...Misattribution of arousal (two factor theory of emotion) People search the immediate environment for emotional relevant clues to label and interpret unexplained physiological arousal, leading to misattribution. Cognitive dissonance: mental discomfort that arises when we are confronted with actions, situations, or feelings that go against our morals values. we seek reduce this dissonance Conformity : a change in ones behavior due to the real or imagined influence of other people Two factor theory of emotion -misattribution. Katniss is “falling in love” with Peeta because of the heightened tension, physical activity. Katniss pretending rue is her sister Deindividuation - it ties with arousal because it causes her to do things she normally wouldn't do, such as kiss Peeta while the world is watching, play pu[[et to the capital, and almost trying to kill herself at the end cognitive dissonance -killing other competitors in order to stay alive, even though participants have always bben taught that killing is wrong. -obeying the orders of the capitol and following along with their hunger games, even though they are being treated unfairly and they do not support the capitol. conformity -citizens of the district have to conform and give up their children in order to save the lives of everyone else -Katniss conforms to what the people of the capitol want so that she can get sponsors for the Hunger Games. -The people of the districts conform to the system in the capitol because...
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...One of the first factors surrounding stimulant use that identifies and describes that heighten risk for the contraction of the HIV virus are poverty stricken drug addicts. This category of persons are at a high risk of contraction because they are not aware of a proper guide to cleanliness when administering the drug using needles. Because they are financially unstable, whatever means are used to get that "high" ,they will use it . Possible contraction can come from unsterilized needles, open sores or wounds and even sexual intercourse. According to Erikson, both social and environmental forces we are exposed to influences our development stages. In this particular instance ,because of the poverty faced by this family, they have learnt to accept it in a negative way. Since the poverty issues remains unresolved ,having to deal with another possible crisis (HIV contraction) will prove to be more difficult . Some students may use "club drugs" like Ecstasy to release after exams. The pressure they face during those times can be enormous and one way of releasing that pressure may be through that avenue. Since these drugs impairs your judgment about sexual activity and other drugs, they can find themselves hooked up with someone who may be a HIV potential candidate. Erickson argues that adolescents go through a period of development and during that development they will aspire to identity achievement (strong ego, stable, able to cope with changing environment). However, because...
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...Theoretical Approaches Susan McKee PSY/405 Theories of Personality July 29, 2013 Les Binnix Theoretical Approaches In the world of psychology there are numerous personality theories. Many people have heard of Maslow with the hierarchy of needs or the dispositional theories with types and traits. Both of these theories attempts to understand and explain human thoughts and behaviors through different perspectives. The focus of this paper is to compare and contrast these two different theories. Humanistic and existential theory of personality looks at the individual in a holistic and optimistic manner; this includes Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Carl Rodger's theory of self. The dispositional theories started with a comprehensive definition of personality by Gordon Allport and went on to the investigations of thousands of descriptive words dealing with personality characteristics. Measurements of these characteristics led to the big five or the five factor theory. Both of these major theories are complex, optimistic, and help increase understanding of personalities through different lenses. The purpose of this paper is to examine the personality characteristics attributed to these theories, explain the interpersonal relational aspect associated, and describe the role of personality in affecting situational behavior. Humanistic and existential theory of personality. The humanistic and existential theory of personality is also known as the "Third Force" within...
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...Dispositional, Biological and Evolutionary Theory Augustine Conteh Bridget Seeley PSY 405 Date: 10/20/2014 Introduction There are many theories which are used to explain personality. Dispositional theories explain the relationship between personality and attributes. The most well known dispositional theories are factor, tract and Allport’s Psychology of individual theory (Paul, 2009). This chapter will discuss the differences between dispositional and evolutionary or biological personality theories, the strengths or both and how the Big Five personality test is used in the study of personality. The differences between dispositional and biological theories The assumptions of dispositional theories vary from those of other theorists because they provide the basis of study for personality. On the other hand, biological or evolutionary theories believe that personality development is mainly governed by biological maturation in an individual. Environmental factors which may also influence an individual personality are viewed as part of evolutionary theories (Peterson, 2013). Biological oriented personality theories argue that specific environmental factors are not necessary for a species development but the factors are viewed as a provider of opportunities for biological development. Environmental factors in biological theories are required for an individual personality functional and adaptive development. Dispositional theories bring together several thoughts about...
