...Haylea Hubacz Ms. Pouliot AP Biology Due- May 21, 2012 The Use of Discarded Human Fetuses for Research Despite religious views using discarded human fetuses for research is ethical, instead of simply disposing the aborted fetus there is the chance of finding a cure and changing millions of lives. Fetal research is exploration of fetal tissues. In this paper aborted fetuses will be the topic of discussion. “Fetal tissue research involves cells from dead fetuses that are harvested for the purpose of establishing cell lines or for use as transplantation material and other purposes.” (1).This type of research has led to the discovery of many different things, including: vaccines, diagnostic techniques, and treatment of maternal hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes. There are many types of research that use human fetuses. First is general fetal research. General fetal research is used to develop vaccines and to study characteristics of human development. Fetal tissue research is “research involving transplantation of multipotent cells” (2). Fetal tissue research is being used to develop potential treatments for conditions, such as diabetes and Parkinson’s disease. Lastly in vitro research is being conducted. This is being used to understand and develop treatments for infertility. Research involving human fetuses is very controversial. Religious beliefs oppose the idea of this kind of research. Extraordinary results are coming from the studies being done, but views...
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...Ethical Issues Related to Fetal Tissue Research The use of fetal tissue in biomedical research has been a hot topic for debate in social and political forums ever sense the landmark decision in the 1973 case of Roe vs. Wade (Beller & Weir 182). The decision of the Supreme Court to give women the right to abort a fetus without having a medical reason for doing so, sparked controversy which has affected any medical procedure or research dealing with fetuses (Bellar &Weir 182). Supporters of fetal tissue research believe it has too much potential to provide cures for many of the diseases and medical problems that plague today’s society for it to be halted. Opponents of this type of research believe it should be stopped because it is unethical to take the life of one human being in order to preserve the life of another. Until the ruling in Roe vs. Wade experiments involving fetal tissue were conducted without any scrutiny from the public sector (Maynard-Moody 13). The first documented procedure involving the transplant of fetal tissue was carried out by Italian researchers in 1928, doctors transplanted the pancreas of a fetus into a diabetes patient, the patient showed no signs of improvement (Maynard-Moody 11). Research involving fetal tissue didn’t become widespread until the 1960’s. In 1957, a non-habit-forming sleeping pill was released in Europe. The pill was widely used in Europe, but not approved in the United States. A few years after the release of the...
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...The effects of ultrasound waves on biological tissues are called bioeffects. Ultrasound is a non-ionizing form of radiation, they have an extremely low frequency which is why ultrasound waves are not known to cause harm to human tissue. There are different categories of bioeffects; these categories are known as thermal effects and mechanical effects. Thermal bioeffects depend on the duration of exposure and the frequency. In brightness modulation and in color mode a wider area is scanned so the heat can be distributed over that space. In amplitude modulation, motion mode, and Doppler modes, one line is scanned repeatedly to gather information which in turn makes that line have a concentrated amount of heat, increasing the likelihood of thermal bioeffects occurring. Thermal Index (TI) is the on screen measurement of the amount of energy absorbed by the body over a certain period of time. Thermal bioeffects are used as a form of medical heat therapy sometimes by applying low frequency ultrasound to joint and muscle sprains or tendonitis. Also thermal bioeffects have been used to thermally kill tumors or stop bleeding. Mechanical bioeffects are the effects of the ultrasound wave that are non-thermal, produced by force. The force that is usually produced is something called cavitation. Cavitation can occur if the Mechanical Index (MI) is the measure on screen of the potential for cavitation to begin in the tissue. There are two types of cavitation; stable cavitation that the gas bubbles...
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...Fetal Pig Dissection: Anatomy and Physiology of Systems Introduction Pigs are from the mammalian clade. They are farming animals that that require the same systems as humans. Pigs and humans share some of the physiological concepts as humans. With them sharing some of the same physiological as humans it allows scientist and individuals to understand the anatomy and physiology of the systems we share. These systems include lymphatic, digestive, respiratory, and the skin system. The two frequently looked at systems are the digestive and skin system. The fetal pig provides the visual aid for the explanation of the anatomy and physiology of both the digestive and skin system. The organ skin is the largest organ on the human body. There are four tissues that make up this organ: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.The epithelial...
