...Assignment #2 : Social Justice Young Min JO 57712101 Part I: Analysis of India’s Child Labour Using Maxwell and Young’s Framework INTRODUCTION Child labour has been around since the industrial revolution. There are many different definitions of child labour depending on the organization. The International Labour Organization (ILO) describes child labour as “work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development”. On the other hand, UNICEF describes it as “involved in child labour activities if between 5 to 11 years of age, he or she did at least one hour of economic activity or at least 28 hours of domestic work in a week”. Simply put, it is the employment of children under the minor legal age. The national census in 2011 still found that there were approximately 4.35 million child labourers in India (aged 5-14). By using Maxwell and Young’s framework, I will analyse the child labour force in India. INDIA’S SOCIAL INJUSTICE (MAXWELL) Reading the BBC article on India’s children labour, it is clear that social injustice plays a role. The exploitation, trade, and mistreat of these children all point towards social injustice. According to Maxwell, social injustice is moral unfairness in the division of society’s rewards or burdens. Despite the fact that using children as their labour force is morally wrong, the wage distribution ($2/day) inequity strongly supports the fact that there...
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...CHILD DOMESTIC LABOUR IN PAKISTAN: OVERVIEW, ISSUES AND TESTABLE HYPOTHESIS BY Sajjad Akhtar Saadiya Razzaq June 2005 CENTRE FOR RESEARCH ON POVERTY REDUCTION AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION (CRPRID) Ist Floor, P-Block, Pak Sectt. Islamabad Phone: 9202868 Fax: 9210254 www.crprid.org Abstract There is a dearth of in-depth empirical and qualitative research about the children in domestic work in Pakistan. The children in domestic work are not recognized as ‘child labour’ by society and by a number of governments, but rather as a normal feature of society. The objective of this paper is to present various dimensions of this neglected segment within the child labour phenomena. The purpose is not only to highlight the similarities and differences in dimensions such as labour market characteristics and its arrangements, working conditions, violence, exploitation from the all inclusive and parent “child labour” category, but also to spell out testable hypothesis that can be the basis for future data collection and empirical analysis on the subject. Our premise is that the labour arrangements of child domestic worker in Pakistan are segmented along non-resident and resident. Thus working conditions, violence, exploitation and dynamics of demand and supply vary with this widely observed segmentation. Although legislations and action plans on child labour in Pakistan, do not include any clause specifically on child domestic labour but the reality is that the vast majority of children...
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...“CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA- ISSUES AND RESPONSES” By Mr. Sandip B. Satbhai (Asst. Prof.) CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA- ISSUES AND RESPONSES “A Child is a father of the Man” -William Wordsworth1. Introduction: We can easily recognize the importance of the Child. The above statement has wide scope for interpretation. Child is very important for the development of the society at large. The development of the Nation is exclusively based on the status of the Child. It is also true that this is one of the vulnerable groups in the society. We can also further add that Children are the Assets of the Nation. Children plays very significant role in the Nation building. All these make obligatory on everyone to protect and provide various safeguards to the children. It is our prime duty to provide care and protection towards children as they are innocent. For the progress of the community at large we need to pay attention towards education of children. In reality there are various social evils with children; one of them is Child Labour. The Child Labour system is in existence in developing and underdeveloped counties. As per the information available, India is one of the Countries where in large number of children below the age of 14 years working in various organizations. If there is no proper distribution of work among the member of the society then children automatically forced to do work for their survival. Unemployment of adult members of the particular family results into Child Labour. In...
