...The Female Athlete Triad The three components of the female athlete triad are energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density. The triad is clinically referred to as eating disorders, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. The female athlete triad has become more prevalent in the United States due to Title IX legislation. The triad is most common among the athletic population, but can occur in the athletic population. It is most common among athletes that are in sports the emphasize leanness. The pressure to perform at elite levels causes many female athletes to combine excessive exercise with calorie-poor diets. The benefits of exercise outweigh the risks, so women of all ages should be encouraged to participate in physical activity. It is important to rest your body between workouts to promote proper muscle and bone recovery. It is important to educate athletes, coaches, and parents on signs and symptoms of the triad to promote early detection and prevention. Energy availability is defined as dietary energy input minus exercise output. Energy availability is the amount of dietary energy remaining after exercise for other body functions. If energy availability gets to low physiological mechanisms reduce the amount of energy that is used for cellular maintenance, thermoregulation, growth, and reproduction. This can restore energy balance but it significantly impairs health. Athletes can cause an energy deficit in many different ways. Athletes reduce energy by binge-eating...
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...The first use of the term ‘Female Athlete Triad’ was in 1992. Since then a new term was developed to replace the Female Athlete Triad. Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) was published as a consensus of the International Olympic Committee in 20141. The IOC concluded that the Female Athlete Triad is an outdated and a gender-specific term1.It has been found that male athletes also show signs of some of the components of the female athlete triad, such as the energy insufficiency and low bone mineral density1. The term, RED-S, includes recreational athletes and dancers that may not consider themselves athletes but experience energy deficiency and its related components, whereas the Female Athlete Triad did not include these populations1....
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...The number of females participating in sports continues to increase. Adolescent and preadolescent females are at a risk injury to both their open growth plates as well as their joints. The purpose of this article is to review the common injuries seen with the most popular sports with females. Mt Sinai J Med 77:307–314, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Sports and exercise are healthy activities for girls and women of all ages. The participation of girls and young women in sports has increased significantly since the passage of Title IX. Occasionally, a female athlete who focuses on being thin or lightweight may eat too little or exercise too much. Doing this can cause long-term health damage. Three interrelated illnesses may develop when a girl or young woman goes to extremes in dieting or exercise. Together, these conditions are known as the "female athlete triad." The three conditions are: disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction, and premature osteoporosis (low bone density for age.) Treatment for female athlete triad often requires help from a team of medical professionals including your doctor, your athletic trainer, a nutritionist, and a psychological counselor. Take at least 1 day off a week to give your body time to recover. Also try to take as many breaks during practice sessions and games to reduce risk of injury and prevent heat illness. Always use the correct gear at all times this should be right for the sport and fit properly...
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...NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES AMONG CLEMSON UNIVERSITY STUDENT-ATHLETES A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Nutrition by Ashley Nicole Dunnigan May 2010 Accepted by: Beth Kunkel, Committee Chair Gail Delicio Karen Kemper i ABSTRACT Participants in this study were 95 Clemson University student-athletes who were currently on the varsity men’s and women’s soccer, tennis, track and field, and swimming and diving who completed a survey on nutrition knowledge and attitudes. The mean total point score on the survey was 17.48 + 1.71. The mean score on knowledge questions on the survey was 11.59 + 3.14 or 46.3%. Females had a slightly higher mean score (12.3+ 3.03 or 49.2%) than males (10.9 + 3.13 or 43.6%) on the knowledge questions. The mean score on attitude questions was 5.89+ 1.67 or 58.9%. Females had a slightly higher mean score (6.19 + 1.53 or 61.9%) than the males (5.60 + 1.76 or 56%) on the attitude questions. A multiple regression analysis for impact of sport, gender, class rank, previous nutrition course, and eating situation on total score on the survey gave an overall R2 of 0.174 (F= 3.75, p= 0.004). There was no significant unique effect of class rank (p = 0.084), sport (p= 0.079), and eating situation (p= 0.079) for this model. The unique effect of gender (p= 0.003) and taking a nutrition course (p= 0.036) were statistically significant. Even though...
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...PART 1 NUTRITION AND ATHLETE HEALTH The sport of athletics includes a wide range of events whose requirements range from speed to endurance, from a light physique to explosive power, and from multiple events lasting less than a minute to a single race lasting more than 2–3 hours. Despite the extreme contrast in these characteristics, all athletes share some common nutrition goals (see Table 6-1). This chapter will briefly explore these goals. Table 6-1. The athlete’s nutrition goals. Characteristic Everyday eating or training diet The athlete’s nutrition-related goals • Achieve and maintain a physique that is suited to the event • Eat to stay healthy and injury-free • Train hard and promote optimal adaptations and recovery from the training programme • Practice competition eating in training to fine tune strategies • Prepare adequate fuel stores for the event • Eat and drink well on competition day to prepare for an event and to recover between multiple events • During prolonged events (> 1 hour), replace fluid and carbohydrate to enhance performance • Achieve competition strategies when traveling • Make use of specialised sports foods to meet nutritional goals when it is impractical to eat everyday foods • Make wise decisions about the use of nutritional ergogenic aids based on cost: benefit analysis Competition eating Sports foods and dietary supplements A. The Training Diet 1. Achieving Energy Needs Energy needs vary according to body size, the energy cost of training...