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...continue to require replacement of some or all of their teeth. Surgical improvement of the denture-bearing area and surrounding tissue (preprosthetic surgery) offers an exciting and demanding challenge to the dental practice. Many minor modifications of the alveolar ridge and vestibular areas can greatly improve denture stability and retention. In some cases, patients have severe bone changes or soft tissue abnormalities that require extensive surgical preparation before the prosthetic appliance can be properly constructed and worn. Procedures that improve prosthesis retention and stability are discussed and illustrated in Chapter 13. One of the most exciting frontiers in dentistry is implantology. Proper bony and soft tissue reconstruction followed by placement of implants and subsequent prosthetic reconstruction can provide patients with a more natural and efficient substitution for their lost dentition. Depending on the circumstances, several types of implant systems may be used. Chapter 14 discusses the various types of implant systems currently in use and their advantages, disadvantages, and indications for use. 247 Preprosthetic Surgery Mark W. Ochs and Myron R. Tucker CHAPTER OUTLINE OBJECTIVES OF PREPROSTHETIC SURGERY OF PATIENT EVALUATION AND TREATMENT PLANNING Evaluation of Supporting Bony Tissue Evaluation of Supporting Soft Tissue Treatment Planning RECONTOURING OF ALVEOLAR RIDGES Simple Alveoloplasty Associated with Removal of Multiple Teeth Intraseptal...
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...Tempo Tissue use emotional view in the advertisement. Tempo is supported by Procter & Gamble (P&G), which has been established for more than 18 years, brand is come from Germany. The color used on packaging, which have not changed since the tissues have been launched in the market. This time Tempo cross over with the local younger iconographer-“ Carrie Chau”, using her famous “Blind fly magic paradise design” limited edition package substitute classic blue and transparent formal Tempo packaging. Carrie Chau has creates special blind fly iconography design for Tempo. The blind fly cartoon character is taking Tempo tissue paper in the outlook package. Moreover special blind fly printing in each tissue paper attractive to the consumer to buy. The outstanding and sharp blind fly packaging would attract customer’s attention in the advertisement. Tempo provides petit packs and box package tissue. The advertisement layout color in soft blue, easy for everyone acceptable, and the cartoon full of colorful and fairy tale feeling. Bring a lot of dreaming and fantasy impressiveness to the consumer. In addition, Tempo emphasized to support the local designed, this advertisement arouses the reader’s sympathy. Kleenex use cognitive view to represent their product. Kleenex is one of famous tissue brand in the worldwide, they produce by Kimberly-Clark, in the early 1924, was beginning exploration of tissues product substitute handkerchief, spirit for over 80 years. In the advertisement...
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...1.1. Explain the structure and composition of bone tissue Articular cartilage, also known as Hyaline cartilage, lays on the surface of a bone. The articular cartilage is typically depicted in four zones; the superficial zone, the transitional zone, the radial zone, and the calcified zone (James and Uhl, 2001, pp.414). Each zone, within the articular cartilage, has an important role in supporting movement and reducing friction. Supporting this, Barber (2007, pp.742) states that damage to any of these zones would result in progressive deterioration, and alterations to the normal biomechanical properties within the articular cartilage. This suggests that any damage to the articular cartilage will result in deterioration of bone and reduction...
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...distribution of ocular tissue used for transplant and/or research purposes in the state of Minnesota, western Wisconsin and eastern North Dakota. The primary products the produces are corneas, sclera and whole globes. In North America and Asia there is a large demand for ocular tissue for transplant as well as research and training purposes. In order to maximize financial resources the MLEB must utilize a Market-Product grid to identify markets and the products in most demand in the implementation of direct marketing techniques to targeted consumer populations. The target consumer populations include fellowship-trained ophthalmologist in cornea surgery, ocular researchers and eye bank professionals. Market-Product Analysis: Minnesota Lions Eye Bank The Minnesota Lions Eye Bank (MLEB) is a non-profit organization and one of the most reputable eye banks in the world, (Minnesotalionsvisionfoundation.org, n.d). It is a well-known leader in the United States for providing eye tissues for transplant and research purposes. The MLEB serves the communities of Minnesota, western Wisconsin, and eastern North Dakota by recovering cornea and sclera allografts from consented donors for transplant and research/training, (Minnesotalionsvisionfoundation.org, n.d). Since being founded in 1960 the Minnesota Lions Eye Bank has provided more than 20,000 corneas for transplant, (News Archives, 2008). The Minnesota Lions Eye Bank processes several types of tissue for transplant and research...
