...Tissues, Cells and Organs The human body consists of many millions of cells. The cell is the basic structural unit of the body. A typical body cell has the following features; A cell membrane – this acts as a boundary for the cell contents. It also acts as a barrier, allowing certain substances into the cell, while keeping other substances out. The cell membrane is said to be ‘selectively permeable’. A nucleus – this determines what type of cell it will be, e.g. liver cell, nerve cell, skin cell,…. The ‘information’ that determines this is located on long, threadlike structures called chromosomes, which are only found in the nucleus. The cell cytoplasm – this is a ‘jelly-like’ substance found outside of the nucleus. This is where most of the chemical reactions performed by the cell take place. These chemical reactions are controlled by specialized proteins called enzymes. Mitochondria – these are small oval shaped structures located in the cell cytoplasm. This is where the energy releasing chemical reactions take place. Cells that are active, have a lot of mitochondria; e.g. muscle and liver cells. While cells that are less active, only have a few mitochondria; e.g. skin cells and fat cells. A collection of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function, is known as a tissue. There are 4 basic tissue types found in the body; -- epithelial, -- muscle, -- nervous and – connective. Epithelial tissue is the type of tissue found...
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...1.03 Tissues 1. Explain how cells specialize to form specific tissue and organs. We all used to be one cell. Once our cells were fertilized with sperm, the single cell repeatedly divides itself into multiple cells. These cells organize themselves into 3 layers that will specialize and determine their locations. Tissues are basically a group of similar cells that bunch up together to create systematic structures, which eventually end up creating a functioning bodily system. The article states how they received stem cells from a patients’ windpipe that was cancer ridden. With these cells, they replicated a new windpipe for the patient, Beyene, so he no longer has to suffer. The cells taken from him were grown/incubated in what is called a bioreactor. This device...
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...Describe the characteristics and signs of high-quality education in elementary school. Describe the U.S. No Child Left behind Act, and discuss the pros and cons of high- stakes testing. High quality education in elementary schools depends on different things, first the class size, a class of no larger than 18 is the perfect size so that each child can get the quality education that is needed. The physical setting of the class is also important such as an activity center, for reading, writing, games, working on computers and playing the child needs that perfect setting to learn. The curriculum is also important; it plays a part in helping the children achieve their academic standards and helps them to understand what they are learning. Daily activities is also important, it helps the children become independent while having small group with their class mates. Groups are put together based on the children’s learning needs. The children are evaluated regularly and given a progress report through written observations that help children and parents decide on how to improve in what areas that needs improvement. Seeking information on from parents on how they children are learning includes the parent’s view’s in evaluation and the teacher parent relationship , such as holding conferences to encourage parents and encouraging parents to visit the classroom anytime and become involved. The attitude of the staff is very important, when you walk into a school...
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...DATE:____________________________ The Cell Cycle and Cancer Lab 1. Open the Virtual Lab: “The Cell Cycle and Cancer.” 2. IMPORTANT: This webpage includes a “journal” and “data table” as part of the lab. You DO NOT have to e-mail or submit these to your instructor; you can completely ignore them. The only thing you must turn in for this lab is this worksheet, which must be submitted on Blackboard. 3. The lab simulation will be on the right side of the screen, and the “Question” column will be on the left side. Read all of the background information and instructions in the “Question” column. 4. Watch the video on mitosis by clicking on the monitor in the lab simulation. 5. Fill out Table 1 with the name of each stage when the following events occur: Events | Stage | Chromosomes split apart move toward opposite sides of the cell | | Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell | | The nuclear membrane disappears and the chromatin coils to form visible chromosomes | | The final phase of mitosis, where two daughter cells are formed | | 6. Click the “Information” button in the bottom right corner of the lab simulation. Read all of the background information on cancer. 7. Cancer develops when cells lose their ability to regulate their ______________. (Highlight the correct answer below.) a. Chromosomes b. Cell cycle c. Size d. Nuclei 8. Which of the following is NOT something that can cause a cell to lose control...