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...The Female Athlete (2009). The Olympic Textbook of Science and Sport, The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine An IOC Medical Commission Publication. Chapter 23 382 -397 Wiley- Blackwell , Chichester, UK Introduction Since women’s first involvement in the Olympic Games in 1900, great progress has been made in increasing the participation rates of women across most events. In 2000, women represented 44% of the competitors at the Sydney Summer Games, although this was not matched by coverage of women’s sports in the major newspapers of Belgium, Denmark, France and Italy. In these countries, women’s sport at the Sydney Olympics represented only 29.3% of the articles and 38% of photographs (Capranica et al. 2005). The number of published research studies on females to support the increased participation, can be reflected in the number of publications in the Journal of Applied Physiology in the first 5 months of 2006. This data suggests that there is still a short fall in the proportions of female studies when compared to those on male. Of those articles specifically referring to exercise in humans (n=36), 61 % were on males only, 5 % were on females only, 8 % were on males and females with the genders being studied separately and 26 % were on males and females, with no acknowledgment of the mixed gender. Collating these facts, together with the observation that many of the early findings on females and exercise have been found to be invalid because of poorly-controlled studies, it...
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...exception? These women on television can all play different roles, for example, the corporate climber, the supermom, the social butterfly, the ruthless villainess, but they all have one common denominator; their attractiveness. The women seen on television are beautiful, thin, and primarily white. These are the types of women the media wants us to strive to be like because it boosts their ratings. How many people would watch a television show about someone’s life that was less successful and less attractive? Many would agree that the last 30 years some progress has been made in how the media portray women in film, television, and magazines and there has also been a growth in the presence and influence of women in the media. Nevertheless, female stereotypes continue to thrive in the media we view every day. The media’s portrayal of women plays a significant impact on the effects to body image and self-esteem to implications in sports and politics. One current popular show that many young adults watch on television is a show, Gossip Girl. Gossip Girl follows the lives of Manhattan’s Upper East Side socialites. Each show begins with a blog “Gossip Girl”, which delivers the latest scandalous details about the shows main characters. The characters are college age which makes it an age many young adults can relate to. This blog fuels the drama that ensues amongst the characters on the show. The characters on the show each are fashion forward, possess stunning features, sex appeal, wit...
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...Eating disorders are abnormal eating practices or unhealthy relationships with food. In addition, eating disorders can also be defines as mental disorders and illnesses because individuals with the disease experience severe disturbances in their eating behaviors and related thoughts and emotions. In fact, an untreated eating disorder can lead to serious health complications and even death. Further, women are more likely than men to develop an eating disorder. There are a number of different types of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, night eating syndrome, and female athlete triad. However one of the most common eating disorder is anorexia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by weight...
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...Eating Disorder Outline I. What is an eating disorder A. Disturbance in Eating B. Has Psychiatric Classification in Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV-R) C. Coping Mechanism II. Coping III. Eating Continuum IV. Normal Eating Normal Eating is being able to eat when you are hungry and continue eating until you are satisfied. Normal eating is being able to use some moderate constraint on your food selection to get the right food, but not being so restrictive that you miss out on pleasurable foods. Normal eating is giving yourself permission to eat sometimes because you are happy, sad or bored, or just because it feels good Normal eating is three meals a day, or it can be choosing to munch along. It is leaving some cookies on the plate because you know you can have some again tomorrow, or it is eating more now because they taste so wonderful when they are fresh. Normal eating is overeating at times: feeling stuffed and uncomfortable. It is also under-eating at times and wishing you had more. Normal eating is trusting your body to make up for your mistakes in eating. Normal eating takes up some of your time and attention, but keeps its place as only one important area of your life. In short, normal eating is flexible. It varies in response to your emotions, your schedule, your hunger and your proximity to food. V. Chronic Dieters 1. 2. 3. VI. Types of eating disorders a. Anorexia ...
