...1.1. Explain the structure and composition of bone tissue Articular cartilage, also known as Hyaline cartilage, lays on the surface of a bone. The articular cartilage is typically depicted in four zones; the superficial zone, the transitional zone, the radial zone, and the calcified zone (James and Uhl, 2001, pp.414). Each zone, within the articular cartilage, has an important role in supporting movement and reducing friction. Supporting this, Barber (2007, pp.742) states that damage to any of these zones would result in progressive deterioration, and alterations to the normal biomechanical properties within the articular cartilage. This suggests that any damage to the articular cartilage will result in deterioration of bone and reduction...
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...Describe the following tissue types: Epithelial - Epithelial tissue covers the entire surface of the body. It is made up of cells nearly pressed and extended in one or more layers. This tissue is specific to structure the covering or coating of all inward and outer body surfaces. Epithelial tissue that happens on surfaces on the inside of the body is known as endothelium. Epithelial cells are packed firmly together, with practically no intercellular spaces and just a little measure of intercellular substance. Epithelial tissue is generally divided from the underlying tissue by a meagre sheet of connective tissue; cellar layer. The basement membrane gives structural backing to the epithelium furthermore ties it to neighbouring structures. Epithelial tissue can be divided into two groups depending on the number of layers of which it is creates. Epithelial tissue which is stand out cell thick is known as basic epithelium. On the off chance that it is two or more cells thick, for example, the skin, it is known as stratified epithelium. There are also nerve supplies to the epithelia but they are supplied with oxygen and nutrients from deeper tissues by diffusion. There are three types of epithelial tissue, which include cuboidal, columnar and squamous Simple cuboidal epithelia are a type of epithelium that refers to a single layer of cube-like cells. These cuboidal cells have large, spherical and central nuclei. The cells of this sort of tissue can withstand more trauma than basic...
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...continue to require replacement of some or all of their teeth. Surgical improvement of the denture-bearing area and surrounding tissue (preprosthetic surgery) offers an exciting and demanding challenge to the dental practice. Many minor modifications of the alveolar ridge and vestibular areas can greatly improve denture stability and retention. In some cases, patients have severe bone changes or soft tissue abnormalities that require extensive surgical preparation before the prosthetic appliance can be properly constructed and worn. Procedures that improve prosthesis retention and stability are discussed and illustrated in Chapter 13. One of the most exciting frontiers in dentistry is implantology. Proper bony and soft tissue reconstruction followed by placement of implants and subsequent prosthetic reconstruction can provide patients with a more natural and efficient substitution for their lost dentition. Depending on the circumstances, several types of implant systems may be used. Chapter 14 discusses the various types of implant systems currently in use and their advantages, disadvantages, and indications for use. 247 Preprosthetic Surgery Mark W. Ochs and Myron R. Tucker CHAPTER OUTLINE OBJECTIVES OF PREPROSTHETIC SURGERY OF PATIENT EVALUATION AND TREATMENT PLANNING Evaluation of Supporting Bony Tissue Evaluation of Supporting Soft Tissue Treatment Planning RECONTOURING OF ALVEOLAR RIDGES Simple Alveoloplasty Associated with Removal of Multiple Teeth Intraseptal...
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...Describe the three major types of lipids found in the body. (6 marks) * The three major types of lipids found in the body are triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols (cholesterol). Triglycerides are fatty acids. Its functions include energy storage and the cushioning and insulating of the body and nerves. All nerves are wrapped in a myelin sheath; or lipid layer. Phospholipids are similar to triglycerides, but contain a phosphate group. It is a lipid bilayer – membranes in eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of cells. Sterols are made from lipids, but have no fatty acids in their structure. Cholesterol makes up sex hormones and carries lip-proteins. Describe briefly what is occurring at each step in the figure. (3 marks) * Name and briefly describe the cell shapes, arrangements, and functions of cell layers found in epithelial tissues. (3 marks) * In epithelial tissue, there are squamous cells, which are flat with the nucleus located near the upper surface. Cuboidal cells are cube-shaped (or hexagonal) with a central, round nucleus. Cuboidal cells absorb materials (ex: digested food) and produce secretions. Columnar cells have an oval-shaped nucleus near the basement membrane and are tall. They are thick, can absorb materials, and...
