...Mailing Address: c/o Dept. of Media and Communication Language Arts, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti Phone Number: 234-7037617076, 07057880804 E-mail Address: efalyn1@gmail.com I acknowledged that this manuscript has not been previously published nor been under review for publication elsewhere. Signed by me: Evelyn Tolulope Akinwale Apart from my undergraduate and postgraduate research work based on “Impact of Child Trafficking in Nigeria”, this is my first private research work prepared for a journal. PERCEPTION OF FEMALE LEADERS IN HIGHER INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING IN EKITI STATE ABSTRACT To scholars, women in leadership positions have been stereotyped to be unfit and inexperienced to occupy traditional leadership positions unlike their male counterparts. A fundamental challenge to women's leadership arises from the mismatch between the qualities traditionally associated with leaders and those traditionally associated with women in general. Women in leadership positions are not treated equally with men in leadership positions ( Nick, 2007;Sayu, 2012 ). However, this research reveals the perception of Ekiti state female leaders in Higher Institutions on their leadership positions. Through interviews with selected female leaders in three higher institutions of learning, questions delved into how these female leaders see themselves in the line of their duties. The study tends to feel the pulse of female leaders about the leadership positions they are occupying...
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...care corporation that produces mostly paper-based consumer products. Kimberly-Clark brand name products include Kleenex facial tissue, Kotex feminine hygiene products, Cottonelle, Scott and Andrextoilet paper, Wypall utility wipes, KimWipes scientific cleaning wipes, and Huggies disposable diapers. Furthermore, leading brands sold in more than 175 countries and more than 142 years in business. Based in Irving, Texas, it has approximately 42,500 employees working at manufacturing facilities in 37 countries. Nearly one-quarter of the world's population purchase our products every day. Kimberly-Clark UK holds Royal Warrants from Queen Elizabeth II and from the Prince of Wales in the United Kingdom. Kimberly Clark is also listed among the Fortune 500. Subsidiaries under Kimberly-Clark include Kimberly-Clark Health Care and Kimberly-Clark Professional. Kimberly-Clark Innovations (Discovering new ways to provide essentials for a better life) At Kimberly-Clark, insights gained from our customers, shoppers and users drive us to continuously explore ways to increase our speed to market with new-to-the-world essential solutions. Developing and acquiring new technologies and leveraging strategic partnerships and alliances has enabled us to create innovative product and design solutions across our consumer tissue, personal care, health care and business-to-business segments. Consumer Tissue: With the inventions of Scott bathroom tissue, Scott Paper Towels and Kleenex facial tissues...
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...topic in organizations because of the explosive rise in the ethnic diversity in work places. This increase in cultural diversity comes with consequences which have resulted in the emergence of a need to build cross-cultural competencies among personnel in order to create work places that allow all employees to perform at the optimal capacity without being marginalized and made to fell incompetent or in adequate based on their cultural background and behavior norms, values and beliefs. Cultural differences within organizations can lead to challenges such as conflict and poor performance. Understanding the role of culture diversity in the workplace is important for organizations searching to build a competitive edge in the global market. This paper addresses the role of culture diversity on motivation and conflict within organizations. These issues were first revealed to me when I was 18 years old, and I got a job as a sales associate. I only worked there for two months. But I only needed two months to witness the role of culture in a workplace. I was one of the very few Asian associates. The other Asian was a Chinese young woman called Stephanie (pseudonym). The workers were predominantly Caucasians as well as were the clients who were attracted to the products this business offered. When Stephanie was first hired, I noticed immediately that she was a bit reluctant to learn the approach of selling products that our manager has taught her. Weeks gone by, I saw less and less of Stephanie...
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...health only in consultation with a licensed, qualified physician, therapist, or other competent professional. Any person suffering from venereal disease or any local illness of his or her sexual organs or prostate gland should consult a medical doctor and a qualified instructor of sexual yoga before practicing the sexual methods described in this book. PLEXUS 815-A Brazos, Suite 445-B Austin, TX 78701 © 1997 by David Deida All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. 9 8 7 6 5 First Edition Printed in the United States on acid free paper Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-72534 Publisher's Cataloging-in-Publication Data Deida, David. The way of the superior man : a spiritual guide to mastering the challenges of women, work, and sexual desire / David Deida. p. cm. ISBN: 1-889762-10-5 (hb) 1. Masculinity (Psychology) 2. Man-woman...
