...According to the textbook, in real life argumentation, the three main factors of underlying fallacies are misleading interpretation, mental carelessness combined with overflowing emotions, and the unexamined presumptions from the arguer point of view. Each of these examples strongly supports the underlying fallacies due to the fact that maybe the arguers may not be aware that the evidence he/she use is ineffective and shown lack of reasoning. Though sometimes the arguer understand his/her own errors in an argument, they might not corrected properly because they think that the audience does pay attention well enough in the speech. Such case becomes more complicated as the arguer tends to trick the person for believing his own words for individual...
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...conviction but believes that logic must be exercised in the educational process (McInerny, 2005). In this particular work, McInerny attempts to make his readers understand logic by seeing their surroundings and environments in an objective and critical manner (McInerny, 2005). He is able to do so in lay-man’s terms that almost any reader would be able to comprehend. This piece was written as a handbook for presenting the very basic values of logic to people who have never had the chance to practice it before. Those that have been well versed in logic before may easily lose interest in a work this simplified. Summary Being Logical is organized into five parts: 1) Preparing the Mind for Logic; 2) The Basic Principles of Logic; 3) Argument: The Language of Logic; 4) The Sources of Illogical Thinking; and 5) The Principal Forms of Illogical Thinking (McInerny, 2005). Every part is broken down further and goes more in depth to its specific components. This helps to make the teaching of logic to not be too overwhelming. The first three serve as a foundation for logical thinking. The last two sections, The Sources of Illogical Thinking and The Principal Forms of Illogical Thinking put the foundations...
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...Appendix D Assumptions and Fallacies Nanette McDowell Hum 111/ week 8 Assignment April 13, 2013 Bethany Bigler • What are assumptions? How do you think assumptions might interfere with critical thinking? What might you do to avoid making assumptions in your thinking? An assumption is a thought or a way of someone’s thinking in which they believes are true without proof. For example, when I was young I thought that all white people did not like black people. As I became older to understand my thoughts and judgments, this assumption was not true at all. The assumption back then was perceived in my mind because of the kinds of people that I was around that influenced my judgment. I was overgeneralizing about white people not liking black people because of the environment at the time. We must identify inferences and assumptions in order to see what inferences are illogical when the assumptions that lead to them are not justifiable. Once you become skilled in identifying the inferences and assumptions you are in a better position to question the extent to which any of your assumptions are justified. The key is recognizing and questioning our inferences and assumptions. To avoid making false assumptions here are some tips that I follow: (eHow article), • “Be as objective as you can in making evaluative decisions. Whether you're at work, at home or with your friends, be as logical and fair as possible in your judgments. • Resist the urge to accept stereotypes. Even though...
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...negate popular myths about nuclear energy as a way of convincing the reader that there are more effective forms of energy. Shrader-Frechette’s argument, besides a few minor fallacies, is very effective with the use of her statistics as well has her tone contributing to the overall successful argument. Shrader-Frechette speaks in a matter-of-fact tone that I would actually consider a fallacy within itself. Since Shrader-Frechette is so fluent and lofty, this is a snob appeal that appeals to the readers’ desire to be more intelligent and well-rounded. As Shrader-Frechette uses statistics to explain her point, her overall character portrays a more intellectual person because she knows these little details. Also, her diction, or word choice, depicts a more factual and knowledgeable tone. The use of words such as “proliferation” as well as her knowledge of the “Swedish Nobel Prize winner” shows her intelligence which makes the reader more fascinated by Shrader-Frechett’s argument in a subconscious use of snob appeal (235). Since she uses such a matter-of-fact tone in her argument, the reader is more susceptible to accepting the argument in order to be identified with Shrader-Frechette who seems to be very intelligent. Shrader-Frechette has very few fallacies in her argument, but the ones she uses, unless they are spotted, make the argument seem even more successful to the reader. First, she employs a lot of inappropriate appeals such as snob appeal and the bandwagon approach....
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...Title: Unit 5 Fallacies Kaplan University February 11, 2014 Unit 5 Fallacies Part I: Mom, you know how much I love animals, right? Well, yesterday I just happened to be passing by an animal shelter, and wanted to stop in and take a look at all of those poor dogs that are going to be put to sleep. I know you told me that I couldn’t have any more pets, but there was this one dog; his name is “Butterscotch," and he was scheduled to be executed that same day, and well; I just couldn’t let them stick those huge needles in him, hurting him, and killing him for no reason. Anyway, I hope you don’t mind, but I brought him home with me. You know; I remember you telling me when you were a kid; you did the same thing, so I can’t see how this would be any different from what you used to do. Besides, I’ll take care of him, feed him, and you won’t have to do anything; I promise. If you let me keep him, I will promise to do all of my chores and never argue with you again, please! You know; I was talking to my friend the other day, and she told me that shelters actually like killing dogs, they sell the dog remains to a company that makes dog food out of them. I’m not sure where she heard this, but she loves dogs, so I know she’s right. My friend said they make more money that way, so they really don’t care about these dogs at all; it’s always about people's greed and how much money they can make. If I can save at least one dog from becoming dog food, I would be happy. ...
