...with another individual, our mind continues to interpret the message the person is projecting. Studying emotions is necessary when it comes to understanding each other; every culture has expressions that can speak louder than words. For instance, Hispanics tend to engage in deep eye contact to show respect, and sometimes they nod their heads to convey approval. On the other hand, the Chinese population considers the act staring disrespectful. If emotions are studied professionals are able to understand and become familiarized with the person’s feelings. I believe that doctors and nurses benefit the most from learning emotions. By doing so they are able to make better assessments, and at the same time respect the individual’s beliefs. Studying emotions is a positive step towards relationship development and understanding. In the end, it is inevitable to ignore a certain gesture or action throughout our day. Universal Emotional Expressions I agree with the conclusion that emotional expressions are universal; they will always influence each role of our lives. For the most part, without regards to an individual’s nationality we are able to determine if someone is feeling happy or depressed. In other words, it is easy to distinguish happiness from sadness. There are characteristics in facial expressions that will provide each of us with a basic interpretation of emotions. According to Kendra Cherry a Psychology expert, “There are three critical components of an emotion” (Cherry, n.d...
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...Cognitive Linguistic and Idioms General considerations about cognitive linguistics Cognitive linguistics is a new approach to the study of language which emerged in the late seventies and early eighties and interprets linguistic knowledge as part of general cognition and thinking. This new contemporary study that argues that language is governed by general cognitive principles, rather than by a special –purpose language module, is therefore associated with semantics, but is distinct from psycholinguistics, which draws upon empirical findings from cognitive psychology in order to explain the mental processes that underlie the acquisition and storage of speech. The most influential linguists working along these lines and focusing on cognitive principles were Charles Fillmore, Wallace Chafe, George Lakoff, Dirk Geeraerts, Roland Langacker and Leonard Talmy. The most important assumption shared by all these researchers is that meaning is so central to language that it must be a primary focus of study. Linguistic structures serve the function of expressing meanings and thus, the mapping between meaning and form are a prime subject of linguistic analysis. In The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, Dirk Geerates stated : “ Cognitive Linguistics is the study of language in its cognitive function, where cognitive refers to the crucial role of intermediate informational structures in our encounters with the world. Cognitive Linguistics is cognitive in the same way that cognitive...
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...role on gender specific facial expressions. It was predicted that women’s facial expressions connected with supervisory position will be rated as more masculine and women’s facial expression connected with subordinate or employee status will be rated as more feminine. Sixty nine individuals participated in our study. They were randomly assigned to read a scenario about either CEO, department manager or an entry level female and rate the female facial expression provided. Seven different emotions were rated which included disgust, anger, fear, happiness, neutral, sadness and surprise, on a seven-point Likert-type scale. After data was collected, perceived emotional intensity was measured and analyzed using a total feminine emotion score. Results showed that there was no difference in perceived emotional intensity based occupation level or gender of participant. These findings suggest that social roles are not a factor in perceived emotion level within a target; however future research should use a measure that equally describes both masculine stereotyped emotions and feminine stereotyped emotions. Keywords: perception, facial expressions, stereotypes, emotional expressions. The Effect of Social Role on Gender Specific Emotion Perception Facial expressions and the emotions they incite are the most powerful form of nonverbal communication (Algoe, Buswell & DeLameter, 2000). Emotions such as happiness, sadness, fear, anger and disgust are interpreted through...
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...Introduction: Psychological theories assume cultures and cross-cultures as stable and homogenous. But democracy, globalization, and high immigration rate brought a new interest for psychologists to think about cultural diversities in terms of psychology. Culture refers to many characteristics of a group of people, including attitudes, behaviors, customs and values that are transmitted from one generation to the next. (In this term paper I had put more stress on “Emotions in cross-culture”.) Emotions in cross-cultures: Although emotions are universal phenomena, they are affected by culture. While some emotions are universal and are experienced similarly as a reaction to similar events in all cultures but some emotions are particularly culture specific and are experienced, reacted and provoked and perceived by surrounding society in complete different manner. Though Ethnographic studies shoe considerable cultural differences, no general conclusions can be drawn regarding what cultural aspects affect emotion or to how much extend do they influence emotion. It might be the same emotion but the event that revokes that specific emotion may be different in different cultures. The way a person perceives himself in a relation with the society affects his emotions. Primary motives are common across all parts of the world. For example Hunger, Thirst is felt by every individual. But secondary motives such as success etc. depends on what society expects one to do and also external motivation...
