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Kant définit de façon claire le but de l’existence humaine. D’après lui, un individu ne peut pas se construire et s’épanouir sans la présence d’une société qui l’entoure. C’est pour cette raison que l’homme naît nu, sans instinct ni dotation comme il en est le cas pour tous les animaux. En effet, il lui échoit de s’élever par lui-même. Dans le ci-présent texte de Kant, nous verrons la transition de nature à culture, et le rôle prépondérant du travail dans cette transition.

L’homme est un descendant de l’espèce animal, d’ou sont inné en lui des instincts animaux qui surgissent de façon automatiques et inconsciente. D’après Kant, l’homme ne peut que par sa volonté arrêter ceci et pour cela, il doit travailler sur lui même afin de contrôler et d’empêcher ces instincts d’éclater. Ainsi nous ne sommes pas fait pour fonctionner à l’instinct, mais bel et bien avec notre tête. Le fait de parler de « l’agencement mécanique » souligne le caractère irréfléchi de l’instinct, car l’instinct est une action passionnelle, qui se vit mais ne se réfléchit pas ; l’homme au contraire pour s’émanciper, doit se sortir par la réflexion qu’il s’impose, de cette logique animale, de son état de nature. De manière cohérente avec les moyens, les buts doivent être également hors de toute dimension animale, (de dimension naturelle) : il doit jouir de « ceux qu’il s’est créés lui-même, libre de l’instinct, par sa propre raison. »
Pour cela la nature à doté l’homme de deux choses uniquement : « la raison » et « la liberté du vouloir » qui ne peut exister sans la raison. La raison permet à l’homme de se séparer de la passion, de réfléchir, d’agir de manière consciente, contrairement à l’instinct, et de tirer de sa raison, les moyens de son émancipation ; la liberté du vouloir est l’outil indispensable qui transmet la « volonté » à l’homme. Elle lui permet de faire agir sa raison, mais paradoxalement n’existe pas sans elle, car la volonté est une action réfléchie.
Ainsi « La nature, en effet, ne fait rien en vain », car elle a su doter l’homme des outils complémentaires, qui lui permettent de construire sa transition de nature à culture. La culture qui vient du latin colere, et qui signifie, « cultiver la terre, la nature », c’est-à-dire prendre soin de ce qu’elle nous offre. Ici la culture de l’homme est de prendre soin des outils que la nature lui a donné, et de les développer.
L’homme doit ainsi se construire un savoir par sa raison, car « ce n’est pas une connaissance innée qui doit assurer son instruction » autrement dit, il ne doit pas se reposer sur ce que son instinct lui indique ou lui apprend, car il doit, pour devenir homme, s’élever au dessus de cet état. C’est pour cette raison qu’il se doit de trouver lui-même la connaissance par l’exercice de sa raison. Pour que tout, strictement tout, émane de « son œuvre », la nature ne lui a donné « ni les cornes du taureau, ni les griffes du lion, ni les crocs du chien, mais seulement les mains », de sorte qu’il lui ai impossible de vivre sur ses acquis primaires, si il souhaite survivre. L’homme est en quelque sorte condamné à utiliser sa raison pour pourvoir à ses besoins.
Kant remarque également que « La nature semble même avoir trouvé du plaisir à être la plus économe possible » ; la nature oblige l’homme à créer par sa raison un moyen de transition de nature à culture. Ce moyen, doit être l’application de la raison de l’homme sur le monde qui l’entoure, avec comme but la création des ressources répondant à ses besoins : il s’agit ni plus, ni moins que du travail. De telle sorte que l’homme en s’élevant le plus proche possible du bonheur, acquiert, non pas le bien-être, qui est uniquement matériel, mais l’estime de soi, qui est la résultante de l’accomplissement de soi-même.
Ainsi, l’homme sait qu’il a effectué la transition de nature à culture. Kant définit donc le passage de nature à culture, comme la prise de conscient de l’homme en tant qu’être de raison, qui par son travail, s’élève au dessus de la simple condition animale, qui lui ne vit pas, mais survit, grâce à son instinct.
Si Kant nous fait ici l’éloge du travail comme outil révélateur de l’homme, comme la possibilité pour lui de passer à un état de culture, d’autre conteste cette affirmation.

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