...Avory Darrien Peacemaking University of Phoenix The recent history of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict has been marked by a series of agreements and accords which have ultimately failed. The Hebron agreement was signed in January 1997 by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) Yasser Arafat, but subsequently dissolved because Israel continued the construction of settlements in Palestinian territory (International relations, 2009). The Oslo accord was signed in August 1993, with a deadline of 1999 set for the resolution of all outstanding issues, by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO leader Arafat. As the deadline approached fears of the PLO unilaterally declaring a Palestinian state brought renewed violence and new demands from Israel, culminating in the suspension of the Oslo accord. As Handelman (2008) has noted, the Israelis and Palestinians are deadlocked in, “…a protracted, violent, drawn-out struggle in which generation after generation is socially conditioned to continue fighting” (p. 57). Nonetheless, the potential resolution of the conflict seems to involve the simultaneous implementation of the political-elite model (PEM) of peacemaking, which employs the social mechanism of equal-status contact; and the public-assembly model (PAM) of peacemaking, which makes use of the conciliatory machinery of graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction (G.R.I.T.). Models of Peacemaking ...
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...Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement (Oslo-II). Oslo-I was borne out of a serious of secret peace talks conducted first by academics, and later by members of the Israeli Government and the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO). The two parties reached a series of compromises wherein Israel promised recognition and self-government to the Palestinians in return for recognition of Israel and an end to terrorism. Oslo-I also called for an interim period, at the end of which there would be a permanent settlement based on United Nations Security Council Resolutions (UNSCRs) 242 and 338. Oslo-II dealt with several issues in a more concrete manner, such as security, civil affairs, economic relations, inter-state cooperation, and the release of Palestinian political prisoners. Importantly, the Accords left contentious issues of East Jerusalem, settlements,...
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...Running Head: CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND PEACEMAKING Conflict Resolution and Peacemaking Katie VanEsch PSY400 Angel Wieneche University of Phoenix July 25, 2010 Conflict Resolution and Peacemaking Conflict is an issue that is virtually inevitable within societies. No matter the cause, conflict arises as a result of lack of communication, miscommunication, misunderstanding, or lack of respect for other’s individual needs or desires. In this paper, I will examine an article that discusses these types of conflict, and describe its elements of conflict resolution and peacemaking. One particular article discusses the recent history of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, which has been marked by a series of agreements and accords which have ultimately failed. The Hebron agreement was signed in January 1997 by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) Yasser Arafat, but subsequently dissolved because Israel continued the construction of settlements in Palestinian territory (International relations, 2009). The Oslo accord was signed in August 1993, with a deadline of 1999 set for the resolution of all outstanding issues, by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO leader Arafat. As the deadline approached, fears of the PLO unilaterally declaring a Palestinian state brought renewed violence and new demands from Israel, culminating in the suspension of the Oslo accord. As Handelman (2008) has noted, the Israelis and Palestinians...
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...Overview: The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) is the most significant rebel group to have entered into a final peace agreement with the Government of the Repub- lic of the Philippines (GRP). An Islamo-separatist movement, it led the armed resistance in Muslim Mindanao against the martial law regime of President Ferdinand E. Marcos in the early 1970s and was recognized as ‘the sole legiti- mate representative of Muslims in Southern Philippines (“Bangsamoro people”)’ by the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC).1 Several rounds of on-and- off peace negotiations over three decades were concluded in 1996 under the auspices of the OIC. But the implementation of the 1996 final peace agreement has been contentious. While a significant number of MNLF combatants has been integrated into the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the Philippine National Police (PNP), there has been no disarmament or demobilization of the group. Since 2001, there have been occasional armed hostilities between the MNLF and the AFP in the MNLF heartland of Jolo island in the Sulu archipelagic province. Sulu hostilities in 2005 involved some apparent tactical cooperation between the MNLF and the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) against the AFP, but in 2006 the MNLF shifted policy by actively cooperating with the AFP against the ASG in Sulu. Fierce fighting between the MNLF and the AFP again erupted in April 2007, and several MNLF camps in Sulu were taken. The MNLF there- fore has one foot inside government...
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...Peace is defined as “a state of tranquility or quiet” (Merriam) but as well is “a state or period of mutual concord between governments” (Merriam). Colombia has been trough for 52 years of armed conflicts between the Colombian government and the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia). Also, these years of conflict have been affected the lives of Colombians, living immense rates of rapes, dies, kidnaps, extortion, and production and distribution of illegal drugs (The Economist). In 1964, the Marxist Guerrilla was established as a communist and pro-rights movement to fight against the violence and the corrupt government in Colombia. Time later, the FARC’s behavior of anti-imperialism, that fought in favor of justice and equality, was corrupted...