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...Assumptions & Fallacies HUM/111 April 17, 2014 Pam Strunk Assumptions & Fallacies 1) What are assumptions? How do you think assumptions might interfere with critical thinking? Elder, L. & Paul, R. (2002) define assumptions as "is something we take for granted or presuppose" 25 (3), 34. It is imperative to identify what we believe on the basis of an argument, as opposed to what we know. Develop critical thinking made us able to abstract our prejudices and preconceptions acquired through our life experience. These assumptions incorporate our paradigms and stereotypes. What we get through the reasoning of the information and assumptions are the interpretations that draws conclusions and give meaning to the data. With inferences, we take only what is apparent from the evidence. Therefore, I have to check whether inferences are logical. Our conclusions are often distorted by our interests. We must ensure that our conclusions will be the focus of all relevant information and that we have not excluded the information that does not support our preconceived ideas. 2) What are fallacies? What might you do to avoid using this particular fallacy in your thinking? Fallacy is an argument that is not valid or wrong, but with the appearance of correct reasoning. It is a misleading or erroneous reasoning, but it aims to be convincing or persuasive. Fallacious reasoning does not necessarily have a false conclusion, and right or valid reasoning...
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...critiques of the culture. The author argues that hip hop owes its success to the ideology to women-hating and that poverty is argued to be an excuse of it. The author addresses a range of issues from contemporary artists being too inconsistent, to female artists not being as united when it comes to standing up for a change. For this reason “Hip hop’s betrayal of Black Women” should not be considered by PopMatters and the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) for the top prize for persuasiveness due the author’s use of rhetorical analysis and logical fallacy in addressing opposing viewpoints In “Hip-Hop’s Betrayal of Black Women” the author uses three kinds of rhetorical techniques in the article logos, pathos, and ethos. Logos is used to show facts, reasons, and statistics in support of the author’s argument. Pathos is used to stir the emotions of the audience on the topic, however this can backfire a make the argument get off subject. Finally, ethos is used to appeal to the audience, show knowledge of the subject and good character. The dominant technique used is pathos, which appears five times, while logos is used four times and ethos once. The first...
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...Philosophy is known as human knowledge, how we perceive it and how we think clear critical thoughts while seeking the solutions. Philosophy can be our way of beliefs and values, and how we consider making our choices. Although it is said that there is no simple answer to what is the true meaning of philosophy. To define Philosophy one must answer the question where does the word Philosophy derive from. The word Philosophy derives from the Greek. Its meaning is from two Greek words Philein, which means to love and Sophia, which means knowledge or wisdom. Philosophy was invented by the Greeks, they believed that any person who seeks knowledge; is a philosopher. We become engaged in philosophy every day, whether knowingly, or unknowingly. When someone asks us “what do we want for dinner? Or who do we think will win tonight’s game?” we are becoming engaged in philosophy. Throughout life we have all thought long and hard about a decision we made, in doing so we have thought philosophically. It is said that a philosophical question cannot be answered in any straightforward manner; this is a common misconception. Many other misconceptions exist, such as that philosophy never makes any progress. Progress can come in any form of a question not just in the answer like, partial answers, questions unanswered and question clarified and subdivided these are all progress. There are also misconceptions in which one opinion is as good as the next or that truth is relative. To comprehend philosophy...
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...ways or why setting phrases are asked how and why? According to the University of Maryland University College (UMUC) Crit-Think-Audio, critical thinking model helps in the analyzation and finding solution to complex organizational problems that affect decision making ability of managers. By definition, critical thinking means making reasoned judgement that are logical and well thought-out. That is, a way of thinking that you don’t just accept all argument and conclusions, but rather you have an attitude by questioning every notion which raises the question of how and why? According to the UMUC Crit-Think-Audio, people who asked questions on how get a job and the people that ask question why be there bosses. However, this paper is for the analyzation of the Cliffside Holding Company of Massapequa (CHCM) Memo, and also, using the critical thinking model as described in the textbook, asking the right questions and applying the several steps as reveled by Browne and Keeley (Browne & Keeley, 2015, to measure up the argument described in the CHCM memo. The critical thinking model was prepared and applied in a memo by CHCM in evaluating the effectiveness of management improvement and development program that will enhance a leadership development program of junior financial executives for the future advancement. The organization proposes to examine the issues associated with staging cost price of the program which is it going to cost the organization $5000...
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...October 11, 2015 Ad hominem attacks on Politics Over the years, ad hominem has been very prevalent among politicians. It is a logical fallacy that occurs when one attacks the person making an argument rather than the argument itself. The use of Ad Hominem is something that practically rules the political scene. Politicians thrive off of it when the population believes the fallacy. An ugly picture is painted of the opponent causing voters to doubt the quality of the opponent's arguments. I, personally, think that when it comes to politics “anything should not go”. Personal attacks should not be allowed. It takes attention away from the many issues that are facing a country. Citizens need to understand that attacks on the personal lives of our public leaders are petty and counterproductive. No work is getting done, since we are busy attacking each other. Because politician have right to separate their private life from political life.And its private life is not the right way to judge the politician because if politicians behavior is good with his wife but we donot know it Some may say that we need to see what type of person the politician is and we need to know about them however why should their private lives affect their jobs? What goes on in their lives doesn't change how capable or incapable one is with their job. They are still human whether they are politicians or not. They still have rights. One's job or position should not preclude them from having a private life...
