...means against and bios means life. A micro –organism bacteria is a life figure that is moreover good, living in our lower part of the canal near stomach and anus which called intestine, such bacteria’s infecting our bodies and making the world population ill. Antibiotics are a kind of drugs used to treat these infections caused by bacteria. Healthy immune systems can be destroyed by bad bacteria before they can cause disorder in the whole body which causing illness. Human bodies assault the bacteria by transferring white blood cells to the unsafe bacteria separating the good bacteria unaccompanied. Antibiotics are frequently used for higher respiratory infections. But the mainstream of these infections are essentially caused by different viruses. As a result, in these situation antibiotics is not obligatory as they only destroy bacteria. The other anxiety is that patients are starting to insist antibiotics from their doctors. Most patients give pressure to their doctors to give antibiotics because they want to recover fast and fix their immune system, so they can...
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...BIOS 255 Lymphatic System Assignment Student: ________________________________ Date:____________________________________ 1. Which structure is highlighted? [pic] A. thoracic duct B. right lymphatic duct C. cysterna chyli D. lumbar trunk E. bronchomediastinal trunk 2. Which structure is highlighted? [pic] A. stomach B. spleen C. pancreas D. liver E. thymus 3. Which structure is highlighted? [pic] A. uvula B. palatine tonsil C. pharyngeal tonsil D. lingual tonsil E. thymus 4. Which structure is highlighted? [pic] A. thoracic nodes B. iliac nodes C. cervical nodes D. axillary nodes E. mediastinal nodes 5. Which structure is highlighted? [pic] A. thoracic nodes B. inguinal nodes C. cervical nodes D. cysterna chyli E. mediastinal nodes 6. Which cell type transforms into plasma cells under the influence of cytokines? A. T-Helper cells B. Antigen presenting cells C. Cytotoxic T-cells D. B-cells 7. What cell type is stimulated by Helper T-cells? A. B-cell B. Antigen presenting cell C. Cytotoxic T-cell D. Macrophage 8. Lymph is similar to blood plasma, but very low in A. protein. B. carbon dioxide. C. metabolic waste. D. electrolytes. E. sodium and potassium. 9. _____________ are the largest of the lymphatic vessels and they empty into the _______________. A. Lymphatic trunks; collecting ducts B. Lymphatic...
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...their arriver to the island, they noticed a building on the side of the island. The groom and his best friend went to the building to find a lot of people were dead. When they finally found help, they found out that the island they were on was a private abandoned island that was conducting research on a deadly flesh eating virus that has been unlashed out. The deadly flesh eating virus is what the brother and girlfriend had contracted from the sea, because the blood from the research facility has contaminated the sea, which explains all the dead fish. I really did like this movie. It kept my attention the entire time. I really do not like scary movies but as the virus stages started increasing in the body, the body reaction increased. The body started off as simple as a body rash building up to the body burning and deteriorating. It kind of remind me of a zombie movie. Overall, watching the virus affecting the body was interesting. All diseases and viruses have stages. Usually the stages increase over time. I would say this fever had about four stages the body went through pretty rapidly. I am grateful that diseases we have today do not go through that many stages that fast. Yes, if the diseases is not diagnosis quickly, the body will move on to stage two, three, and so on, but at least we have medicine that can help slow down the process of the diseases and help get rid of the disease or prolong life. Throughout this movie, it taught me that you have to be careful and watch...
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...Lecture 01 Nature & Scope of Biological Science What is Biology? A brief history. Biology today. Group of organisms being studied. Approach taken to the study of organisms. New definition of Biology. Why study Biology? Aspects of Science Science has two aspects. It is both (1) a body of knowledge and (2) a method used for discovering new knowledge. What is biology? The word biology comes from the Greek words bios, which means life, and logos, which means thought. Thus, biology is the science that deals with the study of life. Origin of Life |According to this theory, about 15 billion years ago (15,000,000,000) the Universe was nothing more than a very small speck of mass. This speck| |was probably no bigger than the head of a pin. Everything in the Universe, all the galaxies, stars, planets, and even the matter making up your| |body, was squished up tightly in this tiny space. | |Eventually, after a very long time, this speck exploded. All of a sudden, in a giant flash of unimaginable heat and power, the Universe was | |born. Over a period of billions and billions of years, the Universe became what we see today. Slowly stars began to form, and around these | |stars planets formed. | |About 4.6 billion years ago our Earth looked very different...
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...micrograph, (Goldsmith) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus of the lentivirus genus. HIV attacks the immune system by invading and destroying certain white blood cells such as helper T cells (mainly CD4+ T cells), dendritic cells, and macrophages. The infection and destruction of the CD4+ T cells takes place through three methods: The direct viral killing of the infected cells, the apoptosis (programmed cell death) of infected cells, and the killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells. Once the CD4+ T cells are diminished to a certain critical level, the immunity catalyzed and mediated by these cells is lost, leaving the body vulnerable to infection from other viruses (Noble, AVERT). The last stage of HIV infection is AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). This stage is reached due to lack of treatment while in the earlier stage of HIV. Those who reach this stage commonly die due to infections associated with the progressive failure of the immune system. There are two known types of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2. Both are transmitted by either sexual contact, through blood, or from mother to child, and they both appear to cause clinically indistinguishable AIDS. However, HIV-2 is less easily transmitted, and the period between initial infection and illness is longer in the case of HIV-2. The globally predominant virus is HIV-1, and is therefore the most commonly referred to when the type...