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...The Bangsamoro Framework Agreement and the Peace Talks in Mindanao These past few decades, the conflict between the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and the Government of the Philippines has been so complicated and so sensitive. Complicated because the tension between the two parties are so intense that bloody wars are happening in the affected areas in Mindanao and very sensitive in a way that any single move of the both parties against each other can worsen the situation. Before I proceed to my discussion, let us discuss first the history of the MILF, what do they want and why they are against the Philippine Government. Based on my researches, the MILF is a Moro and Lumad group (group of Muslim people living in Mindanao) formed in the 1960’s to achieve greater Bangsamoro autonomy in the southern part of the Philippines. Before it was called the MILF, it was first called as Moro National Liberation Front or MNLF. The aim of the Moro National Liberation Front is to have their independence from the Philippine Government. In short, they want to form their own republic and they want to have their own government. This group of Moros was founded by Nur Misuari, a Moro revolutionary, and a politician, in the year of 1969 and was considered as a rebel group of Muslim people. The members of the MNLF were considered as terrorists people here in the Philippines because they are attacking and assasinating many Filipino people just to make our government realize that they are not...
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...territory lost and won in the cycle of war” (Eisenberg & Caplan, 2010). These conflicts have lead to wars, were negotiated to create peace, or both. In the case of the conflicts and wars between the Egyptians and Israelis, a peace treaty was generated during the Camp David Accords in 1978. As “more and more occasions require negotiations” it is essential to learned about negotiation (Fisher, Ury, & Patton, 2011). It is useful to examine historical conflicts and negotiations, such as the Camp David Accords,...
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...conflict has been marked by a number of agreements and different accords which have failed. But the Hebron drafted an agreement which was signed back in January 1997 by the Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahy and the leader of the Palestinian Organization (PLO) Yasser Arafat, then subsequently done away with because the Israeli’s had continued to do construction of the settlements in the Palestinian territory (International relations, 2009). But the Oslo was signed in August of 1993 that was set for the resolution of any and all outstanding issues, But by the Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and the PLO leader Yasser Arafat. But when the deadline had approached the fear of the PLO was declaring that the Palestinian had brought a newly renewed violence and, newly found demands from Israel. Handelman (2008) had noted that the Israelis and the Palestinians were in a deadlock in, “Protected and, violence, drawn out struggles which generation after generation is socially conditioned to continue to fight” (p. 57). But nonetheless the potential resolution of the conflict has seemed to involve a simultaneous implementation of the political-elite model (PEM) of peacemaking. Political-elite Model of Peacemaking There are three steps in the process that was intended to encourage the different political interactions that eventually had culminated into a peace agreement. First step in the PEM was called track...
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...the start?; 2) were there problems inherent to the process and structure of CD2 that led to its failure?; and, 3) how should future mediation attempts of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict be structured in order to meet with more success? The fourth question, however, requires further introduction. The forthcoming study of CD2 will be guided by a ìProvisional Framework (PF)î of seven criteria that I believe are necessary ingredients to successful peacemaking processes. I devised this framework after consulting existing literature and scholars in the field of mediation and negotiation in general, as well as after reviewing scholarly pieces focusing on the Israel-Palestinian peace process in particular. Thus, after using this framework to analyze CD2, conclusions will thus be drawn with regard to a fourth and final question: is this prioritized framework an accurate and/ or useful tool for understanding peacemaking processes? 2 TABLE-OF-CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 4 SECTION 1- RESEARCH QUESTIONS...
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...1 (This paper was presented during the SEACSN Conference 2004: “Issues and Challenges for Peace and Conflict Resolution in Southeast Asia”, at Shangri-La Hotel, Penang, Malaysia on 12-15 January 2004) Muslim Minority in the Philippines By Abhoud Syed M. Lingga Executive Director, Institute of Bangsamoro Studies How the Muslims as a minority situate themselves within the Philippine national community is the subject of discussion in this paper. A look into their views on their relations with the national community is helpful in understanding the conflict in Mindanao for this is the impetus in their assertion for their right to self-determination. Minority Communities We find minority communities within the borders of many countries today. These minority communities can be classified broadly into three major categories (Che Man 1990:1). The minority migrant populations are in the first category. During the colonial period, workers were recruited from other colonies to work in plantations, mining and other industries. In recent years, migration of peoples who are induced by pull factors like economic opportunities and liberal policies of countries of destination and the push factors in their own countries like violent conflicts, lack of economic opportunities and repressive government policies are observable. The migrant populations have no attachment to any portion of the territory of the host country. Their concerns are the acceptability by and equal rights with the dominant majority...