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...to: Epithelial Tissue| 1.|Which of the following tissues is always avascular?| A)|connective tissue| B)|muscle tissue| C)|skeletal tissue| D)|epithelial tissue| E)|nervous tissue| Ans:|D| |Link to: Introduction| 2.|A scientist who examines tissue changes that might indicate disease is called a| A)|histologist.| B)|radiologist.| C)|pathologist.| D)|epidemologist| E)|endocrinologist.| Ans:|C| |Link to: Types of Tissue| 3.|The tissue lining body cavities is| A)|epithelial tissue.| B)|connective tissue.| C)|skeletal tissue.| D)|muscle tissue.| E)|nervous tissue.| Ans:|A| |Link to: Epithelial Tissue| 4.|A type of epithelial tissue containing cells that can change shapes as the tissue stretches is called| A)|simple columnar epithelium.| B)|pseudostratified epithelium.| C)|transitional epithelium.| D)|stratified cuboidal epithelium.| E)|squamous epithelium.| Ans:|C| |Link to: Epithelial Tissue| 5.|Goblet cells are found in which of the following tissues?| A)|nervous tissue| B)|columnar epithelium| C)|cuboidal epithelium| D)|connective tissue| E)|none of the above| Ans:|B| |Link to: Epithelial Tissue| 6.|A type of epithelium consisting of a single layer of flat cells which allow diffusion to occur is| A)|pseudostratified epithelium.| B)|stratified squamous epithelium.| C)|simple columnar epithelium.| D)|simple squamous epithelium.| E)|transitional tissue.| Ans:|D| |Link to: Epithelial Tissue| 7.|Which of the...
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...Chapter 4: Tissues © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Tissues ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Types of tissues Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Membranes Muscular tissue Nervous tissue Tissue repair: restoring homeostasis Aging and tissues © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Tissues ❑ A tissue is a group of similar cells that usually has a similar embryological origin and is specialized for a particular function. The various tissues of the body are classified into four basic types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue (eṕ -i-THĒ-lē-al) covers body surfaces; lines body cavities, hollow organs, and ducts (tubes); and forms glands. Connective tissue protects and supports the body and its organs, binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, and provides immunity. Muscular tissue generates the physical force needed to make body structures move. Nervous tissue detects changes inside and outside the body and initiates and transmits nerve impulses (action potentials) that coordinate body activities to help maintain homeostasis. ❑ 1. 2. 3. 4. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelial Tissue © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelial Tissue © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelial Tissue © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Epithelial Tissue © 2013 John Wiley...
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...Cell Theory Cell Theory is a way to describe the biology of living things. Cell theory says that the cell is the basic unit of life. Cells by themselves are alive, but they can also be part of a larger living thing. The smallest living organisms (like bacteria but not viruses) and the biggest ones (like humans and whales) are all made of cells. Very small organisms like bacteria and amoebas are only made of one cell each, so they are called unicellular organisms ("uni" means "one"). Larger organisms are made of many cells, and they are called multicellular organisms. Definition: The Cell Theory is one of the basic principles of Biology. Credit for the formulation of this theory is given to German scientists Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, and Rudolph Virchow. The Cell Theory states: * All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular. * The cell is the basic unit of life. * Cells arise from pre-existing cells. The modern version of the Cell Theory includes the ideas that: * Energy flow occurs within cells. * Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell. * All cells have the same basic chemical composition. Animal Tissues 1. Epithelial: In Greek, ἐπί (epi) means "on" or "upon", and θηλή (thēlē) means "nipple". Epithelial layers are avascular, so they must receive nourishment via diffusion of substances from the underlying connective tissue, through the basement membrane. Epithelia...
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...total) 3. What does your data indicate about the rate of cell division in cancerous tissue compared to the rate of cell division in normal tissue? What data did you use to answer this question? Answer: By comparing table 3 (normal cell tissue table) and table 4 (cancerous cell tissue table) I found that cancerous cell tissue has much faster rate of cell division. Specifically, I looked at the mitotic indexes on both tables and found that cancerous cell tissue actively divides at a much faster rate than normal cell tissue. 4. Which type of cancer is the fastest growing? Explain your answer, using your relevant data. Answer: By looking at the mitotic index side of table 4 (cancerous cell tissue table) I found that ovarian cancer has the fastest growth rate. 5. With what you have observed in this lab, if you were to compare tissue sample from normal breast tissue and cancerous breast tissue: a. Would you expect to see a difference in the rate of cell division...