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...complete sentences. DO NOT simply say “Ch 1 Q 1 No” I should not have to refer back to the question each time you answer a question to see what the question was…. incorporate the question into the answer and elaborate upon your answer when necessary. Prologue: The Woman in the Photograph 1. The author uses several similes to describe cells. What simile does she use to describe the way a cell looks? What simile does she use to explain the functions of the different parts of a cell? What do these similes suggest about biology? 2. What is mitosis? What beneficial biological processes involve mitosis? 3. What simile does Donald Defler use to describe mitosis? 4. What happens when there is a mistake during the process of mitosis? 5. According to Defler, how important was the discovery of HeLa cells? 6. As a high school student, Skloot began researching HeLa cells to find out more about Henrietta Lacks. Examine pages 5 & 6 and write down each step that Skloot took to begin her research. Chapter One: The Exam 1. Why does Sadie think Henrietta hesitated before seeing a doctor? 2. What did Henrietta’s first doctor assume the source of the lump on...
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...and 1955 many Researchers including Jonas Salk were frantically trying to perfect a vaccination to stop the horrible effects of the deadly Polio Virus that had swept the Nation as well as the world. The vaccine had to be developed in live tissue, more specifically, a fresh kidney that most closely resembled that of a human's kidney. As the Rhesus Monkey from India was already so abundantly used in laboratories, not much debate went into the choice of subject. Even though the monkey is dirty, temperamental, and it’s bite has already proven to be deadly, the rhesus monkey’s kidney was the tissue used to grow the Polio vaccine. The kidney was extracted from the monkey while still alive, then injected with the live Polio Virus where it was grown and tested. The monkey’s kidney was full of unknown viruses, while totally safe for monkeys, still harmful when injected into the human’s blood stream. The researchers, especially Jonas Salk, in his haste to perfect his vaccine and get it out into the market place for the public, chose to ignore this knowledge, or play it down as harmless. As a result, starting in 1955, millions of grade school age children were injected with Salk’s Polio Vaccine along with Simian 40 virus or as it was called in the first place; Monkey B virus (Klueger). The Simian 40 Virus was discovered...
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...Table of Contents Chapter 1. The problem Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theoretical framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schematic diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statement of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . Significance of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Review of related literature Related literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Summary, findings, conclusions and recommendations Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography Chapter I HIV/AIDS INTRODUCTION The arrival of the AIDS epidemic in the 20th Century, brought with it fear, superstition and prejudice. This disease is not the first one where society has imposed social stigmas, political agendas and outright pandemonium. Misunderstandings of other diseases like the bubonic plague, small pox and the Spanish flu also have caused hysteria among populations around the world, but the main difference between these epidemics and that of AIDS/HIV is that AIDS is a modern epidemic staged in a new world of influential media outlets, politics and new social stigmas. In order to combat the societal misunderstandings of AIDS/HIV, one must understand the disease itself. When referring to AIDS/HIV...
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...altered foods, which have adversely affected human health as well as local communities. Being resistant to pesticides, GMOs are created by splicing genes of different species that are combined through genetic engineering (GE), something that is impossible to do in nature (The Non-GMO Project). Consuming these genetically altered and more processed foods can lead to increased risk of diseases and even cancer (Genetically Modified Food). Most of the time we do not even realize that we are eating these harmful toxins as they are infused in our food without our knowledge (Label GMOs). The farmers that maintain the traditional farming practices and choose to grow organic produce over crops that are GE are constantly trying to keep their businesses alive. Larger corporations, however, who choose to use genetically modified (GM) seeds, make larger profits with less time and effort involved. Choosing to buy local organic produce over crops that contain genetically modified organisms can not only help you stay healthy, but also keep our local farmers in business so that they may continue to grow their crops the way nature intended. Living in the Bay Area we are extremely fortunate to have access to all sorts of organic fruits and vegetables that are grown right in our own backyard. There are countless farms in California that can grow just about anything due to the fertile soil and ideal weather conditions. While we are lucky to live in an area that is well known for growing a variety of...
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...Late Adulthood and End of life PSY/375 Late Adulthood and End of Life There are numerous changes that take place during different stages of development from a child to an adolescent and beyond to adult. Changes in development in late adulthood are not as progressed as in the earlier stages of life (Preisser, 1997). Developmental stages in one’s life are an important part of the journey of life. Discussion on the end of one’s life is not a pleasant one, but it is something that everyone has to go through when it is the end of one’s life span and developmental process. Psychologist Erikson, expressed that the stages of life is a journey and when one reaches late adulthood, he or she comes to terms that his or her life path is at its end (Preisser, 1997). Erikson expressed that when one reaches late adulthood to accept his or her life and look at life in a positive manner. Integrity not despair is this stage of development according to Erikson. When an individual has a sense of integrity he or she is fully accepting his or her self, accomplishments, and can come to terms with mortality (Preisser, 1997). Once an individual can accept responsibility for what he or she achieved in life and undo any negative feelings on what his or her life portrayed this is the essential part of life. There are some individuals who have skepticism or misery over what he or she accomplished or did not accomplish in his or her life, and his is a result of thoughts of despair. When...
