...Country classification Data sources, country classifications and aggregation methodology The statistical annex contains a set of data that the World Economic Situation and Prospects (WESP) employs to delineate trends in various dimensions of the world economy. Data sources The annex was prepared by the Development Policy and Analysis Division (DPAD) of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (UN/DESA). It is based on information obtained from the Statistics Division and the Population Division of UN/DESA, as well as from the five United Nations regional commissions, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and national and private sources. Estimates for the most recent years were made by DPAD in consultation with the regional commissions, UNCTAD, UNWTO and participants in Project LINK, an international collaborative research group for econometric modelling coordinated jointly by DPAD and the University of Toronto. Forecasts for 2014 and 2015 are primarily based on the World Economic Forecasting Model of DPAD, with support from Project LINK. Data presented in WESP may differ from those published by other organizations for a series of reasons, including differences in timing, sample composition and aggregation methods. Historical data may differ...
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...you ever traveled outside of your country? This was my first time traveling outside the United States of America. I thought it would be to vacation to paradise, but it’s to Haiti. Not what I wanted, however some opportunities you can’t let pass you up. Have you ever paid to traveled to do community/relief service outside your country? The act of traveling to help others has to be a true passion in life. I have vacationed outside the country once and it was a trip to Haiti. I rather travel to another country for relief work, than just to vacation. During my process of traveling I figured that you can’t be traveling to help others because you feel sorry. You must truly love to help others in life. My name is Stephen Gordon and I just completed my first year at Upper Iowa University with a Business Administration major. I am from Altgeld Gardens, which is located on the far south side in Chicago, Illinois. Atlgeld Gardens was named after Illinois Governor John Altgeld. It was established in 1945 and it’s an historic site. Altgeld Gardens is the first public housing projects built in the United States of America and was also an important stop on the Underground Railroad. Altgeld is completely occupied by low income families. The residents of Altgeld Gardens have little education and live off public aid and SSI. Most people love living off the money the government provides. The typical household in Altgeld Gardens is a single mom raising at least four children average, if not more...
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...Developing Countries The list of developing countries shown below is adhered to by the ISI, effective from 1 January till 31 December 2013. You can find the list that was used for 2012 here. Countries are divided into developed or developing according to their Gross National Income (GNI) per capita per year. Countries with a GNI of US$ 11,905 and less in 2010 are defined as developing (specified by the World Bank, September 2012). Afghanistan Guinea Panama Albania Guinea-Bissau Papua New Guinea Algeria Guyana Paraguay American Samoa Haiti Peru Angola Honduras Philippines Argentina India Romania Armenia Indonesia Russian Federation Azerbaijan Iran, Islamic Rep. of Rwanda Bangladesh Iraq Samoa Belarus Jamaica Sao Tome and Principe Belize Jordan Senegal Benin Kazakhstan Serbia Bhutan Kenya Seychelles Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Kiribati Sierra Leone Bosnia and Herzegovina Korea, Democ. P. Rep. of Solomon Islands Botswana Kosovo Somalia Brazil Kyrgyz Republic South Africa Bulgaria Lao People's Democ. Rep. South Sudan Burkina Faso Latvia Sri Lanka Burundi Lebanon St. Kitts and Nevis Cambodia Lesotho St. Lucia Cameroon Liberia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Cape Verde Libya Sudan Central African Republic Lithuania Suriname Chad Macedonia, the F.Y.R. of Swaziland Chile Madagascar Syrian Arab Republic China Malawi Tajikistan Colombia Malaysia Tanzania, United Republic of Comoros Maldives Thailand...
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...globalization’ in the developing countries. In this journal, James analysed the relationships and effects between the developing countries’ economy development and the information technology. Firstly, from James (2001) point of view, there is a ‘cumulative causation’between foreign direct investment and exports and economic growth. Heclaimed that foreign direct investment (FDI) had a huge influence on the export performance of the developing countries, the degree of exports stimulates economy growth thus attract more FDI. There are some evidences exist to prove his claim. China isone of the good examplesto indicate that. Song and Zhang (2001) stated that there was a strong link between foreign direct investment and exports in China. Exports which generated by FDI had attracted more FDI into China. It also provided the evidence that only 1 percentage of FDI level changed in 2000 was related to 0.29 percentages rise in exports in 2001 (Song and Zhang). Moreover, foreign investment has played a vital role in both China’s economy and fast growth (Whalley&Xin, 2010). According according to Whalley and Xin (2010), their research result has shown that ‘China’s growth rate may have been around 3.4 percentage points lower in the past few years’ without FDI(Whalley&Xin, 2010). While on the other hand, this ‘cumulative causation’ application may be affected by current global situation. The export-led growth strategy for those least developed countries seem to be not so effective in recent...