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...The effects of ultrasound waves on biological tissues are called bioeffects. Ultrasound is a non-ionizing form of radiation, they have an extremely low frequency which is why ultrasound waves are not known to cause harm to human tissue. There are different categories of bioeffects; these categories are known as thermal effects and mechanical effects. Thermal bioeffects depend on the duration of exposure and the frequency. In brightness modulation and in color mode a wider area is scanned so the heat can be distributed over that space. In amplitude modulation, motion mode, and Doppler modes, one line is scanned repeatedly to gather information which in turn makes that line have a concentrated amount of heat, increasing the likelihood of thermal bioeffects occurring. Thermal Index (TI) is the on screen measurement of the amount of energy absorbed by the body over a certain period of time. Thermal bioeffects are used as a form of medical heat therapy sometimes by applying low frequency ultrasound to joint and muscle sprains or tendonitis. Also thermal bioeffects have been used to thermally kill tumors or stop bleeding. Mechanical bioeffects are the effects of the ultrasound wave that are non-thermal, produced by force. The force that is usually produced is something called cavitation. Cavitation can occur if the Mechanical Index (MI) is the measure on screen of the potential for cavitation to begin in the tissue. There are two types of cavitation; stable cavitation that the gas bubbles...
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...solution only affords a few more years before the same symptoms will return or even less time to create a new problem in a surrounding tissue, then the process comes full circle. A reason for the binded, under active, and dysfunctional muscles is the accumulation of scar tissue. By definition scar tissue, or cicatricial tissue, is the dense fibrous tissue forming a matrix, derived directly from granulation tissue. For the purpose of this paper I will use the term scar tissue throughout its length. Scar tissue binds up and ties down tissues that need to move freely. This dense, fibrous tissue affects us all and is an underlying factor in many injuries. As scar tissue builds up, muscles become shorter and weaker, tension on tendons causes tendinosis, nerves can become trapped, and altered movement patterns result causing discomfort often pain. “All these problems can cause reduced range of motion, loss of strength as well as tingling, numbness, and weakness” [1]. Scar tissue forms two different ways: first, if a muscle, tendon, or ligament is torn or crushed, the body creates scar tissue to glue the torn pieces together. This is a necessary part of the healing process. The second is by soft tissue in the body not receiving enough oxygen- the named aspect hypoxia. Hypoxia is very common often occurring frequently in living organisms with tissue structures. Poor posture, athletic activities, repeated use, and...
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...1.1 Describe the four basic human body structure units and their functions The way in which physical processes and functions take place in the body can be looked at on four main levels, moving progressively from the detailed to the general. At the most detailed level are the cells – the most basic of the physical structure units. Similar cells, when combined and held together, form tissue, the next main structure unit. Organs are collections of tissues that are combined to perform a particular function in the body. Organs do not work in isolation, however, and combine with other organs to create a biological system. Cells The cell is the most basic structural unit in the body. There are around 300 different cell types in the human body. While they differ in function, there are certain fundamental components or features that they generally have in common, such as a nucleus (with the exception of red blood cells), cytoplasm and a cell or plasma membrane. A cell membrane is composed of 60% protein, and 40% lipid, or fat. This membrane is a phospholipid bilayer which contains embedded protein molecules. It is a living boundary separating the living contents of the cell from its environment. Its function is to regulate the passage of molecules into and out of the cell. Within the membrane, the cell consists of cytoplasm, a gel-like substance containing organelles - small structures each with their own function. Common to all human cells except red blood cells, the nucleus is...