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...text Citation) Question: Research, Analyse and Debate Exists a linkage between the exploitation of children, as a source of labour, and globalisation in both developing and industrialised countries? Table of Content Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………………...3 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………... 5 2. Discussion……………………………………………………………………………. 5 2.1 Definition: What is child labour? ..................................................................... 5 2.2 Definition: What is globalisation? ………………………………………….... 6 2.3 Difference between developing and industrialised countries……………........ 6 2.3.1 Facts and background of India and Germany ………………………………... 7 2.3.2 ILO Convention no. 138 …………………………………………………….. 8 2.3.3 Perception of child labour in society ………………………………………… 8 2.3.4 Laws and how they are executed……………………………………………... 9 2.4.1 School attendance rate ……………………………………………………… 10 2.4.1 School drop-out rate ………..………………………………………………. 10 2.5.1 Structural change and the state of economy………………………………… 11 2.5.2 Digression to historical development in Germany………………………….. 11 2.5.3 Deriving historical insight in present India…………………………………… 12 2.6.1 Value of the individuals workforce…………………………………………… 12 2.6.2 Distribution of income………………………………………………………... 12 2.6.3 Poverty and workforce………………………………………………………... 13 2.7 Globalisation and its impact on child labour……………………………………. 13 3. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………... 14...
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...Bangladesh is a source and transit country for men, women, and children subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically forced labor and forced prostitution. A significant share of Bangladesh’s trafficking victims are men recruited for work overseas with fraudulent employment offers who are subsequently exploited under conditions of forced labor or debt bondage. Children – both boys and girls – are trafficked within Bangladesh for commercial sexual exploitation, bonded labor, and forced labor. Some children are sold into bondage by their parents, while others are induced into labor or commercial sexual exploitation through fraud and physical coercion. Women and children from Bangladesh are also trafficked to India for commercial sexual exploitation.Human Trafficking In Bangladesh Bangladeshi men and women migrate willingly to Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Qatar, Iraq, Lebanon, Malaysia, Liberia, and other countries for work, often under legal and contractual terms. Most Bangladeshis who seek overseas employment through legal channels rely on the 724 recruiting agencies belonging to the Bangladesh Association of International Recruiting Agencies (BAIRA). These agencies are legally permitted to charge workers up to $1,235 and place workers in low-skilled jobs typically paying between $100 and $150 per month. According to NGOs, however, many workers are charged upwards of $6,000 for these services. A recent Amnesty International report on Malaysia...
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...Introduction child labor, use of the young as workers in factories, farms, and mines. Child labor was first recognized as a social problem with the introduction of the factory system in late 18th-century Great Britain. Children had formerly been apprenticed (see apprenticeship) or had worked in the family, but in the factory their employment soon constituted virtual slavery, especially among British orphans. This was mitigated by acts of Parliament in 1802 and later. Similar legislation followed on the European Continent as countries became industrialized. Although most European nations had child labor laws by 1940, the material requirements necessary during World War II brought many children back into the labor market. Legislation concerning child labor in other than industrial pursuits, e.g., in agriculture, has lagged. In the Eastern and Midwestern United States, child labor became a recognized problem after the Civil War, and in the South after 1910. Congressional child labor laws were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1918 and 1922. A constitutional amendment was passed in Congress in 1924 but was not approved by enough states. The First Labor Standards Act of 1938 set a minimum age limit of 18 for occupations designated hazardous, 16 for employment during school hours for companies engaged in interstate commerce, and 14 for employment outside school hours in nonmanufacturing companies. In 1941 The Supreme Court ruled that Congress had the constitutional...
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...1.INTRODUCTION Cursory observation would prove that child labour has increase in Nigeria since the late 1980s.To this end the increase may be related to the changing socio economic structure of the country. It is in this light that this paper seeks to relate the massive increase in the incident of child labour In Nigeria the mid 1980s.Globalisation should be seen as an encompassing process with implications for different sections of socio life (see Anugwom, 2001). Therefore, globalization significantly affected the child labour in Nigeria. Nigeria is reported as having 12million child workers, which is one of the highest in the world (see Siddigi and Patrinos,2001). Moreover the IL0 1996 estimate that 250million children are involved in child labour. This figure shows a problem of major proportion and which is concentrated principally in developing nations of the world. A concern with child labour stem largely out of the stark that realization in spite of the numerous national attention given to the issue, it seems to elude meaningful solution in fact rather than abate, child labour has persisted. Child labour has also attracted international attention and concern. Hence, there have been many declaration on the global arena on how to stem the rising tide of child labour. Among these declarations and conventions are the ILO conventions on the Elimination Of Child Labour, the, ILO Declaration on the Fundamental Principles and Rights of Work, the UNICEF. Declaration on the Right...