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...“The longer you live the longer you should live” –Wiley “Evolution’s a bitch” –Wiley “Suckers are good to eat” –Wiley WHAT HAS EVOLUTION DONE FOR ME What has evolution done for me • Agricultural crops and animal breeding for the past 8,000 years • With the discovery of methods to reconstruct evolutionary relationships there is been a vast increase in the relevance of evolutionary biology to human society. Reconstructing Phylogenies • 1859-1950- No coherent empirical methods • 1950-1966- Emergence of Phylogenetic Systematics • Phylogeny by discovery of the order of evolutionary innovation Ribotyping • Fingerprinting or sequencing RNA • Many diseases have unknown causes • However, diseased tissues can be ribotyped. (Wiley Death Fish) • This process involves extracting DNA from diseased tissues and then sequencing the DNA that codes for rRNA. • If a disease agent such as a bacteria is present, then we will get ribosomal DNA sequences from the host (you) and the bacteria (the infection agent). Ribotyping: Phylogeny matching • Once we have the rDNA sequences, we can plug them into a sequence matrix of all life and see where our unknowns appear on the tree of life. Our Food Chain • Some products are easy to identify, but others are not. • A slab of fish fillet from a sea bass looks like a slab of sih fillet from a farmed Asian catfish. • But the sea bass costs $10/pound while the Asian catfish...
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...work and food. Those concentration/extermination camps were created by Adolf Hitler and the first one was named Dachau saw the day on January 1933. Twenty three camps were created but there were also sub camps which were smaller. The Holocaust, the concentration camps, were functional from January 30th, 1933, to May 8th 1945.The objectives of the concentration Concentration camps 3 camps set up by the Nazi regime include: crush all political opposition and trade union, annihilate the resistance movements, serve the population of persons regarded as useless or harmful, operate a large number of forced laborers (labor camp), exterminate the Jews and Gypsies (extermination camps). What happened there was a miserable persecution. Why were Jews persecuted by Nazis? The ideological singularity of...
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... Prologue The sun is about to set. That fuzzy and pitch-black place with a nostalgic hymn of the approaching dying twilight is already filled with his desire to wake up from his endless nightmare. Holding a golden ring on his right hand, he is calmly watching over the horizon as he tries to feel better, but he cannot for he is still caged within the memories of the wicked past and within the present catastrophe. He gradually leaned his back to that mango tree where their chained names are carved inside a heart. For the past 99 days, it has been his desperate habit to wait there for the coming of that person whom he knows will never arrive. Then liquids of emotions flowed out of his vision as his heart drowns with it. Nothing can comfort him since when that peak of joy bounced him out and turned him to be a man he is now. He was never insane yet he doesn’t already know of whom he is and even the people around him; he is just hopeless and unable to keep step of what happened for the past year. Grief and fear never left him and continued to slaved him and took control over his moral and physical character which paved him to be a ‘hard to decipher person’. However, he still lives for he has still an inch of dignity despite of great loneliness. Moreover, his heart is still shouting aloud saying, “I will never leave you..” Chapter I It’s Saturday. Lesther is very excited for he will be seeing his long-time girlfriend again to celebrate their 4th year anniversary. Of...
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...NINTH EDITION Burton’s MICROBIOLOGY FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCES Paul G. Engelkirk, PhD, MT(ASCP), SM(AAM) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Janet Duben-Engelkirk, EdD, MT(ASCP) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biotechnology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Acquisitions Editor: David B. Troy Product Manager: John Larkin Managing Editor: Laura S. Horowitz, Hearthside Publishing Services Marketing Manager: Allison Powell Designer: Steve Druding Compositor: Maryland Composition/Absolute Service Inc. Ninth Edition Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 1996 Lippincott-Raven, © 1992, 1988, 1983, 1979 JB Lippincott Co. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in the People’s Republic of China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees...
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...than cells, tissues, or organs that have suffered injury and so not only fail to perform their normal functions but in most cases interfere with the normal functions of other parts, more often than not of the entire body. Of the two great divisions of medicine dealing respectively with treatment and with prevention, the former is much the older. It is far easier to observe the effects of treatment on a person suffering from a malady than it is t o understand why someone else escaped it. Some knowledge of curative or alleviative medicine was possessed by our cave-dwelling ancestors; in fact, it is instinctive in many lower animals. It gradually grew up as a sort of folklore from a slow process ‘Public lectures delivered a t the Rice Institute on Sunday afternoons in the spring of 1943. 163 164 Science and Human Welfare of trial and error, added t o the instinctive knowledge acquired from pre-human ancestors. With the growth of belief in the supernatural, by which man satisfied his developing desire t o explain things, medicine became largely theological. Priests and physicians were one. They conceived disease as the work of devils, gods, or spirits...
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