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...THE ADVERSE INFLUENCE OF PORK CONSUMPTION ON HEALTH by Professor Hans-Heinrich Reckeweg, M.D. Biological Therapy Vol.1 No. 2 1983 In consideration of wide sections of the population, it appeared strongly advisable to investigate more closely the reasons for the nocuity of pork and to report on the toxic and stress factors contained in pork, i.e. sutoxins. A possibility emerges that everyone can stay healthy by omitting toxic factors (specific pork poisons) from his diet or can regain health by observing a strict ban on pork. The fact that pork causes stress and gives rise to poisoning is known. It is obvious that this does not only apply to preparations of fresh pork such as cold cuts, knuckles, feet, ribs and cutlets, etc., but also to cured meats (ham, bacon, etc.) and to smoked meats prepared for sausages. Consumption of freshly killed pork products causes acute responses, such as inflammations of the appendix and gall bladder, biliary colics, acute intestinal catarrh, gastroenteritis with typhoid and paratyphoid symptoms, as well as acute eczema, carbuncles, sudoriparous abscesses, and others. These symptoms can be observed after consuming sausage meats (including salami which contains pieces of bacon in the form of fat). The consumption of pork is particularly dangerous in the tropical regions. This, for example, is shown in parts of Africa where both the Islamic and Western civilizations live in neighboring territories under the same climatic conditions. The same conditions...
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...Radiation Effects at the Tissue and Organ Level * Response to irradiation- measures the radiosensitivity of tissue or organ * Loss of moderate number of cells- does not affect function of organs * Loss of large number of cells- display clinical result * Severity of change depends on dose and thus amount of cell loss * Repairable damage- moderate dose to localized area * Death from damage to most sensitive system- comparable dose to whole organism Short- Term Effects * Sensitivity of parenchymal cell- determines short term effect of radiation on a tissue * Lost cells in mitosis- linked death- when continuously proliferating tissues (e.g bone marrow, oral mucous membrane) are irradiated with a moderate dose * Extent of cell loss depends on damage to stem cell pools and proliferative rate of cell population * Reduction in number of mature cells- effect of irradiation to such tissues * Little or no radiation-induced hypoplasia- when tissues composed of cells that rarely or never divide (e.g muscle) are irradiated Long- Term Effects * Damage to fine vasculature- determines long-term effect of radiation on tissue or organ * Radio sensitivity of capillaries and connective tissues- differentiating intermiotic cells and reverting postmiotic cells * Irradiation of capillaries- swelling, degeneration, necrosis * Increases capillary permeability and slow progressive fibrosis around vessels * Increased...
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...triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols (cholesterol). Triglycerides are fatty acids. Its functions include energy storage and the cushioning and insulating of the body and nerves. All nerves are wrapped in a myelin sheath; or lipid layer. Phospholipids are similar to triglycerides, but contain a phosphate group. It is a lipid bilayer – membranes in eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of cells. Sterols are made from lipids, but have no fatty acids in their structure. Cholesterol makes up sex hormones and carries lip-proteins. Describe briefly what is occurring at each step in the figure. (3 marks) * Name and briefly describe the cell shapes, arrangements, and functions of cell layers found in epithelial tissues. (3 marks) * In epithelial tissue, there are squamous cells, which are flat with the nucleus located near the upper surface. Cuboidal cells are cube-shaped (or hexagonal) with a central, round nucleus. Cuboidal cells absorb materials (ex: digested food) and produce secretions. Columnar cells have an oval-shaped nucleus near the basement membrane and are tall. They are thick, can absorb materials, and...