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...A number of women participate in human trafficking, not only as victims but also as traffickers. Demand for commercial sex is flourishing worldwide, where it is supported by prostitution and pornography. Every year, sexual exploitation affects millions of women and children all over the world, where transnational sex trafficking takes place across national borders, which demanding global cooperation to prosecute sex offenders and rescue victims of trafficking. The international nature of sex trafficking makes it very difficult to know how many people are actually trafficked. (5) According to global estimates of modern slavery, the number of victims of forced sexual exploitation is estimated at 3.8 million, as well as, in 2016, 1 million children who were victims of commercial sexual exploitation. The clear majority of the victims were women and girls by 99%. More than seven in ten victims have been exploited in the Asia-Pacific region. Followed by Europe and Central Asia by...
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...CHILD LABOUR INTRODUCTION Iqbal Masih was born in a small village in rural Pakistan, his father abandoned the family. Iqbal's mother struggled to support her children as a housecleaner, but could not. When he was four years old, Iqbal was sold for $16 into bonded labour at a carpet factory. He worked 12 hours a day and was horribly undernourished and beaten by the foreman many times. When Iqbal was nine years old, a local labour rights organization helped him escape the factory. He was given a place at a school for freed child labourers in Lahore where he'd be safe. Iqbal began telling other child labourers about the law in Pakistan that made bonded labour illegal-they had never heard about this law. When children started to follow Iqbal's example and escape the factories, the owners threatened Iqbal and his family. But he didn't back down. At age 12, he travelled to Sweden and the U.S. to speak out against child labour. When he returned to Pakistan in April, 1995, Iqbal was shot and killed. Iqbal's story reflects the lives of over 200 million children around the world who have been forced to give up school, sports, play and sometimes even their families and homes to work under dangerous, harmful, and abusive conditions. DEFINING CHILD LABOUR: According to the United Nations and the International Labor Organization, child labor is to be considered if: “...States Parties recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any...
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...INTRODUCTION Child labour is an emotive subject,especially when young children are concerned,it evokes images of maltreatment and exploitation.According to the International Labour Office ,any activity other than study or play,remunerated or unremunerated,carried out by a person under the age of 15 years is defined as child labour (Cigno et. al 2002).Consolidated global statistics on child labour are elusive,because of the differing definitions and perceptions about what constitutes a child,child worker or child labour.For a large number of children who are forced to work in situations that compromise their developmet,child labour is an abuse of their fundamental human rights.The principal reason why such work is seen as morally and socially unacceptable is that such work hinders ‘the harmonious physical and mental development of the child’ (Murshed 2001).Child labour is mostly concentrated in Asia and Africa,which together account for more than 90 % of the total child employment.Asia is led by India which has more than 44 million child labourers and the largest child workforce in the world(Siddiqi & Patrinos n.d). The research is aimed at exploring factors that perpetuate child labour in India and study the policy implications for the international community with respect to trade,labour market regulation and legislation,role of international agencies and multinational companies and the need for increasing international awareness.The study elabotrates the demand and supply...
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...There exist three discernible schools of thought associated with the definition of trafficking, even though there are varied perceptions. The first school of thought defines trafficking as that which has to do with forcible procurement of women and children and mainly focuses on sexual exploitation. The Convention on the Suppression of Traffic of Persons and the Exploitation for Prostitution of Others, 1949 was the foremost United Nations instrument that specifically addressed the definition and other related issues of trafficking. This convention was ratified by only 60 countries and remains largely unused and moribund till date. This convention has been regarded as abolitionist in nature by those countries which have legalized or regulated...