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...Plant Tissues A mature vascular plant (any plant other than mosses and liverworts), contains several types of differentiated cells. These are grouped together in tissues. Some tissues contain only one type of cell. Some consist of several. Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism. A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells and from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function. These are called tissues because of their identical functioning. Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues. Examples of tissue in other multicellular organisms are vascular tissue in plants, such as xylem and phloem. Plant tissues are categorized broadly into three tissue systems: the epidermis, the ground tissue, and the vascular tissue. Together they are often referred to as biomass. * Epidermis - Cells forming the outer surface of the leaves and of the young plant body. * Vascular tissue - The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. These transport fluid and nutrients internally. * Ground tissue - Ground tissue is less differentiated than other tissues. Ground tissue manufactures nutrients by photosynthesis and stores reserve nutrients. Meristematic The main function of meristematic tissue is mitosis. The cells are small, thin-walled, with no central vacuole and no specialized features. Meristematic tissue is located in * the apical meristems at the growing...
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...Describe the following tissue types: Epithelial - Epithelial tissue covers the entire surface of the body. It is made up of cells nearly pressed and extended in one or more layers. This tissue is specific to structure the covering or coating of all inward and outer body surfaces. Epithelial tissue that happens on surfaces on the inside of the body is known as endothelium. Epithelial cells are packed firmly together, with practically no intercellular spaces and just a little measure of intercellular substance. Epithelial tissue is generally divided from the underlying tissue by a meagre sheet of connective tissue; cellar layer. The basement membrane gives structural backing to the epithelium furthermore ties it to neighbouring structures. Epithelial tissue can be divided into two groups depending on the number of layers of which it is creates. Epithelial tissue which is stand out cell thick is known as basic epithelium. On the off chance that it is two or more cells thick, for example, the skin, it is known as stratified epithelium. There are also nerve supplies to the epithelia but they are supplied with oxygen and nutrients from deeper tissues by diffusion. There are three types of epithelial tissue, which include cuboidal, columnar and squamous Simple cuboidal epithelia are a type of epithelium that refers to a single layer of cube-like cells. These cuboidal cells have large, spherical and central nuclei. The cells of this sort of tissue can withstand more trauma than basic...
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...Tissues: An introduction Lab Report Part 1 This lab is divided into two different parts. Part 1 deals with the general characteristics of tissues, and part 2 asks you to interpret some photomicrographs taken of human tissue slides in our lab. Part one should be completed first, but you’ll probably get a lot of hints about the answers for part 2 if you’ve looked over the images and questions provided ahead of time to work on them. To do Part 1, download the following documents and have your textbook available. Part 1 Characteristics of tissues A. Epithelial Tissues What are five general characteristics which distinguish epithelial tissues? (1. Cellularity: tightly packed sheets of cells with little intercellular material between them 2. Basement membrane; the basal surface of ETs are anchored to underlying CT by a distinct basement membrane 3. Specialized contacts: tight junctions and desmosomes 4. Avascularity: contain no blood vessels; are nourished by nutrients which diffuse upward from underlying connective tissue through the basement membrane 5. Regeneration: high regeneration capacity due to rapid cell division ) Explain how the general morphology of epithelial cells may be deduced from the names of the epithelial tissues. (The names of the epithelial cells are characteristic of their structure: simple=single layer stratified=many layers squamous=flat cuboidal=cube shaped columnar=elongated ) Epithelial tissues specialized for secretion can be found...
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...CHAPTER 5: TISSUES OBJECTIVES: 1. Define the term tissue. 2. Name the four primary adult tissue types, and give a brief description of each. 3. Describe the functions and types of extracellular fluid (ECF). 4. Compare and contrast the structure and function of the three types of cell junctions. 5. Sketch a typical layer of epithelium. Label each structure and use this cell layer to discuss the characteristics of epithelia. 6. Explain how epithelia are nourished. 7. Discuss the classification scheme for epithelia. 8. For each of the following epithelial tissues, give a structural description (including any special features such as cilia, goblet cells, etc.), denote a key body location, and identify its function(s): A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Simple Squamous ET Simple Cuboidal ET Simple Columnar ET Pseudostratified Columnar ET Transitional ET Stratified Squamous ET (both keratinized and non-keratinized) Glandular ET 9. Distinguish between merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine exocrine glands and give an example of each. 10. Define the term carcinoma. 11. Describe the general characteristics of connective tissues (CT) and discuss the major structural differences from ET’s. 12. Explain how CT’s are composed of cells plus an intercellular matrix composed of ground substance and fibers. 84 CHAPTER 5: TISSUES 13. Describe ground substance, list the three CT fiber types, and name the many types of cells that may compose CT. 14. For each of the following CT’s, describe...