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...Verbal Communication Theories Goffman 1963 – eye contact is essential when assessing a stranger Argyle 1983 Eye contact can be an index of the clossness of the relationship people share Morris 1994 A smile can be a submissive move to show fear and avoid conflict. The frown and an unblinking stare shows one to be ready for a fight and to intimidate the other. Gestures, like language, can have their meaning changed over time. Alexander Technique – changes in breathing, posture can affect your physical and mental wellbeing Ekman & Friesen (1969) categorised non verbal communication into five categories Emblems, Illustrators, Affect Displays, Regulators and Adaptors. Ekman (2001) A smiling face does not always signal the experience of enjoyable emotions; people smile for many different reasons, for example to regulate conversation to mask other emotional states (e.g., anger or sadness), or to manipulate and deceive others. Darwin The expressions of emotions in Man and Animals (1872) – The same state of mind is expressed throughout the world with uniformity. Klienburg (1940) While some form of NVC are universal such as crying, laughing, and trembling expressions of anger, fear, disgust and sadness are not. Birdwhistle (1970) there are no universal symbols of emotional state. We can expect emotional expressions to be learned and patterned according to the particular structures of particular societies. Duchenne (1862) distinguished between different types of smile. In the...
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...Brian Gillam Anger Management April 26, 2014 * * Beyond Anger a Guide for Men Beyond Anger: A Guide for Men. Harbin’s book is grounded on the idea that men express their anger differently than women, and often their expression are more aggressive and violent. Using research studies, Harbin proves that anger in men is a problem because sometimes, anger manifests in maladaptive behaviors that can lead to impulsive crimes such as assault, battery, or murder. Through the book, Harbin aims to educate men about their anger and help them acknowledge the nature of their anger and its impact on their personal and professional lives so they can make changes in their lives and eventually learn to control or manage their anger in a positive and productive means. The following discussion deconstructs the book by section or part of the book. Beyond Anger has four parts. Part One has six chapters, Part Two has five chapters, Part Three has four chapters, and Part Four has five chapters. Hence, the following discussion will be broken down into four parts and the analysis will be per section and not by chapter. Part one are you angry, the first chapter, At the Boiling Point, introduces background on the topic, specifically how anger affects the demeanor of men, and as a consequence, how society perceives men’s anger. Unlike women, men are prone to aggressive or violent manifestations of anger, which consequently affect their personal and professional...
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...Imagine if you were in a life or death situation and the one person who could save you, who was supposed to be a person everyone could trust, a police officer, was the same person who had assaulted you less than 24 hours previously. Would let them help you? Could you get over your fear and anger long enough to be saved? The film I’ve chosen to analyze is “Crash.” This movie follows the lives and relationships of several characters in the city of Los Angeles. Characters who “crash” into one another with such astonishing coincidence that it makes you realize how each and every interaction can have an impact on future events. The scene I just discussed dramatically shows the element of conflict in communication. Another element of communication that is displayed in this movie is nonverbal communication. Things like eye contact, facial expressions, etc. We will explore these different elements of communication and what they teach us about daily life. When communication happens, at some point, conflict is inevitable. Whether it be between two lovers in a relationship, or between two people on the street who don’t see eye to eye. In the movie Crash, there are many scenes of conflict. For instance, when LAPD police officer John Ryan makes a traffic stop and pulls over African American couple Cameron and Christine Thayer, conflict is inevitable. Officer Ryan is a racist police officer who uses his badge to manipulate and control citizens. When he forces Cameron to exit...