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...Dispositional, Biological and Evolutionary Theories Paper Diana P. Sanchez PSY/405 September 03, 2014 Sharon Friedman Dispositional, Biological and Evolutionary Theories Paper Personality theories have evolved tremendously in the psychology field. There’s a wide variety of personality theories that have been created over the years. The theorists responsible for their creation have all mainly gathered and altered information from previous theorists and made changes to them; indicating that characteristics of any individual can affect the ideas behind their work (Feist, Feist, & Roberts, 2013). The comparison between the theories (dispositional, biological and evolutionary), comes to show that theirs many similarities and differences between them; as well as weaknesses to them, and strengths. As further research studies into the definition of human behavior, theorists created tests such as the big five test. Comparison Dispositional personality theory, defines the identity of traits and types of characteristics that help determine one’s personality (Feist, Feist, & Roberts, 2013). This theory doesn’t eliminate the use of sub-conscious, but its main focus is on the individual and its conscious thoughts as the center point of personality. It comes to prove the free-will of humans, as well as the possibility of human’s ability to determine their future. The theorist’s responsible for this personality theory, are: Gordon Allport (1897-1967), and Robert...
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...personalities are more unique and different for each individual depending on his or her peculiar life experience. The former idea relates itself to nomothetic approach, which is a quantitative approach that studies personalities that people share in common to find out a general law that applies to everyone. The nomothetic approach suggests that people show universal traits and that personality traits are consistent within humans. Gordan Allport first brought up this approach to understand personality in 1930s, and after that, many theories has been conducted from it. Individual’s personality indicates behaviour, thus the accuracy of the indication of individual’s personality and behaviour in nomothetic approach decides the validity and effectiveness of the approach. Thus the statement that “ the nomothetic approach is the most effective way to understand an individual’s personality” can be critically evaluated by testing the validity of predictions of the theories. As mentioned above, there are two commonly accepted approaches to understand individual’s personality. The idea that people’s personalities are unique brings the idiographic approach that investigates individuals in personal and in-depth details. According to idiographic approach, each person’s personality should be concerned with the understanding of his or her unique interpretations to reality (Grice). It is necessary to analyze the effectiveness of idiographic approach in comparison to the nomothetic approach. According...
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...in studying personality. Last, the essayist analyzes some of the factors that influence an individual’s personality. After reading this essay, the essayist wants readers to have clarity on the theory of personality. Defining Personality The word personality originates from the “persona”, meaning the covering that an actor can wear during Greek and Roman drama performances (Feist & Feist, 2006). The reason for them to wear the mask is to cover a deceptive appearance to portray the character in which they are playing. The present-day description of personality is not the deceitfulness of character or appearance; however, it is the action of apparent behavior that can be the label of certain physiognomies and traits of an individual. The physiognomies give the understanding of an individual, to include intelligence, physical ability, and attitude. According to Theories of Personality, personality involves, “…a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior” (Feist & Feist, 2006, p. 4). Understanding personality is imminent in this course and this week’s reading to get the complete understanding of personality. This is essential in examining the theoretical approaches in studying of personality. Theoretical Approaches Quantifiable Human Nature. In psychology the research of personality is built on the theory of simple human...
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...Personality one The Human Personality Mary Gonzales June 24th, 2012 PSY/405 Angela Snelling The Human Personality two The Human Personality People often wonder why other people do what they do, whether or not people have the ability to shape their own personality, and why people are so different. There are individuals that are predictable and others that are completely unpredictable, and what exactly controls or is a factor in ones personality. For centuries scientists, philosophers, psychologists, and theologians pondered the nature of human beings, or wondered if people have a common basic nature. There have been many psychologists who researched and developed different theories about what traits or characteristics are apart of ones personality, how a personality develops, what contributing factors influence or determines an individuals personality, and this text is written to explain all these elements as best as possible what the human personality is and how it is formed. What is Personality ? Personality has no singular definition, however theorist do agree that personality is a pattern of permanent traits and characteristics that are both consistent and personal to a individuals behaviors. A persons characteristics are unique qualities that one has that sets them apart from everyone else, be it their temper, their intelligence, their...