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...1 Introduction Conflict at the sub-national level can impede development, can jeopardize human security and can greatly slow the process of peace-building and nation building. The formal end to a conflict, however, does neither guarantee an improvement to the situation nor assure a steady path towards post-conflict development and reconciliation. As such, it is becoming increasingly important to study the nature of a peace process and the actual peace accord reached. Understanding the framework of a peace accord will demonstrate both the overt and underlying concerns of all parties involved in the conflict. And, the plan of implementation will reveal the degree to which each party is serious about their commitment to a negotiated peace agreement....
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...The Arab-Israeli Conflict: Turmoil in the Middle East While the Arab-Israeli conflict significantly influences contemporary foreign policy, tensions began early in the 20th century. Although the region is spiritually diverse, the main conflict is defining land allowing both parties to agree on established land boundaries. Prior to 1948, both groups claimed Palestine, but after the war of 1948 the international community divided this area into three parts. These include the state of Israel, the Gaza Strip and West Bank. The population in this area is very dense and is about the size of Maryland, according to the Middle East Research and Information Project. In 1967 Israel captured these areas and established an aggressive military administration against Palestinian occupants which included road closures, destruction of infrastructure, denial of basic human rights and torture of Palestinian prisoners. In response the UN Security Council passed resolution 242 condemning the “acquisition of territory by force” and urging the Israeli military to withdraw from captured territory and allow all parties to live peacefully. This did not resolve the territorial disputes and both Israel and the Palestinian Authority claim ownership to the land. This territory has historical and spiritual meaning the Jewish as the Jewish kingdom of Israel. Conversely, Palestinian Arabs claim to have resided in this area for centuries and established claims based on continuous residence. They disagree...
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...Abstract The purpose of the research “How has Palestinian application for UN membership and statehood recognition affected the advancement of the peace process between Israel and Palestine?“ was to provide a thorough examination of the Arab-Israeli conflict and estimate the possible courses of its development in case of UN interference into the matter. The method used in the process of investigation consisted in accessing English and Israeli websites, including the official website of the Parliament of Israel, in order to collect the necessary information on the issue. A vast amount of opinions was gathered and applied in the research, that helped to create the holistic picture of the problem under consideration. As a result of the investigation the conclusion has been drawn that at the present moment Palestinian bid for statehood and membership rather added to the problem than helped to solve it. Although each of the UN members has its own interests to pursue in this conflict, the majority of the UN member states still refrain from any steps towards the conflict resolution and consider the admission of Palestine to the UN impossible until certain agreement is achieved between the two countries. Page numbers Introduction to the Essay 2 Subheading 1: The attempts to negotiate peace between Israel and Palestine. 4 Subheading 2: The official standpoints of the sides involved. Reasons for obtaining UN membership and statehood. Public response in Palestinian and...
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...Past Maoist Insurgency and Peace Process Introduction 1. By and large, Nepal remained a peaceful kingdom for more than two centuries. The country witnessed armed revolution twice by the Nepali Congress in between 1950 and early 1960s. The first succeed it throwing out the Rana regime that ruled the kingdom for 194 years, while the other did not. Maoist people’s war was third in sequence that necessitated a peace process. Basically, a Peace process can be understood as a social phenomenon, which acquires political overtone, when initiated to resolve an armed conflict carried out between the state on one side and the armed outfit, on the other, to restore peace finally. It is necessitated in an explosive situation when innumerable lives and properties are destroyed and many more innocent people’s lives are threatened with no possibility of subsiding of the flare-up in sight. It may be set in motion and facilitated by the concerned parties themselves, or other affected sides and their well-wishers. It may begin with the declaration of the cessation of hostilities or ceasefire by the conflicting sides. The armed conflict may have different forms such as, political, social, cultural, ethnic, religious etc. In the process, several stages have to be undergone for building mutual confidence between the parties in context in order to re-establish the normal relation between them to reach the final goal. The Insurgency 2. The Samyukta Morcha Nepal, the legal front of the Nepal...
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...“Genocide is a special case of murder. It is as old as mankind itself,” said Edward Nyankanzi in his book about Rwanda. The Rwandan Genocide started in April 6, 1994 when the Hutu group began to kill harmless Tutsi men, women and children with machetes, pickaxes, etc. It ended July 15, 1994 when the RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front) defeated the Hutu army, and President Paul Kagame took control. After the Genocide the new government made a policy of unity and reconciliation. (Nyankanzi, 1998) There were many events leading up to the genocide. Including, Identification cards, the signing of the Arusha Peace Accords, and President Habyarimana’s plane being shot down shot down. In the Rwandan Genocide there were many things leading up to the genocide, but it had to start somewhere. The Hutus and the Tutsis have always had some tension in the past, but the Europeans just made it worse. It began when the Belgians made everyone identification cards which...
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