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... Health and Social Care The structure of the main tissues of the body- P2 A humans body is made up entirely of cells, without cells there would be no body. Tissues are basically groups of cells, that have almost the shape and function, and there are four main tissues of the body, which are: Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Nervous tissue and Muscle tissue. Epithelial tissue- Epithelial tissue is one of the most important tissues of the body as it covers all of the surface of the human body. This tissue is made up of cells which are all packed in one or multiple layers. The main job of this tissue is to form the covering or lining of all of the internal and external bodies surfaces. Epithelial cells are packed tightly together, with almost spaces between them, and only a small amount of inter cellular substance. Inter celluar substance is the bodies substance in which tissue cells are embedded. No matter what the type is, Epithelial tissue is usually separated from the underlying tissue by a thin sheet of connective tissue, this is called basement membrane. The basement membrane's job is to provide structural support for the epithelium and also to bind it to neighboring structures. Connective tissue- The main role of connective tissue is to fill in the spaces between organs and tissues, and also to provide structural and metabolic support for other tissues and organs. Connective tissue is made up of cells and extra cellular matrix. The extra...
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...or exogenous bone tissues, which is connected with several problems. The use of endogenous bone substance involves additional surgery; moreover the endogenous bone is available only in limited quantities. In case of exogeneous bone implants, the major disadvantage is that they may be rejected by human body, disease may be transmitted together with the implant, and also the clinical performance of exogenous bone is considerably inferior to fresh endogenous graft material. For these reasons there is growing need for fabrication of artificial hard tissue replacement implants. Research into novel materials for biomedical applications is ever increasing as the medical community look to improve the way in which disorders and trauma are treated. Issues with current materials and the additional trauma associated with the use of bone grafts has pushed research towards new materials to aid the required repair and/or the regeneration of bone after fracture or the removal of bony defects or cancerous bone. Many new materials have been developed in an attempt to address these concerns but there are still some issues surrounding the appropriateness of their mechanical properties, the ability of degradable materials to retain their properties once implanted and the ability to form the material in situ to the requirements of the surgeon. A biomaterial is a synthetic material used to replace part of a living system or to function in intimate contact with living tissue. There are a number...
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...internode, node, leaf, and axillary bud * 3 basic tissue types * Dermal – outer protective cover * Ground – function in storage, photosynthesis, and secretion * Vascular – conducts fluids and dissolved substances * Tissues consist of one or more cell types * Tissue systems – each of these tissue types extends through root and shoot systems Meristems * Clumps of small cells with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei * Act as stem cells do in animals * One cell divides producing a differentiating cell and another that remains meristematic * Plant biologists use term meristem cell rather than stem cell to avoid confusion * Extension of shoot and root produced by apical meristems * Lateral meristems produce an increase in shoot and root diameter Apical meristem * Located at tips of stems and roots * Give rise to primary tissues which are collectively called the primary plant body * Apical meristems composed of delicate cells that need protection * Root cap protects root apical meristem * Leaf primordia protect shoot apical meristem * Apical meristem gives rise to the three tissue systems by first initiating primary meristems * 3 primary meristems * Protoderm – forms epidermis * Procambrium – produces primary vascular tissue * Ground meristem – differentiates into ground tissue Lateral meristems * Found in plants that exhibit...
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...ethics of the researchers involved. This is evident in the descriptive used for the researchers when she says, “Skloot’s telling of this aspect of modern medicine reads like good fiction, rich with characters of mixed stripes: insensitive jerks, ignorant brainiacs; some blindly altruistic to the point of naïveté, others who fully understood that they were deceiving patients about the true value of their cast-off tissues.” (Wright, 2010). The author closes her review with “As we hurtle toward the day when a visit to the doctor begins with a thorough DNA exam, the question of what exactly we’ll leave for the taking when we exit remains wide open.” (Wright, 2010). These comments are indicators of the author’s viewpoint on the matter. I always find myself with ambivalent feelings and viewpoints in terms of the science of medicine and how discovery and advances are made, especially when there are people of color involved. Historically, African Americans have been the “guinea pig” group for all types of trials and testing. I believe this stems from early societal structure and the determination to prove that African Americans were the most inferior group of human beings. I also believe in research and the science of medicine for the sake of medical advancements and the phenomenal discoveries. I think when researchers are working diligently on; publishing, discovering and other things to advance their careers, sometimes their decisions and actions lack integrity and ethics. Of course...