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...Emotions Shantia Ezekiel PSY/355 3 August 2015 Emotions Five theories of emotion try to give explanation to the interpretation for this occurrence; however this article will envelop the James-Lange, Lazarus, and Facial Feedback Hypothesis theories with a justification of the experimental and correlation research methods. Within a human beings motivation is emotion which is a vital aspect to personality and can make humans perform in a negative or positive way. Emotions influence all humans to motivate from internal or external dynamics. Emotion is defined as "a universal, functional reaction to an external stimulus event, temporarily integrating physiological, cognitive, phenomenological, and behavioral channels that facilitate fitness-enhancing, environment-shaping responses to the current situation" (Deckers, 2010). Emotions are shown by behaviors, physically and cognitively by facial responses. The change in emotions is what motivates human beings to do certain tasks. William James, Lazarus, and Carl Lange started a vast assortment of research to establish what behaviors are associated with motivation and arousal in human beings. William James and Carl Lange started the studies that were vital in discovering the explanations in behaviors concerning the arousal in human beings. Just about one hundred years later psychology studies from Cacioppo have conveyed explanations to how stimulus may make behaviors and behaviors may bring emotions. The theoretical experimentation...
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...Literature Review Homework #3 1. What factors affect facial expression sensitivity in patients diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder? 2. The keywords that I used to search for articles on this topic were BPD and facial expression sensitivity, BPD and facial recognition in adolescence. 3. On PubMed, I searched using the keywords BPD and facial expression sensitivity and the search returned 21 results. On PsychNet, I searched using the keywords of BPD facial expression sensitivity and the search only returned 4 results. I also searched on Google Scholar with the search terms of BPD and facial recognition in adolescence and it returned 18,700 results. 4. Article #1 Citation: Daros, A. R., Uliaszek, A. A., & Ruocco, A. C. (2014). Perceptual biases in facial emotion recognition in borderline personality disorder. Personality...
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...psychological state that involves three distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioralor expressive response." (Hockenbury & Hockenbury, 2007) In addition to understanding exactly what emotions are, researchers have also tried to identify and classify the different types of emotions. In 1972, psychologist Paul Eckman suggested that there are six basic emotions that are universal throughout human cultures: fear, disgust, anger, surprise, happiness, and sadness. In 1999, he expanded this list to include a number of other basic emotions including embarrassment, excitement, contempt, shame, pride, satisfaction, and amusement. During the 1980s, Robert Plutchik introduced another emotion classification system known as the "wheel of emotions." This model demonstrated how different emotions can be combined or mixed together, much the way an artist mixes primary colors to create other colors. Plutchik suggested that there are 8 primary emotional dimensions: happiness vs. sadness, anger vs. fear, trust vs. disgust, and surprise vs. anticipation. These emotions can then be combined in a variety of ways. For example, happiness and anticipation might combine to create excitement. In order to better understand what emotions are, let's focus on their three key elements. The Subjective Experience While experts believe that there are a number of basic universal emotions that are experienced by people all over the world regardless of background or culture...
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...© 2012 American Psychiatric Association. All Rights Reserved. See Terms & Conditions of Use for more information. DSM-IV and DSM-5 Criteria for the Personality Disorders General Criteria for a Personality Disorder DSM-IV General Criteria for a Personality Disorder DSM-5 Criteria - Revised June 2011 The essential features of a personality disorder are impairments in personality (self and interpersonal) functioning and the presence of pathological personality traits. To diagnose a personality disorder, the following criteria must be met: A. An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior the deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture. This pattern is manifested in two (or more) of the following areas: 1. Cognition (i.e., ways of perceiving and interpreting self, other people and events) 2. Affectivity (i.e., the range, intensity, liability, and appropriateness of emotional response) 3. Interpersonal functioning 4. Impulse control B. The enduring pattern is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations. C. The enduring pattern leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. D. The pattern is stable and of long duration, and its onset can be traced back at least to adolescence or early adulthood. E. The enduring pattern is not better accounted for as a manifestation or consequence of another mental disorder. F. The enduring pattern is not...
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...than forty (40) years Paul Ekman has supported the view that emotions are discrete, measurable and physiologically distinct. Ekmans most influential work revolved around finding that certain emotions appeared to be universally recognized even in cultures that were preliterate. His research findings led him to classify six emotions as basic : sadness, happiness, anger, disgust, fear, and surprise. Sadness is an emotion that is produced from an array of visceral feelings like loss, sorrow and disadvantage (Lang, 1993). It is important to realise that the emotional state of sadness is only temporary and that the prolonged feelings of sorrow and unhappiness may be the result of an emotional disorder like depression (Haneli, Shomrat & Hess, 2009). Happiness is an individual’s self-reported evaluation of their feelings of love, joy, pleasure and contentment (Young & Hugenberg, 2007). Harre and Parrott (1996) explain that the emotion of happiness comes from many positive interactions within an environmental stimulus, with the main influences being relationships, social networks, a healthy mind and body and financial stability. Anger is known as the...