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...Direct Investments (FDIs) have been found to be important aspects of economic development of host countries, and crucial, in building technological capabilities of local companies in developing countries. It is a channel for international diffusion of technology, having the potential to transfer technological, organizational and managerial practices to developing countries, which may, in the long run, lead to higher technological capabilities, and innovation, resulting in economic growth in these countries. For Tanzania specifically, FDI is a type of investment which is relatively infant as the government had opted for a socialist path of economic development from 1967 to around mid 1980s, following the Arusha Declaration. In mid 1980s, the government initiated and implemented deliberate economic liberalization policies. These resulted into the rise of FDI in Tanzania. For instance, FDI inflows increased from USD 2,418.7 million in 1999 to USD 3,776.6 million in 2001. Such investments were concentrated in the sectors of manufacturing (33.4%), mining and quarrying (28%) as well as agricultural (6.7%) (TIC, BoT and NBS, 2004: 23-24)4. 2.2 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Definition and Characteristics 2.2.1 Defining FDI Several FDI definitions have been given in the literature and these are more or less similar. A more representative definition of FDI is that by Rutherford (1992: 178; 1995: 178-179) who defines FDI as business investment in another country, which often takes...
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...in Lesser Developed Countries Over the past 30 years foreign direct investment has been a major contributor to economic growth across the globe. FDI inflows reached an all-time high in 2007 at $1.8 trillion with approximately 40% of that amount being invested in less developed countries. The prediction of this inflow into less developed countries was that it would be a wholly positive thing for the host country through resource transfer effects, employment effects, and effects on competition domestically and balance of payments. In the case of developed nations and even those in the upper tier of less developed nations this can be true but for the poorest of the less developed nations this has not been the case. In this essay we will examine why FDI has failed these nations and what can be done going forward to improve the economies of less developed nations by better utilizing FDI. To understand why FDI is not working in these less developed nations we must look at what are believed to be the fundamental effects of FDI on any host country. These effects include the increase in employment opportunities within the host country. They also include resource transfer effects whereby the skills and knowledge of the MNC are transferred to the host country. It is also expected that competition from MNC in domestic markets will force domestic companies to work more effectively to compete and thereby make these companies more effective in competing internationally. Lastly, FDI can increase...
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...WHAT IS FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the process whereby residents of one country (the source/home country) acquire ownership of assets for the purpose of controlling the production, distribution and other activities of a firm in another country (the host country) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) defines foreign direct investment (FDI) as a category of international investment where a resident in one economy (the direct investor) obtains a lasting interest in an enterprise resident in another economy (the direct investment enterprise). (IMF, 1993) * Two parts of this definition are important to note: 1. The “lasting interest” implies the existence of a long-term relationship between the direct investor and the direct investment enterprise, 2. The “direct investment” implies the acquisition of at least 10 percent of the ordinary shares or voting power of an enterprise abroad. * Foreign Direct Investor - an individual, an incorporated or unincorporated public or private enterprise, a government, a group of related individuals, or a group of related incorporated and/or unincorporated enterprises which has a direct investment enterprise – that is, a subsidiary, associate or branch – operating in a country other than the country or countries of residence of the foreign direct investor(s). Common Misconceptions of FDI. * FDI does not necessarily imply control of the enterprise since only a 10 percent ownership...