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...Connective Tissue: IntroductionThe different types of connective tissues are responsible for providing and maintaining form in the body. Functioning mechanically, they provide a matrix that connects and binds the cells and organs and ultimately gives support to the body.Structurally, connective tissue is formed by three classes of components: cells, fibers, and ground substance. Unlike the other tissues (epithelium, muscle, and nerve), which are formed mainly by cells, the major constituent of connective tissue is the extracellular matrix. Extracellular matrices consist of different combinations of protein fibers (collagen, reticular, and elastic) and ground substance.Fibers, predominantly composed of collagen, constitute tendons, aponeuroses, capsules of organs, and membranes that envelop the central nervous system (meninges). They also make up the trabeculae and walls inside several organs, forming the most resistant component of the stroma, or supporting tissue of organs.Ground substance is a highly hydrophilic, viscous complex of anionic macromolecules (glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans) and multiadhesive glycoproteins (laminin, fibronectin, and others) that imparts strength and rigidity to the matrix by binding to receptor proteins (integrins) on the surface of cells and to the other matrix components. In addition to its conspicuous structural function, the molecules of connective tissue serve other important biological functions, such as serving as a reservoir for hormones...
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...physiology Functions of the component of the human cell.( http://www.slideshare.net/kristenaoconnor/cell-organelles) Cell membrane: the cell membrane also known as plasma membrane is the biological membrane that separates the interior cell from the outside environment. It provide support and protection for the cell. It serves as the entrance and exit of the cell. Cytoplasm: cytoplasm is a jelly like material that fill the cell. It contains food and water for the cell. It holds the organelle in place. It is mainly composed of water, salt and proteins. Nucleus : it contains the majority of genetic materials as DNA molecules along with variety of protein to form chromosomes. which makes humans who and what they are. Endoplasmic reticulum: the endoplasmic reticulum serves many functions, it folds protein molecules in sacs cisternae, it transports synthesized proteins in the vesicles to the Golgi apparatus. Golgi apparatus: it is made up of membrane bound sacs .The function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and bundle macromolecules like protein and lipids as they synthesize in the cell. It modifies sorts and package proteins to be secreted. Mitochondria: it is of the referred to as the powerhouse . It breaks down food and release energy to the cell. Lysosomes: they organelle that contain the digestive enzymes. It cleans up the cell’s waste product. Centriole: the main function of the centriole is to help the division in cells. It also helps in the formation of the spindle...
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...TISSUE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION There are 4 types of tissue in the body. Epithelial tissue covers the body, connective tissue is used for protection and support, muscle tissue (there are 4 different types) and then the nerve tissue which is used to send messages around the body. Epithelial Tissue It covers the whole surface of the body and it can be identified by one cell attached to another and is one cell thick or it sometimes has multi layers of thickness. Epithelial tissue protects the organs from damaging and also protects it from tension, it also protects the body from dirt, dust and bacteria and other things that may harm the body. There are 4 types of different epithelial tissue: pavement tissue, tessellated tissue, stratified tissue and ciliated/columnar tissue. Pavement tissue: has the appearance of thin, flat plates. It is normally found in the mouth, blood vessels and lungs, it makes up the outer layers of the skin and it is one cell thick. Tessellated tissue: they have wavy outlines because these cells line the blood vessels. Stratified tissue: has many layers of cells and the top cells are flat, it is all close together. Ciliated/columnar tissue: these cells occur with one or more layers and they are column shaped. They are the lining of the stomach and intestine but some of these are in the nose, ears and the taste buds of the tongue. The ciliated tissue is the same as columnar tissue the only difference is that it has thin, fine hair on the...
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