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...NICHOLAS WANDEO 11JBAE116 TERM PAPER IBM 403 – MULTI CULTURAL COMMUNICATION. DUE DATE: 18TH OCTOBER 2013. LECTURER: C.W. SAKWA. PROFESSOR GEERT HOFSTED DIMENSIONS. QUESTION. A thorough understanding of the study of culture and intercultural communication must include the influential work of Professor Geert Hofsted. Examine comprehensively the cultural dimension model he came up with. Are there any additional development done by other Hofstede’s finding on cultural groups? INTRODUCTION International business is different from domestic business because countries are different in all nature. We can say that national differences in political, economic and legal system influences the benefits, cost and risks associated with doing business in different countries in the world. Scholars have never been able to agree on a simple definition of culture. In the 1870s the anthropologist known as Edward Tylor gave a definition of Culture as that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law and other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society. On the other hand Greet Hofsted an expert on cross-cultural differences and management defined culture as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the member of one human group from another. He noted that Culture in this sense includes system of values and Values are among the building blocks of culture. While a well renowned Sociologist, by the name Zvinamenwirth and Robert Weber also sees culture...
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...------------------------------------------------- Definition and origin of the construct (Dennis Organ is generally considered the father of OCB. Organ expanded upon Katz's (1964) original work). Organ (1988) defines OCB as “individual behavior that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and that in the aggregate promote. OCB includes three critical aspects that are central to this construct. First, OCBs are thought of as discretionary behaviors, which are not part of the job description, and are performed by the employee as a result of personal choice. Second, OCBs go above and beyond that which is an enforceable requirement of the job description. Finally, OCBs contribute positively to overall organizational effectiveness. Organ’s (1988) definition of OCB has generated a great deal of criticism. The very nature of the construct makes it difficult to operationally define. Critics started questioning whether or not OCBs, as defined by Organ, were discretionary in nature. Organ (1997), in response to criticisms, notes that since his original definition, jobs have moved away from a clearly defined set of tasks and responsibilities and have evolved into much more ambiguous roles. ------------------------------------------------- Multidimensionality The construct of OCB, from its conception, has been considered multidimensional. Smith, Organ, and near (1983) first proposed two dimensions: altruism and general compliance. These...
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...making quality cars at reasonable prices. Recently, while some American auto-makers concentrated on making large, luxury vehicles, Toyota was focusing on building small, fuel-efficient vehicles that would grow to dominate the automotive industry. Although quality and efficiency are two important features of economic sustainability, this paper will look into more aspects of sustainability to determine how Toyota has operationalized sustainability. Energy bulletin, 2007, published that oil accounts for 95% of the global energy use for transportation. This fact alone makes the job of auto makers in general and Toyota specifically, in making fuel efficient cars, of outmost importance. Emitting CO2 is another harmful side effect that results from operating the existing autos. “Seventy-five percent of carbon monoxide emissions come from automobiles. In urban areas, harmful automotive emissions are responsible for anywhere between 50 and 90 percent of air pollution.”1 Considering the above, in order to operationalize sustainability, Toyota needs to step in and produce autos that are fuel efficient and pollute less in order to lower the energy consumption and save the environment. The sheer size of Toyota operations as one of the largest auto makers in the world, and it’s strive to always be the leader, has put the responsibility of coming up with an alternative technology that lowers harmful emissions almost squarely on Toyota. Looking back in the history, Toyota was the first...
