...Chapter I THE FUNCTIONAL ASPECT OF SPEECH SOUNDS This chapter is concerned with the linguistic function of speech sounds, i. e. “segments of speech”. We are going to discuss here the definitions of the phoneme, methods used in establishing the phonemic structure of a language, the system of English phonemes, modifications of sounds in connected speech. 1.1. The Phoneme 17 1.1. The Phoneme 1.1.1. The definition of the phoneme To know how sounds are produced by speech organs it is not enough to describe and classify them as language units. When we talk about the sounds of a language, the term “sound” can be interpreted in two rather different ways. In the first place, we can say that [t] and [d] are two different sounds in English, [t] being fortis and [d] being lenis1 and we can illustrate this by showing how they contrast with each other to make a difference of meaning in a large number of pairs, such as tie – die, seat – seed, etc. But on the other hand if we listen carefully to the [t] in let us and compare it with the [t] in let them we can hear that the two sounds are also not the same, the [t] of let us is alveolar, while the [t] of let them is dental. In both examples the sounds differ in one articulatory feature only; in the second case the difference between the sounds has functionally no significance. It is perfectly clear that the sense of “sound” in these two cases is different. To avoid this ambiguity, the linguist uses two separate terms: “phoneme” is...
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...Title: Beethoven Lives Upstairs Questions: 1. What was the story all about? It’s all about the young boy named Christoph, he met a crucial composer named Ludwig van Beethoven. Christoph eventually sees the pain and struggles of Beethoven. He also begins to see the softer side of Beethoven, they became friends and Christoph begin to appreciate Beethoven's wonderful music. 2. Who are the main characters? Ludwig van Beethoven- He was the upstairs boarder of Christoph, He bosses people around and gets away with it, he's loud, he's peculiar, and he's very angry. He’s a madman, but inside him there’s pain and struggle his dealing with. Christoph- He’s a young boy, at first he really hates Beethoven, but eventually he understands the situation of Beethoven and he has been close to him. And Beethoven thought him that Music is not something you can quit. Mother- It was Christoph’s Mother, she’s a Pianist. Uncle Kurt- He helps Christoph understand some reasons for Beethoven strange behavior and thought that Christoph should see brighter side of a person Sophie- She’s a maid, she definitely hates Beethoven, but at the end like Christoph, She eventually saw the brighter side of a person. 3. When and where was the story set? It was Monday, March 26, 1827. The story happened in the house of Christoph. 4. Who was your favorite character in the movie? Why? Beethoven, actually from the start, I don’t like him. He looks weird and acted strange, although that’s my...
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...WRITING A SUMMARY OF AN ARTICLE WHAT IS A SUMMARY? A summary restates the main ideas of an author in your own words. It keeps the essential information from the original passage while eliminating most supporting details, such as the examples and illustrations. A good summary makes the author's ideas clear, perhaps even clearer than in the original. What is the difference between an abridgement, a paraphrase, and a summary? An abridgement is a shortened form of a work that to a great extent keeps the language of the original. Although an editor has made decisions about which words or passages to delete, the article or book is presented as the work of the original author. A paraphrase differs from an abridgement in that it is written in language different from the original. It follows the order of the original text and, unlike a summary, it recasts everything, not just the main ideas. It may be shorter than the original, but it could...
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