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...Research Paper Final Draft Megan Vandermark English 135 Professor Skeen 23 February, 2012 Teens and Dieting As a model, Nina was dying to be thin. She lived off of her looks: “That was a lifestyle for me. Just like an athlete trains for a goal, it’s the same thing with my weight.” Her goal was to be the thinnest African-American model at 5’10’ and 100 pounds. As her weight dropped, she began to book more jobs. To make the weight drop faster, Nina turned to diet pills to help her lose the last 15 pounds. Nina said “When I took the pills, it was a euphoric feeling. Your body is in constant motion. There’s no slowing down, no desire to eat. It’s like being intoxicated and you can get used to that feeling if you’re taking the pills on a daily basis.” The euphoric feeling masked the problems that were going on in Nina’s body. At the age of 29, Nina had a heart attack, “It felt like an arm was punching through my chest.” But even a heart attack wasn’t enough to bring her destructive behavior to a complete stop. “It still took some time for the full wake-up to come,” Nina said (Ray, 2007). Stories such as this one should not happen, and we have the power to stop it from happening, so that no one should have to go through such a life changing experience. If Nina and other teens had known the risks of extreme dieting practices prior to using them, maybe there would not be so many incidents today. Teens have easy access to dieting methods and don't understand the risks of abusing them;...
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...dangerous condition that upsets the body's normal acid-base balance. The level of serum triglyceride that is considered desirable is ______ milligrams per deciliter of blood. less than 150 Which organ secretes the major digestive enzymes into the small intestine? pancreas A HIGH QUALITY protein is best described as one that: contains all of the essential amino acids in the proper amounts and ratio Which of the following is not a trace mineral as per definition? potassium Trace minerals: have physiological roles that may have important implications for health or physical performance. Which of the following substances has been advertised for endurance athletes because, theoretically, it would enhance the oxidation of free fatty acids by facilitating their transfer into the mitochondria? carnitine...
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...both families and their teens. An article by Dovepress wrote, “Pressure for early specialization to maximize athletic skills for future social, financial, and educational rewards is generated by parents, coaches, neighbors, society, and colleges” (Merkel). Parents and coaches play a large role in their teen’s life, and need to be aware of the types of physical and mental injuries that affect their teens. Parents also need to be aware of the pressures that they are not only putting on their teens but also the pressures that the family will come across. Physical and Mental Injuries After a game, does your teen complain of a popping noise in their knee, discomfort when walking, pain or swelling in their knee? There has been a trend in females who play soccer of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injuries. An ACL injury is a sprain or tear in a ligament in the knee, and if this injury is not...
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...the counter access or by prescription, with current standards in regard to physical appearance and sports competition, it has driven many consumers and professional athletes to purchase performance-enhancing drugs underground, but at what cost. An ergogenic aid is a supplement; primarily dietary that increases an athlete’s ability to perform and overall strength while the delivery can be ingested orally, injected directly into muscle tissue or topically in a lotion or gel form (NIDA, 2012). Over the years there has been an increase of controversy surrounding what is deemed as an illegal ergogenic aid and what is an acceptable norm. This spectrum has created a slippery slope when it comes down to what as an acceptable dosage and what is morally right. Many athletes over decades have sought out doctors that will prescribe sports enhancing drugs to improve their career...
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...Introduction An athlete needs to ensure that they consume enough fuel to complete activities undertaken. The amount of energy required depends on many factors including size and weight of the athlete, level and intensity of the training, and due to this the amount of energy required varies from person to person. However if more energy is consumed than required, the excess is stored as fat and weight will increase, on the other hand if insufficient energy is consumed the body calls upon its stores to meet the demand and weight will be lost. To consume a balanced diet we need to consume items from the macro and micro nutrient groups. Macronutrients comprise of carbohydrates, lipids and protein. Carbohydrates are quickly accessible and thus the body utilises them first, lipids are the body’s secondary source, and protein is the body’s last energy source to be used. While the micronutrients comprise of vitamins and minerals. Water is also an essential part of the human diet. Female 400m Runner Firstly the athlete’s calorie requirements need to be worked out to find out what is needed each day before any training is undertaken. To do this the following calculation is made – BMR = (8.7 x 56(kg)) + 829 x 2.2, so BMR = 2895.64 calories a day. Now the activity requirement needs to be taken into account, at 1075 calories p/h. As exact training figures are not available it has been estimated that 6 hours are completed each week, which works out as an extra 6450 calories a...
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...checked, athlete needs to have enough calcium and vitamin D and needs to take a break from regular exercise when on vacation. If the athlete does not have an off-season and does one sport year-round; they are at risk of getting injuries, doing another type of sport or exercise can relieve stress that the body has (Metatarsal Stress Fracture). When an athlete thinks that he or she has a stress fracture, the athletic trainer has to do a set of special test to evaluate the area to get a proper diagnoses. A special test that can be used is the “Fracture test,” where the athlete is supine or seated with his/her feet off the end of the table. The athletic trainer then grasps the foot around the mid-shaft of the metatarsal and squeezes metatarsals or compresses the bone. If there is a fracture, the athlete will feel pain in the foot. A second test that could be used is the “Percussion test,” where the athlete is sitting with the involved leg off the end of the table, the athletic trainer then taps distally from the involved structure. If there is pain...
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