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...Describe the following tissue types: Epithelial - Epithelial tissue covers the entire surface of the body. It is made up of cells nearly pressed and extended in one or more layers. This tissue is specific to structure the covering or coating of all inward and outer body surfaces. Epithelial tissue that happens on surfaces on the inside of the body is known as endothelium. Epithelial cells are packed firmly together, with practically no intercellular spaces and just a little measure of intercellular substance. Epithelial tissue is generally divided from the underlying tissue by a meagre sheet of connective tissue; cellar layer. The basement membrane gives structural backing to the epithelium furthermore ties it to neighbouring structures. Epithelial tissue can be divided into two groups depending on the number of layers of which it is creates. Epithelial tissue which is stand out cell thick is known as basic epithelium. On the off chance that it is two or more cells thick, for example, the skin, it is known as stratified epithelium. There are also nerve supplies to the epithelia but they are supplied with oxygen and nutrients from deeper tissues by diffusion. There are three types of epithelial tissue, which include cuboidal, columnar and squamous Simple cuboidal epithelia are a type of epithelium that refers to a single layer of cube-like cells. These cuboidal cells have large, spherical and central nuclei. The cells of this sort of tissue can withstand more trauma than basic...
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...Lesson 1: A & P of Skin and Soft Tissue Answers/Rationale 1. F The pH of normal, healthy skin is slightly acid, not alkaline. 2. F Dermis, is the inner most layer of skin that is naturally moist and slightly acid. 3. T Epidermis is the outer layer of skin, composed of stratified squamous epithelial cells,which can reproduce/regenerate to replace lost cells. 4. F Subcutaneous tissue is not a layer of skin. Only the epidermis and dermis comprise the skin. Subcutaneous tissue is fatty tissue/adipose tissue underneath the skin that provides padding and protection. 5. T Tissues need intermittent blood flow. Compression of tissue between a bone and external surface/ cast/splint or device, compresses blood vesslels and can cut off the blood flow to tissue resulting in ischemia that causes tissue damage and if prolonged, ulceration. 6. T Muscle tissue is highly vascular with a higher metabolic rate and therefore is more susceptible than skin to effects of prolonged pressure. Muscle is also not capable of reproduction/regeneration. 7. F Maceration stretches cells in the skin increasing the risk of damage. 8. Rete pegs and rete ridges are epidermal protrusiuons that project down into the dermis to interlock with the dermal papillae to provide strength and stability of the skin layers and prevent skin tears. Without the interlocking of the epidermis to the dermis, or if there is flattening of this junction, the epidermis can easily be torn away from the dermis. The rete pegs and ridges are...
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...Cayenne Pepper for Lucious, Thick Lips Yeah, I know... it sounds weird, however, using cayenne pepper for luscious, thick lips is not as odd as one would think. It's much safer than the Kylie Jenner Challenge. Have you seen or heard about it? It's where you take a small container like a shot glass and cover your lips and suck. Sucking in the air creates friction and when you remove the glass, your lips are bigger. Sometimes, they are much bigger than anticipated. LOL Really, it's no laughing matter as this practice comes with a warning. The glass could break and could cause injury. Still, you could get injections but who's got time or money for that. Or you can stick with the natural resources that you already have around the house. If you are sensitive to hot, spicy foods then this may not be for you. However, I love spicy, so I had to try it and the results are in... I'll do it again! LOL Fortunately, I was born with a set of full lips, but sometimes, I want to add a little ump and mystic to my appearance. It's unfortunate that not everyone was blessed with plump lips, but we can remedy that situation in a couple of ways and I'll tell you how. Owning a Pair of Full Lips 1.) Getting a set of full lips is easy. All you have to do is add a little ground cayenne pepper to your lip gloss or to a small container of Vaseline and apply as you would ordinarily. The purpose of the cayenne is to swell the lips and it does so safely and quickly. You may feel a little...
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...3 Cells and Tissues Concepts of the Cell Theory A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. The activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells. According to the principle of complementarity, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by the relative number of their specific subcellular structures. Continuity of life has a cellular basis. Chemical Components of Cells Most cells are composed of the following four elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things. Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. Anatomy of the Cell Cells are not all the same. All cells share general structures. All cells have three main regions Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane The Nucleus (p66) Control center of the cell Contains genetic material (DNA) Three regions Nuclear envelope (membrane) Nucleolus – are sites where ribosomes are assembled. Chromatin – when a cell is not dividing, it’s DNA is combined with protein and forms a loose network of bumpy threads called chromatin. (see below) CHROMOSOMES – when a cell is dividing to form two daughter cells, the chromatin threads coil and condense to form dense, rodlike bodies called chromosomes. The Nucleus Nuclear envelope (membrane) ...
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