...WORLDCOM, INC: CORPORATE BOND ISSUANCE 1. IS IT A GOOD TIME FOR WORLDCOM, INC. TO ISSUE? CONSIDER FACTORS IN FAVOR AND FACTORS THAT ARE NOT IN FAVOR. Personally I believe that the time is not in favor of WorldCom in undertaking one of the largest bond issues at the time. Even though there are many advantages with proceeding with the issue, I believe that the degree and the uncertainty raised by some of the disadvantages outweigh the advantages of going ahead with the $6Billion bond. In the table below are reflected both the advantages and disadvantages of proceeding with the bond. Advantages Disadvantage 1. MCI Merger, which would be financed by the issue, boosted investor interest and awareness in the company. 2. Credit rating expected to be elevated post MCI merger. 3. Due to Asian crisis investors’ interest has moved from equities to corporate bonds and Treasuries. 4. MCI merger would elevate WorldCom from the 4th largest player in the market to 2nd. 5. The Merger would amplify revenues by more than 4x, which considering the same margins would provide a sufficient interest coverage ratio. 6. The Covenants of the issue are less restrictive then the covenants of the credit facility that it will replace. 1. Corporate yield spreads over Treasuries have increased recently. 2. There are numerous issues in the pipeline for the year. The large supply coming to market is putting pressure on corporate bonds, therefore increasing pricing. 3. There’s...
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...collecting taxes as well as the expenditure of funds by all levels of government, federal, state or local. Private finance comprises personal as well as corporate finance. Public finance serves the public interest. Private finance, by contrast, serves private interests. Islamic finance, whether public or private, serves the Muslim community and is guided by the Shariah. Financing may be undertaken using one’s own funds (savings) or other people’s funds. Parties that lack surplus funds can utilise other people’s surplus funds by means of financial intermediaries. Conventional institutions comprise commercial (retail) banks, investment (wholesale) banks, credit unions, insurance companies, as well as mutual, pension and hedge funds. Conventional financial institutions such as banks collect surplus funds from savers and channel them to parties that experience a shortage of funds (borrowers). Banks earn interest income by lending depositors’ savings to borrowers at rates higher than what they pay to depositors. They also earn income in the form of fees and other charges. Parties seeking to utilise conventional financing can borrow from banks. Alternatively, they can obtain funds directly from the public (inclusive of foreign investors or lenders) by issuing and selling securities. A financial security is similar to a receipt, with a number of conditions attached. Issuance and marketing of financial securities is aided by investment banks for a fee (percentage of the total amount...
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...Running Header: Business Financing and the Capital Structure 1 Business Financing and Capital Structure Clifton Williams Strayer University Professor Henderson Fin 100 May 24, 2014 Business have to make many financial decision that a direct impact on operations and the ability to successfully compete in the marketplace. I will assume that I am a financial advisor to a business. I will give advice that I would give to the client for raising business capital using both debt and equity options in today’s economy. I will give advantages and disadvantages of each option. I will summarize the advice that I will give the client on selecting an investment banker to assist the business in raising capital. I will discuss the historical relationships between risk and return for common stock versus corporate bonds. I will explain the manner in which diversification helps in risk reduction in portfolio. I will support my response with actual data and concept learn from class. As financial advisor to a business I will give my client advice on raising business capital using debt and equity capital with their advantages and disadvantages. As my clients advisor I would describe the two most common types of financing which are debt and equity capital. I would tell them the difference between the two and the advantage and disadvantage of the two. Debt capital is an agreement contract between lenders and companies trying to start or grow its organizations. All...
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...TRUE/FALSE ____1. A corporation is obligated to make periodic interest payments on a bond and also to repay the bond's principal amount at the maturity date of the bond. ____2. If a corporation liquidates, stockholders have a prior claim over bondholders to corporate assets. ____3. Bonds are quoted in the bond market at a percentage of face value, while stocks are quoted in the stock market in terms of dollars and cents. ____4. A $1,000 face value bond selling at 104 would cost $1,000.40 in the bond market. ____5. The stated rate of interest is the rate prevailing in the bond market at the time the bonds are issued. ____6. If the stated rate of interest is 10% and the market rate of interest is 8%, the bonds will most likely sell at a premium. ____7. The journal entry to record the issuance of $100,000 face value bonds at 102 involves a debit to the Premium on Bonds Payable account for $2,000. ____8. The amortization of a bond premium reduces interest expense on the income statement. ____9. The amortization of $1,000 of bond premium would be recorded by debiting the Premium on Bonds Payable account and crediting the Interest Expense account for $1,000. ___10. The amortization of $1,500 of bond discount would be recorded by debiting the Discount on Bonds Payable account and crediting the Interest Expense account for $1,500. ___11. When bonds are sold between interest dates, the investors must pay the issuing corporation any interest...
