Transcendental Dialectic's “Ideal of Reason” contains the best known and most frequently anthologized components of Kant's philosophy of religion. In addition to its portrayal of the ens realissimum, one finds within it Kant's objections to the Ontological, Cosmological and Physico-theological (Design) arguments for God's existence. It is thus the text most central to the negative elements of Kant's philosophy of religion and is integral to the widely held view that Kant is deeply hostile to faith. The general aim of the Transcendental Dialectic is to expose reason's excesses, its drive to move beyond the limits of possible experience, and to bring all concepts into a systematic unity under an “unconditioned condition.” The Transcendental Dialectic begins with a critique of reason's illusions and errors within the sphere of Rational Psychology. It then moves on to a critique of cosmological metaphysics, and then to the “Ideal of Reason” where Kant turns to Rational Theology and its pursuit of religious knowledge. As Kant explains, underlying all the traditional proofs for God's existence is the concept of the ens realissimum, the most real being. Reason comes to the idea of this being through the principle that every individuated object is subject to the “principle of complete determination.” While the generality of concepts allow them to be less than fully determined (e.g...
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...Egoism By Jenny Taylor Philosophy P120 October 30, 2011 Egoism is “The moral view that everyone ought always to do those acts that will best serve his or her own best self-interest.” (Pojman & Fieser page87) It is contrasted with altruism, “an unselfish regard of concern for others”. This essay will explain the relation between psychological egoism and ethical egoism. It will examine how someone who believes in psychological egoism explains the apparent instances of altruism. It will also discuss some arguments in favor of universal ethical egoism, and exam Pojman's critique of arguments for and against universal ethical egoism. Psychological egoism, a descriptive claim about human nature, states that humans by nature are motivated only by self-interest. To act in one's self-interest is to act mainly for one's own good and loving what is one's own (i.e. ego, body, family, house, belongings in general). It means to give one's own interests higher priority than others'. "It (psychological egoism) claims that we cannot do other than act from self-interest motivation, so that altruism-the theory that we can and should sometimes act in favor of others' interests-is simply invalid because it's impossible" (Pojman 85). According to psychological egoists, any act no matter how altruistic it might seem, is actually motivated by some selfish desire of the agent (i.e., desire for reward, avoidance of guilt, personal happiness). For someone who believes...
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