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...people that have been essential for conducting to my work. First and foremost, I would like to thank my beloved supervisor, Associate Professor Dr. Khairudin Damhoeri for being supportive and for his valuable advices. Secondly, I would like to send a special gratitude to my respondent Puan Nor Rubaiha Mohamed Nor, CEO of Yayasan UEM, UEM Group Berhad. Last but not least, a special thanks goes to my husband, family and friends for putting a smile on my face every single day. ABSTRACT The topic of the thesis is Women in Leadership and Management. This essay concerns the subject of thesis work is to make research of women leadership attributes and management styles. In order to get clearer details about that, I have made some investigations or researches on women leadership starting from definition of it, followed by the data collection in order to strengthen the research topic. Data shows that women continue to increase their share of managerial positions but unfortunately the rate of progress is slow and uneven. Therefore, I decided to examine the barriers experienced by a woman leader and how a woman managerial approach, such as transformational leadership style, can be effective for organization to reach their goals. It is so obvious that leadership is normally dominated by men. While women have some advantages and disadvantages, also prejudice and differ style of leadership. It is very...
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...began as a soap and candle company, has now become one of leaders in the Global Household and Personal Industry products. P&G has now grown to a company with ten core categories: Baby Care, Feminine Care, Family Care, Grooming, Oral Care, Personal Health Care, Hair Care, Skin and Personal Care, Fabric Care and Home Care (www.us.pg.com). Their products reach consumers in over 180 countries. This paper will look into the company’s main strategies and some of the struggles they are encountering. Also included in this paper are the company’s internal strengths and weaknesses, external opportunities and possible outside treats. Furthermore, it will recommend some strategies that will help continue to grow the company. Strategy Assessment Procter and Gambles emphasizes five core strategies that set them apart from their competitors: products, operations, social responsibilities, employees, and stakeholders. They strive to manufacture products that not only satisfy the consumer but are also helpful in improving the environment. In 2015, seven of their ten core categories were leaders in the industry and the other three were number 2. Operations strategy is classified into three categories: water, waste, and climate. P&G’s long term goals are to power their plants with 100% renewable energy and produce products with 100% renewable resources. P&G have several social programs: Life Learn and Thrive has reached over 139 million children and over 90 million liters of clean water...
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...1.1 BACKGROUND The earth is naturally surrounded by the warm blanket of air that has the capacity to absorb or retain heat rays from the surface of the earth, however, if the earth did not have small amounts of gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and other gases called the greenhouse gases it would be impossible for humans to inhabit the earth because it would have been too cold for any living thing to survive. The surface of the earth is warmed by the process called the greenhouse effect which occurs once the greenhouse gases retain some amounts of heat rays that bounce from the sun rays that heat the earth’s surface. The levels of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases have increased over the years due to both natural and anthropogenic factors but mostly human induced. Some human activities such as deforestation, industrial activities and combustion of fossil fuels have increased the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leading to the increase in temperature of the surface of the earth. Scientists and researchers have argued that the increase in the earth’s surface temperature can cause climate change which can lead to catastrophic and disastrous events such as the raise of the ocean water levels due to the melting of the polar ice and flooding the coastal areas. 1.2 INTRODUCTION Climate change is the world phenomenon in which the temperature of the earth’s surface increases to the level in which it threatens...
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...Breastfeeding – no introduction necessary The focus of this review paper is on presenting and substantiating common knowledge and beliefs with scientific research and facts to demonstrate the advantages of breast milk feeding in early stages of human life and in years that follow. Discussion of non-scientific, i.e. social, economic, etc., aspects of breastfeeding will be limited, with primary focus given to human health outcomes for infants and mothers. The structure of this paper is decisively unconventional: where the author has chosen to discuss the body of common knowledge about breastfeeding before delving into the scientific research review. The intention is to draw the readers’ attention to the vast body of proven and observed advantages of breastfeeding for infant and mothers. Breastfeeding advantages – more than just food Breastfeeding is a natural process. Throughout human history breastfeeding was, and in many places around the world still is, a means to a healthy start to a human life. With the development of baby formula, and its availability, and relatively low cost, breastfeeding is now commonly thought to be a choice in the developed world. No longer a means to survival, no longer a requirement. To some, the advent of the baby formula is a direct form of feminine liberation. To others, baby formula is a necessity for medical or circumstantial reasons that are not driven by the freedom of choice. Those that choose the formula under pretenses other than necessity...