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...CONCEPT OF MNC A multinational corporation is an enterprise that carries on business operations in more than one country. It extends its manufacturing and marketing operations through a network of branches and subsidiaries which are known as its foreign affiliates. According to a report of international labour office the essential nature of multinational enterprises lies in the fact that its managerial headquarters are located in one country while the enterprise carries out operations in a number of other countries as well.´ CHARACTERISTICS OF MNC: * Large size * Worldwide operations * Centralized control * Sophisticated technology * Professional management * International market * High brand equity ROLES OF MNC 1) MNC’s help to increases the investment level & thereby the income & employment in host country. 2) The transnational corporations have become vehicles for the transfer technology, especially to developing countries. 3) They also initiate a managerial revolution in host countries through professional management and employment of highly sophisticated management techniques. 4) The MNCs enable that host countries to increases their exports & decreases their import requirements. 5) They work to equalize cost of factors of production around the world. 6) MNC’s provide and efficient means of integrating national economies. 7) The enormous resources of multinational enterprises enable them to...
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... | |Batch No : BIBD5 1119A |Unit Name: International Economics & Trade | |Assignment No: 1 (week 7) |Tutor Name: Chi Ching | |Word count: 1003 |Assignment Due Date: 2 December 2011 | Unless otherwise specified, assignments must comply with the following requirements. Assignments that do not comply with the following may not be marked. Please confirm that your assignment meets these requirements by ticking each of the following boxes before submission: ❑ Assignment is word-processed using 11 or 12 point font ❑ Left-side margin is at least 3 centimeters ❑ Assignment is 1.5 or double spaced ❑ All pages are numbered and include your Student ID and Name ❑ A Bibliography or Reference List is included at the end of the assignment ❑ References have been correctly noted ❑ All works consulted have been cited using an appropriate referencing style ❑ A duplicate copy of the assignment has been retained by the student ❑ Where appropriate, an approval for extension is attached ❑ The below declaration has been read, signed and dated Grade / Comment Declaration: Except where appropriately acknowledged, this assignment is my own work, has been expressed in my own words, and has not previously been submitted for assessment in this or any other...
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...JOHNSON Host Country Effects of Foreign Direct Investment ANDREAS JOHNSON Host Country Effects of Foreign Direct Investment The Case of Developing and Transition Economies JIBS Dissertation Series No. 031 JIBS Dissertation Series No. 031 ANDREAS JOHNSON Host Country Effects of Foreign Direct Investment The Case of Developing and Transition Economies This thesis consists of four individual essays and an introductory chapter. While independent from each other, these essays share some common properties. They are all empirical and focus on the interaction between inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) and host country characteristics. The primary focus of the thesis lies in how inflows of FDI affect developing and transition economies. Macro-level data are used in all essays. The first essay analyses the FDI inflows that the transition economies of Eastern Europe have attracted and tries to find determinants of these inflows. The following two essays compare the effect of FDI between developing and developed economies. The second essay studies the relationship between corruption in the host country and the volume of FDI inflows. The third essay explores the effect of FDI inflows on host country economic growth. The fourth and final essay analyses the relationship between FDI and trade, focusing on the link between FDI flows and host country exports in eight East Asian economies. ISSN 1403-0470 ISBN 91-89164-64-4 ANDREAS JOHNSON Host Country Effects of...
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...THE EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA BY OKUNLOLA TUNDE S. MATRIC NO: 139191 September 2011 Being research work submitted to Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Science (B.Sc) in Economics CERCTIFICATION I hereby certify that this work was carried out by OKUNLOLA TUNDE S. of Matric No 139191 in the Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ibadan. …………………………………. ……………………………… Date Dr. B. Fowowe Supervisor DEDICATION My sole dedication goes to God almighty whose mercy has never ceased in changing me despite all odds, whose boundless love and vast grace is bringing to pass my childhood dreams and fantasies. ACKNOWLEDGMENT My deepest gratitude goes to my parents who always, tirelessly and sacrificially support me, trust me, care for me and love me despite all my short comings and even when it so difficult. May the lord reward you abundantly. And also to my supervisor, Dr. B. Fowowe, I say thank...