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...9/18/2015 9/18/2015 Stephane Ludovic Marie ID:11300880 Stephane Ludovic Marie ID:11300880 MGT200 Assignment 3 MGT200 Assignment 3 Contents Introduction 2 Personality 2 Personality determinants 2 Personality Related theories 3 Five Key Factor Model 3 Hypothesis 3 Conclusion 3 Reference List 3 Introduction For many decades, there has been an ongoing debate about the usefulness and validity of personality measures in selection contexts. While some authors believe that those instruments lack validity, others recommend their use as a selection instrument. There is plenty of literature available on this topic, but it is fairly controversial (Alvesson 2002). For the purpose of this report; job performance concerns the attitudes, information and skills that are desired to facilitate one to perform the tasks listed in the job description by the organization; of which task performance includes one’s behaviour that involves in the conversion of organizational resources into finished goods and services. Organizations worldwide use performance appraisal as a means to ensure the job performance of workers, moreover personality measures recently have received considerable attention in the employee selection process since personality of an individual is closely linked with the process of job or work performance. The relationship between personality and the level of job performance is dependent on the environment in which he/she is working (Alvesson 2002). It is...
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...The Big Five Personality Theory and Gender Identity According to American Psychological Association (2000), personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. The study of personality focuses on two broad areas: One is understanding individual differences in particular personality characteristics, such as sociability or irritability. The other is understanding how the various parts of a person come together as a whole. A number of different theories have emerged to explain different aspects of personality. Some theories focus on explaining how personality develops while others are concerned with individual differences in personality. The following are just a few of the major theories of personality proposed by different psychologists: Behavioral Theories, Psychoanalytic Theories. This paper focus on the Big Five personality dimensions to explain childhood personality development. Big Five Personality theory described the personality in childhood and later in life as a set of variations across five primary dimensions identified by researchers: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness/intellect. Each bipolar factor (e.g., Extraversion vs. Introversion) summarizes several more specific facets (e.g., Sociability), which, in turn, subsume a large number of even more specific traits (e.g., talkative, outgoing) (Gosling, Rentfrow and Swann Jr, 2003). These basic factors can explain and predict...
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...What are Personality Theories? Michael J Falls PSY/405 June 23, 2014 Bernard Wakley There are several different personality theories that attempt to explain how people act and who they are. Theories categorize people on characteristics or traits, and then try to describe the effect that this has on a person’s behavior in certain situations. Personality theories are supposed to focus on how people differ from one another; theories select behaviors or characteristics to determine their taxonomies or categories. Biological theories of personalities focus on genetics as well as biological relationships in physiological arousal and the neurochemistry in our brains. The biological approach to studying a person’s personality would be the differences in brain chemistry in extrovert and introverts. Theorist use biological processes to fill in the gap between personality and genetics by theorizing biological effects with behaviors. This anatomical approach examines the functions of brain structures. One of the biggest pioneers in the field was Eysenck; he attempted to relate personality to biology. Eysenck theory is complex, but it has grown over the years, one basic assumption is the brain has excitatory and inhibitory neural mechanisms. The balance between these two produces levels of psychological arousal at any given time. The dispositional theory is the classic or traditional way of psychological study of personalities. Since the early Greeks, maybe even longer it has been recognized...