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...understanding of education. I will also concentrate on the influence of culture on education in China and in the United States (U.S.) with special emphasis on Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions, because culture and history can lead the way in understanding the differences among student’s higher education. 1.2 Objectives The paper investigates the differences between the education in China and the U.S. against the background of dramatical differences in culture and history. First the country-specific Cultural Dimensions by Hofstede need to be elaborated to reveal a basic approach for the understanding of a nation’s culture. Based on Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions and the history the effect on education and instructional strategies in China and the U.S. will be discussed. 1.3 Course of the Investigation To achieve the objectives the course of the investigation will be carried out in three steps. In the first step the conceptual background on the topic will be defined to provide a basis. Chapter 2 describes the theory and the five Dimensions of Hofstede’s Culture’s Consequences. In the second step the explanations focus on practical applications of the paper. First the elaboration of Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions to the education (Chapter 3.1) and the impact of the historical roots on the development of higher education in China and the United States (Chapter 3.2) will be discussed. Following, the outstanding differences in education will be presented (Chapter 3.3). In the...
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...Procter & Gamble is an American global corporation based in Cincinnati, Ohio. It’s known as the world’s largest consumer goods company. P&G is ranked 86 in the 2012 fortune 500 list with a revenue of $ 82.5 billion. As of 2008, P&G is the 23rd largest US company by revenue and 14th largest by profit. P&G India is a subsidiary of world’s largest consumer goods company Procter & Gamble a nd the largest and fastest growing consumer goods companies in India. P&G India, was established in 1964 and serves over 650 million consumers. P&G operates under three entities in India : “Procter & Gamble Hygiene and Health Care Limited”, ‘Gillette India Limited’, and ‘Procter & Gamble Home Products’. These three entities have a direct reach of 1.3 million outlets across India. invested in the country via its five plants and over nine contract manufacturing sites. creates 26,000 jobs directly and indirectly. Procter & Gamble, will build its largest manufacturing plant in the Indian sub-continent in Hyderabad by investing 345 crore. 1. HOW P&G WAS BORN? William Procter, a candle maker, and James Gamble, a soap maker, immigrants from England and Ireland respectively who had settled earlier in Cincinnati, who met as they both married sisters, Olivia and Elizabeth Norris, formed the company initially. Alexander Norris, their father-in law called a meeting in which he convinced his new sons-in-law to become business partners. On October 31, 1837, as a result of the suggestion, Procter...
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...Introduction: Advertising & Gender The adverts are carefully crafted bundles of images, frequently designed to associate the product with feelings of pleasure stemming from fantasies and anxieties (Craig 1997). Advertising can also be defined as a paid for mass-media communication, and a means of managing and controlling the consumer markets at the least cost (Brierley 1995). It is clear that advertisers seem quite willing to manipulate these fantasies and exploit our gender identities to sell products. Gender is a social construct, a dichotomy that exists in all societies (Costa, 1994). It is used to describe the socially constructed differences between men and women, referring not only to individual identity and personality, but also at the symbolic level, to cultural ideals and stereotypes of masculinity and femininity and, at the structural level, to the sexual division of labour in institutions and organisations (Online Dictionary of the Social Sciences). The definition of gender encompasses a great deal. Temperament, abilities and skills, activities and behaviours, ideal types and accepted and unacceptable deviations from the ideal, sensuality and culture based essence of what it means to be male or female, are all part of the gender constructs of a given society. Therefore, marketers perform their activities differently when their targets are male than they do when the targets are female, and consumers’ responses often differ on the basis of gender. Sales...
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...For such celebrities, the intrusions into their privacy are considered as fun, and it increases their publicity. Alan Duke stated that the hacker only wasted his energy by putting Rihanna on the list. She is known for uploading such pictures herself through her social media accounts. This is an aggressive attack, but then it is known to be true. Some female entertainers abuse their sexuality so as to escalate their fame. Some are even pictured half-naked on magazine covers. However, Jennifer dismisses the claims celebrities abandon their privacy in exchange for fame. She also adds that the affected individuals did not owe anyone an apology for it was not in any way their doing. The fact is, no one is allowed to publish the photos of another without their legal consent. Otherwise, it qualifies to be termed as a violation of one's privacy, according to the United States' Constitution (Zhang et.al...
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