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...response to particulate matter exposures. Epithelial Barrier Epithelial barrier is the unique body mechanism supporting transportation of different chemical substances including nutrients and water into the cells and tissues (Sharma & Tepas, 2010). In addition, it has very important role in prevention of microbial contamination. People with pathologies of epithelial barrier are vulnerable to numerous diseases. Epithelial barrier takes part in translocation of particulate matter in the human body. This translocation occurs when particulate matter deposited in the lungs interacts with epithelial cells (Gurjar, Molina & Ojha, 2010). Translocation of particulate matter through epithelial barrier is performed with the help of inter-epithelial transport leading or dendritic cells. Epithelial barrier is susceptible to the influence of particulate matter. As a result of exposures to particulate matter of various degrees and doses, epithelial barrier in different tissues may lose its functionality partially or completely. Endothelial Barrier Endothelial barrier is the vessel barrier made of endothelial cells, which covers the inner surface of lymphatic vessels and blood vessels with the purpose of hindering the entrance of leukocytes and blood fluid into tissue (Sharma & Tepas, 2010). Endothelial barrier functions in combination with the basement membrane. Such formation of the inner...
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...Introduction: ¬Periodontium accredit to the specialized tissues that surround and support the teeth, and maintains them in the maxillary and mandibular bones. Periodontium is the anatomic assemblage of tissue, investing and supporting the tooth. The word comes from the Greek terms peri-, means "around" and -odons, means "tooth."1 In actual sense it means that which is "around the tooth". It provides the abutment all-important to advance teeth in function. The capital functions of periodontium is it provides attachment of teeth to the bone and to one another, adjustment to the changes due to ageing and wear, defense against noxious substances in oral cavity, resistance towards masticatory forces. It consists of four arch apparatus namely: gingival,...
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...cues for patients through movement, to provide a kinesthetic sense in either inhibiting or facilitating muscle activity. 3. What additional circulatory benefits does the tape provide that aren’t already provided by running itself? Lymphatic taping techniques have been studied to show improvement in lymphatic flow, but lymphatic applications are not taught to the public because assessment by a certified therapist is recommended. Lymphatic techniques work best with movement including exercise if the activity is not exacerbating the problem. 4. Is thin stretchy tape really strong enough to be effective at supporting muscles or mechanical correction during running? Mechanical correction is achieved more through cueing the body. The connective tissue (such as fascia) is most likely what is influenced by the tape rather than physically supporting a muscle. Support is often the term the public uses to describe the sensation of the tape on skin, similar to the sensation felt with a neoprene sleeve which does not offer actual structural...
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...Basic Human Body Structure Units And Their Functions In: Science Basic Human Body Structure Units And Their Functions 1.1 Describe the four basic human body structure units and their functions The four basic human body structures and their functions are as follows: • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Systems Cells Cells have been identified as the simplest unit of living matter that can maintain life. A cell is the simplest and smallest unit of living matter and cells can live independently and can also reproduce themselves. Cells exist in a varity of shapes and sizes including elongated, oval, and square, cells also have many different function. A group of cells is called a tissue and the study of the structure, form of cells and tissue is called histology. Tissues Tissue is a group/organisation of a number of similar cells, not all identical but from the same origin, that carry out a similar function, which also consists of varying amounts and varity of non-living, intercellular substance between them. It is the level between cells and organs. There are four types of tissue: Epithelial – tissue that is widespread throughout the body. They form the covering of all the body surfaces and are the main tissue found in glands. Epithelial tissue performs a variety of functions that include protection, secretion, absorption, filtration and sensory reception. Connective - tissue that binds structures together, and forms a framework and support...
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