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...TITLE OF THE ESSAY : Child Labour : The Abuse of Girl Child * Siddharth Sharma (2ND YEAR B.A.LLB STUDENT AT NLIU, BHOPAL) TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. WHY A GIRL CHILD GETS MORE VICTIMIZED? 3. SEXUAL ABUSE AND CHILD LABOUR? 4. DO WE HAVE A SOLUTION? INTRODUCTION “Born to parents who themselves were uneducated child workers, many child worker are forced to continue a tradition that leaves them chained to a life of poverty” Child labour violates a nation’s minimum age laws, threatens children’s physical, mental, or emotional well-being, involves intolerable abuse, such as child slavery, child trafficking, debt bondage, forced labor, or illicit activities, prevents children from going to school and above all, uses children to undermine labor standards. In this regard The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was enacted in 1986. The constitution of India also recognizes the right of children and safeguards their right to survival, protection and development. Article 14 of the constitution bestows right to equality. Article 15(3) empowers state to make special provision in favour of children. Article 23 prohibits traffic in human being. Article 14 prohibits employment of children below 14 years in any factory or mine or hazardous occupation. Article 39 prohibits abuse and exploitation. Article 45 provides compulsory education up to 14 years. India has recently finally left the company of seven other countries that still legally permit...
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...company uses cocoa suppliers in West Africa, where the harvest type of child labour and human trafficking is exposed in the chocolate industry. Thousands of children are forced to engage in unsafe activities such as using machetes and carrying heavy loads. Therefore, the majorities have scars on their body (Nieburg O., 2014). Nearly two million children work illegally on cocoa farms. Children from the Western Africa start to work at a young age of 12 to help their families because of the intense poverty that surround them (Louv J., 2014). Decision-making models • Bounded Rationality In order to address the issue of child labour and to build sustainability in the community, Hershey Company should follow the Bounded Rationality style of decision- making. The rational decision making model is very effective in the cocoa farms as it’s based on the rational thinking in order to come up with the best potential results. It gives the possibility to find possible solutions to the child labour issue, to calculate the consequences of them and finally to choose the best option. There is a cycling through different choices until an applicable one is found (Cioran N.A., 2013). • Varoom and Yetton’s Leadership On the other side, referring to the Varoom and Yetton’s Leadership and Decision-making (1973), it also can be an effective model in order to help the Hershey to respond successfully to the child labour issue. It helps the leaders of the organization to determine how much...
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...Estimates Indicate That a. The Asian and Pacific regions harbor the largest number of child workers in the five to 14 age group, 127.3 million in total. (19 percent of child work in the region). b. Sub — Saharan Africa has an estimated 48 million child workers. Almost one child three (29 percent) below the age of 15 workers. c. Latin America and the Caribbean have approximately 17.4 million child workers. (16 percent of children work in the region). d. Fifteen percent of children work in the Middle East and North Africa. e. Approximately 2.5 million children are working in industrialized and transition economies. Child labour is a ubiquitous problem throughout the world, particularly in developing countries. Specifically Africa...
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...Child Labor – A Challenge the World is Facing Childhood is the most innocent stage in a human life. It is that phase of life where a child is free from all the tensions, fun-loving, play and learns new things, and is the sweetheart of all the family members. But this is only one side of the story. The other side is full of tensions and burdens. Here, the innocent child is not the sweetheart of the family members, instead he is an earning machine working the entire day in order to satisfy the needs and wants of his/her family. This is what is called 'CHILD LABOUR'. There are various causes and effects of child labour. Eliminating child labour is one of the biggest challenges that the whole world is facing. Child labour includes working children who are below a certain minimum age. This practice is going on since long and is one of the worst forms of child exploitation. Child labour not only causes damage to a child’s physical and mental health but also keep him deprive of his basic rights to education, development, and freedom. According to statistics provided by UNICEF, there are an estimated 250 million children aged 5 to 14 years employed in child labour worldwide and this figure is continuously increasing. Child labour is not only affecting under-developed and developing countries, but developed countries are also facing this though the rate is comparatively very less. Child labor in Asia accounts for the highest percentage of child labour (61%) followed by Africa (32%)...
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