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...much it takes before it effects you in those ways. Also how long a person has to be a marijuana user in order for these long term effects to actually start to arise. They seem to not know exactly what the long-term effects on the brain are, but says it effects your memory. Their finding seems to be inconsistent, so their argument for saying it is actually bad for your memory can’t actually be proven 100%. I do find this source to be credible based off of the information that is given. This article is broken up into sections that talk about the main effects of marijuana usage. It lists statistics throughout the article and studies that have been conducted. However, I do believe they are only taking one side where marijuana can be useful in a lot of cases not mentioned here. It isn’t all negatives when it comes to marijuana usage. I do not believe that any rhetorical devices were used by this author. The author stuck to simple details and studies, and did not go on exaggerating or relating marijuana use to anything other than the details. I think that the fallacy, hasty generalization was used throughout this article. Mainly because this fallacy makes the assumption that a whole group or idea is a certain way because of a small amount of sources. In this article they provide all negative effects of marijuana use, when we all know that there are medically proven studies that...
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...Critical Thinking Critical thinking is that mode of thinking - about any subject, content, or problem - in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully taking charge of the structures inherent in thinking and imposing intellectual standards upon them. A well cultivated critical thinker: * Will frame different questions and predicts the problems in the long run process, formulating them clearly and precisely; * collects and analyze relevant information, using abstract thoughts to illuminate it effectively comes to well-reasoned conclusions and solutions, testing them against relevant situations, basic scenarios and standards; * thinks open-mindedly and thinks about the other systems, recognizing and assessing, as need be, their assumptions, suggestions, and practical results; and * Interacts and communicates effectively with team members in work, fellow students in school or college or within the family etc. in figuring out solutions to complex problems. Benefits of Critical Thinking At Work: Critical thinking makes employees and managers to look at a situation and analyze all possible solutions before taking a final decision. It can be a long process that requires ideas from different experienced people within the business organization. The benefits to critical thinking make it a valuable practice for any small business. * Produces New Ideas * Promote the development of Teamwork * Promotes Options * Uncovering...
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...services, such as a restaurant and a garden shop, in subsequent years. // 时地全等 Being the only store in the area that offers such a range of services will give us a competitive advantage over other local stores.” // 结论无据 The author commits a fallacy of causal oversimplification. The line of the reasoning is that because A occurred before B, the former event is responsible for the latter. (The author uses the positive correlation between A and B to establish causality. However, the fact that A coincides with B does not necessarily prove that A caused B.) But this is fallacious reasoning unless other possible causal explanations have been considered and ruled out. For example, perhaps C is the cause of these events or perhaps B is caused by D. Insufficient-sample The evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. One example is logically unsounded to establish a general conclusion (The statistics from only a few recent years are not necessarily a good indicator of future trends), unless it can be shown that A1 is representative of all A. It is possible that.... In fact, in face of such limited evidence, the conclusion that B is completely unwarranted. (based on a false analogy The argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to B in all respects. This assumption is weak, since although there are points of comparison between A and B, there is much dissimilarity as well. For example, A...,...
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...COM 220 Week 1 Assignment Throughout the introduction and speech there are examples of fallacies, rhetorical devices, and bias. The first example of bias is delivered when introducing Kane. The campaigner introducing Kane refers to “the evil domination of Boss Jim Gettys,” this clearly indicates bias in favor of Kane, and also is an example of the ad hominem fallacy by attacking Jim Gettys rather than his arguments. The campaigner also uses the scare tactics and the false dilemma fallacy when he states “There is only one man who can rid the politics of this State.” There surely could be more candidates than Kane, and his use of fear to try to scare voters into voting for Kane. Kane commits ad hominem fallacy when stating “to point out and make public the dishonesty, the downright villainy, of Boss Jim W. Gettys political machine.” Kane is clearly attacking Gettys rather than is arguments. Kane uses the false dilemma fallacy presenting two choices as the only choices available when he states “Now, however, I have something more than a hope. And Jim Getty’s, Jim Gettys has something less than a chance. Every straw vote, every independent poll shows that I’ll be elected.” Kane continues with the apple polishing fallacy by appealing to the crowd’s vanity in an attempt to persuade them to vote for him when he states “The decent, ordinary citizens know that I'll do everything in my power to protect the underprivileged, the underpaid, and the underfed.” Examples of rhetorical...
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...She goes on to state that “rates of overall cheating at honor-code schools rose slightly…while they declined at no-code schools,” and follows up her claim by quoting McCabe, saying “the influence of honor codes ‘has eroded over the past two decades.’” Greenberg’s line of reasoning here is practically nonexistent. The argument feels incomplete because Greenberg never explains how honor codes influence the rates of overall cheating. She makes the assumption that honor codes are the cause of the rates decreasing when it could just be a correlation. The two statements show no evidence of being connected. This argument could end up being classified as a false cause because there is no way to prove that honor codes are the reason cheating is increasing at schools with those...
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