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...Table of Contents 1. Introduction to the study 2 2. Literature review 2 2.1 Main concepts 2 2.1.1 Foreign direct investment 2 2.1.2 Economic development 3 2.2 Related literature: The role of FDI in economic development 3 2.2.1 The radical view of FDI 3 2.2.2 The positive view of FDI impact 4 2.3 The impact of economic development 5 3. Case of study: the impact of FDI in garment industry and automobile industry in Viet Nam 7 3.1 Overview of FDI in Vietnam 7 3.2 Garment industry 8 3.3 Tourism Industry 9 3.4 Assess the impact of FDI in Vietnamese economic development 10 4. Conclusion 11 References 14 Appendices 17 1. Introduction to the study Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a concept that has emerged in recent decades. It was born with the trend of globalization and become an interesting topic for economic researchers. The evidence is that there are a large number of studies on this field, including case studies in specific country and cross-country analyses, single-dimensional and multi-dimensional studies, examinations in single-sector and multi-sector. However, until now there are still some debates about the issues related to this concept. One of the noticeable discussions is the relationship between foreign direct investment and economic development. This paper, to some extent, will review these studies about the relationship between...
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...Morals and Ethics LECTURE 4 Concept of ethics * Developed by moral philosophers over generations * Used to distinguish ethical from unethical behavior * Each has problems 1. Relativism * There is no universal standard by which morality can be judged * What is correct for one society may be wrong for another * Ethics and morality are relative ( is it ethical to pay bribes) Relativism – Problems * There are no absolutes - murder, slavery, torture, rape OK * What is meant by a society? Sub-societies, country, subsountry, block, indv * Leads to conclusion - each person’s opinion is correct * Nothing that anyone does is morally wrong 2. Egoism Most Widely Used Concept * One ought to act in his or her own self interest * Ethical behavior is that which promotes one’s own self interest * Does not mean should not obey laws - only do so if in self interest * Problem - Externalities associated with private actions - OK to dump toxic wastes as long as don’t get caught * EX: we all have a little of this in us speeding 75 see a cop and slow to 55mph 3. Utilitarianism * The morality of an action can be determined by its consequences * An action is ethical if it promotes the greatest good for the greatest number * Perform Moral Cost Benefit analysis * Benefit> Cost ETHICAL Cost > Benefit UNETHICAL * EX: Harry Truman dropping bomb on Japanese * Problem : How do you quantify the...
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...Tax Incentives and Facilities in Bangladesh Exemption and allowances according to ITO, 1984: Tax rebate: An assesse shall be entitled to a credit from the amount of tax payable on his total income of an amount equal to fifteen percent of the sums specified in paragraphs of the said Part B of ITO, 1984. The aggregate of the allowances admissible of the Sixth Schedule Part B shall not exceed- (a) One crore and fifty lakh taka (b) exceed thirty per cent of the total income of the assesse. Tax Exemption: 44. (4) The Government may, (a) Make such amendments by way of addition, omission, alteration or qualification (b) Make any exemption, reduction in rate in respect of tax in favor of any class of income or in regard to the whole or any part of the income of any class of persons. Exclusion from total income: • Any income derived from house property held under trust or other legal obligation wholly for religious or charitable purposes. • Any service charge derived from operation of micro credit by a non-government organization registered with NGO Affairs Bureau; • Any voluntary contributions received by a religious or charitable institution and applicable solely to religious or charitable purposes; • The income of a local government; • Any income accruing to, or derived by, a provident fund to which the Provident Fund Act, 1925 (XIX of 1925), applies; • Any income accruing to, or derived by, workers participation fund established under the Bangladesh Labor Act...
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...interesting ones for us. The first presentation we listened to was about economic freedom's effects in host countries and FDI. The objective was investigating the influence of economic freedom in foreign direct investment. In this poster there were 6 different variables and hypothesis and they're tested with statistical analysis. After these analysis we saw that hypothesis one, which is "Trade and investment barriers will be inversely related to the inflow of FDI." was the only one that rejected while other ones were supported. With these informations the conclusion of the research was that MNE's prefer the countries that have least government intervention which is equal to political freedom. The next presentation was about growth and if it attract FDI. The main purpose of the research was to investigate if success in economic growth attract FDI. To investigate this the researchers used theories about how economic growth either attract, deterrent or is neutral towards FDI. To investigate this they used a quantitative approach that is based on 946 observations from 140 empirical studies. The results gave that that growth is a significant determinant of FDI but decides of the partial correlation is rather small. They also found that the economic growth is more important for developing countries. The conclusion gave that economic growth is an important determinant for FDI. The third presentation was about influence of international trade agreements on...
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