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...with his or her individual personality. In the following essay the author of this essay will examine personality in detail. First I intend to define personality where I will give some characteristics of personality and inform the reader what personality is. Secondly the author of this essay will examine the theoretical approaches in the study of personality and give some examples of schools of thought based on personality. Last the author of this essay will analyze influential factors that influence human personality development and compare nature versus nurture and what affect if any that has on personality. The aforementioned topics will be researched to create an understanding of human personality. An individual’s personality is made up by multiple factors that inclusively become one’s personality. Some of the characteristics of an individual’s personality are the individual’s patterns of thoughts, feelings, and certain behaviors that the individual exhibits. To understand personality one has to factor in key traits within a person and understand that personality is organized and consistent. Humans express their individual personality in different situations and tend to have stable responses to the situation. An individual’s personality tends to stay constant throughout his or her entire life with few to no changes occurring throughout. Personality is solely a psychological trait and is influenced by biological needs. For example where an individual may tend to have a personality...
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...19 Freudian & Humanistic Theories MODULE 455 448 449 432 Photo Credit: © Colin Anderson/ Getty Images A. Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory B. Divisions of the Mind C. Developmental Stages D. Freud’s Followers & Critics E. Humanistic Theories Concept Review F. Cultural Diversity: Unexpected High Achievement G. Research Focus: Shyness 434 436 438 440 442 447 H. Application: Assessment—Projective Tests Summary Test Critical Thinking Can Personality Explain Obesity? Links to Learning 450 452 454 Introduction Personality Ted Haggard founded New Life Church in the basement of his house 25 years ago and became a prominent author and national evangelical Christian leader with a congregation of 14,000 worshippers in the largest church in Colorado. He is married with five children and has boyish dimples and a warm smile. In 2006, at the peak of his career, a male prostitute accused Haggard of having a three-year sexual affair with him and of using drugs. is accusation was alarming not only because Haggard was a married pastor, but also because he publicly supported a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage. When the accusations were first broadcast on the news, Haggard confessed to church officials, saying, “Ninety-eight percent of what you know of me was the real me. Two percent of me would rise up, and I couldn’t overcome At the height of his career, it” (Haggard, 2006a). Then, in Ted Haggard, well-known pastor, a television news interview the confessed...
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...perspectives in personality theory. The four most common ones are the psychodynamic, trait or five-factor model, humanistic, and social cognitive. The psychodynamic perspective branched out from Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. It emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind in the development of personality. It focuses on the idea that people have defense mechanisms, personality is largely dependent on one’s sexual impulses, and that the past is important. There are several advantages and disadvantages associated with this theory. Some advantages are that one will recognize the importance of childhood, it has been revised by other theorists and has been made less controversial, and it has been around for a very long time. This theory also has many disadvantages such as being too focused on the idea of sex and the past. It is also very difficult to assess the unconscious aspects of personality. The humanistic theory first appeared as a reaction against the psychodynamic and behaviorist theories. It is based largely on the work of Rogers and Maslow.The humanistic theory focuses on the role of each person’s conscious life experiences and choices in personality development. It also focuses on one’s self-conception, consideration of a person as a whole, and the potential for positive life. Rogers believed that humans are always striving to fulfill their innate capacities and capabilities, known as the self-actualizing tendency. Advantages of this theory include the attention brought...
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...Biological, and Evolutionary Psychology University of Phoenix Dispositional, Biological, and Evolutionary Psychology Personality theory has come a long way since its beginning in psychology. Many theorists have based their work on theorists before them, but made changes that indicate that the characteristics of the individual affects the ideas behind their work (Feist, Feist, & Roberts, 2013). Comparing dispositional, biological, and evolutionary theories indicates the similarities and differences between the theories; as well as their strengths and weaknesses. The use of these theories has led to research and tests, such as the big five test, that help indicate personality characteristics of individuals (Feist, et al. 2013). Comparison Dispositional personality theory identifies types and traits of characteristics to help determine personality (Feist, Feist, & Roberts, 2010). It then attributes behavior to these characteristics (Westmont.edu, 2002). Many previous theorists had looked at subconscious thoughts as motivation for human personality and behavior. Dispositional theory does not dismiss the sub-conscious, but focuses on the individual and conscious thought as the center of personality (Westmont.edu, 2002). It centers on humans having free will to determine their future (Fesit et al, 2013). Biological psychology theories are based on what many others theorists denied, that is, that personality and behavior are affected by biology (Feist, Fesit, & Roberts...
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