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...Table of Contents Assessment cover sheet………………………………………………………………………1 Plagiarism Declaration…………………………………………………………………….....2 Cover Sheet…………………………………………………………………………………..3 Brief Introduction……………………………………………………………………………4 Dialogue……………………………………………………………………………………...6 Analysis Effective skills………………………………………………………………………..10 Ineffective skills……………………………………………………………………...12 Improvement on Ineffective skills……………………………………………………13 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………14 Reference list…………………………………………………………………………………15 Brief Introduction Gia is a biographical film about the life of Gia Ccarangi. Gia is from Philadelphia, and moves to New York to become a fashion model. She quickly moves to the forefront of the modelling industry. Her persistent loneliness after the death of Wilhelmina, her mentor, drives Gia to experiment with drugs. She becomes romantically involved with Linda, a make-up artist. After a while Linda begins to worry about Gia, and the extent of her drug use, and gives Gia an ultimatum – “Me or the Drugs” After numerous failed attempts at reconciliation with Linda and her Mother Gia begins to abuse heroin. Eventually, and with great effort, Gia is finally able to stop using drugs. She has by this time however contracted HIV from an infected needle and dies from AIDS related complications in 1986, aged 26. The scene selected is set in Linda’s apartment, where Linda, holding up Gia’s drugs, gives Gia the ultimatum “This or...
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...plotline and structure of Two. Our first still image portrayed a false relationship which is one of the main themes of the play and is also seen through the relationship that the Landlord and Landlady have. I and Rob demonstrated this theme by using our facial expressions to show a fake smile to the customers, who were our audience in this case and also used the use of space and our body language by putting our arms around each other indicating the façade they put on towards others around them and how they pretend to be closer and more happier than they actually are in the hopes that this would symbolise the artificial and dysfunctional relationships that runs through the book and also how everything appeared normal between the Landlord and Landlady to begin with. Our second frozen moment represented Roy and Lesley, another relationship that had the same artificial front but with a twist of violence and torture. In this freeze frame we showed the power that Roy has over Lesley through the use of levels; Rob who was Roy stood on a piece of staging, leaning over Lesley (me) who was sat on a chair, making the difference of levels between them a lot different and making Roy higher up. This showed the audience how Roy has the control and is at the top of the hierarchy in their relationship and also sees and feel caged in like Lesley does within her relationship. We wanted to highlight the rejection and loveless relationship that these two characters also had but showed it through the control...
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...Topic: Emotions Sub-Topic: Expressing Emotions Samantha Costenbader 1. Americans have a hard time learning how to self-heal when dealing with depression. From experience, comforting you and friends around you is strenuous and sometimes it is difficult to make someone/yourself overcome some emotions so, other people with greater education and values help us seek further and endure into healing deeper to the core in order to fulfil the “hole” we feel when depressed. * A growing number of Americans pay millions of dollars to therapist and self-help groups so they can divulge their secrets. * A large percentage of people write about their very deepest thoughts and feeling sin diaries or letters but do not disclose the personal sides of themselves to the close friends they see every day. Pennebaker, James W. "Opening Up: The Healing of Expressing Emotions." The Healing of Expressing Emotions (1990): 1. Google Scholar. Web. 20 Feb. 2016. https://books-google-com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/books?hl=en&lr=&id=U2doiTNg134C&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=facts+expressing+emotions&ots=oMBfr8Wg7j&sig=4GyZsOjegZQ4BFjAWuZD73IVSGM#v=onepage&q=facts%20expressing%20emotions&f=false 2. Many people think being lost into their own “state of mind” helps their emotions soften as they are able to create images with their emotions that resemble their inner feelings. * Art can be a record of what the artist is feeling and, at the same time, it can bring...
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