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...Global Energy Management Institute International Financial Risk Management R.J. Reynolds International Financing HBS Case 9-287-057 The case is set in the context of RJR’s 1985 financing of its $4.9 billion acquisition of Nabisco Brands Inc. To finance the acquisition, RJR was proposing the issue of $1.2 billion of 12 year notes and the same amount in preferred stock. It had already funded $1.5 billion of the acquisition leaving $1 billion more to finance. Challenges facing RJR: Of the $1.5 billion that had been funded, $500 million came from cash and the remaining was through bank borrowings and commercial paper. These borrowings added to the debt that RJR had issued in 1984 and brought their debt ratings down to A. The remaining $1 billion financing would have to keep this in mind as well as the $1.2 billion of 12 year notes to be funded. To determine the financing, we need to consider the following choices: Debt vs. Equity: RJR is a mature company whose cash flows (> 1.5 billion in 1984) can support debt. Short term vs. Medium to long term: Given their commercial paper and short term debt, and their long term debt, what is ideal for them at this juncture would be an issue of intermediate term (3-5 year) debt. Fixed vs. Floating rate: The short term and commercial paper debt that they already have suggests using fixed rate debt. Currency of financing: They do not have significant yen exposure that calls for exposure to yen liabilities Domestic vs....
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...Frederick Thull Comparing and Contrasting Lease verses Purchase Options In order for one to explain the difference between leases verses purchase option one would need to explain both options. One would explain what is debt financing, and provide two examples. Also, one would need to explain what equity financing is as well as giving two examples and last which alternative capital structure is more advantageous and why. If one decided that they do not wanted to take on investors and wanted total control of the business yourself, one may want to pursue debt financing in order to start up a business. One would tap your own sources of funds first by using personal loans, home equity, and even credit cards. A business loan is another option. Debt financing is when a company borrows money that must be repaid but with interest. This will not affect the ownership of the company. Two examples of such would be Issued Bonds and Line of credit. With a line of credit, this is a bank loan where a business can draw out funds whenever money is needed. In Issue Bonds the business can issue bonds as for of debt financing these bonds are marketable securities. Debt financing allows one to have control of your own destiny regarding the business. If you finance your business using debt, the interest you repay on your loan is tax-deductible. This means that it shields part of your business income from taxes and lowers your tax liability every year. That is some of the advantages. The disadvantages...
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...http://www.nber.org/books/auer87-1 Publication Date: 1987 Chapter Title: The Growth of the "Junk" Bond Market and Its Role in Financing Takeovers Chapter Author: Robert A. Taggart, Jr. Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c5819 Chapter pages in book: (p. 5 - 24) 1 The Growth of the “Junk” Bond Market and Its Role in Financing Takeovers Robert A. Taggart, Jr. 1.1 Introduction “Junk” bonds, as they are popularly called, or “high-yield’’ bonds, as they are termed by those wishing to avoid pejorative connotations, are simply bonds that are either rated below investment grade or unrated altogether.’ Fueled by the introduction of newly issued junk bonds in 1977, this segment of the bond market has grown rapidly in recent years and now accounts for more than 15 percent of public corporate bonds outstanding. However, the growth of junk bond financing, particularly in hostile takeover situations, has been bitterly denounced. For example, Martin Lipton, a merger specialist with the firm of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen, and Katz, has argued that junk bond financing threatens “the destruction of the fabric of American industry” (Williams 1984). In a similar vein, twelve U.S. senators signed a letter in support of Federal Reserve restrictions on junk bond-financed takeovers, that stated, “By substituting debt for equity on the balance sheets of the nation’s corporations, junk bond financing drains financial resources from productive uses such as economic developmknt and job creation”...
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...I. Case Context Continental Carriers, Inc., (CCI) is known as a regular commodities motor carrier. Since its inception, it has experienced continuous growth in revenues and mastered the strategic reduction of operating costs. It soon became known in the trucking industry as a widely profitable key player. In order to sustain continuous growth in revenues and income, management has decided that key acquisitions need to be made. The top contender, Midland Freight, Inc., a common carrier company would expand CCI’s route system. The prospect company also demonstrated congruence with the type of marketing and cost reduction programs that ushered CCI’s growth. The owners of Midland agreed to sell it for $50 million in cash. Since the stipulation was for cash, the funds would have to be acquired externally so as to prevent cash flow problems that would disrupt operations for CCI. One of the primary considerations was that the pending merger would provide additional $8.4 million annually in Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) making it easy for management to seek external funds. Another serious consideration was that CCI has always had a consistent policy of having no long-term debt in its capital structure. In 1988, the current year, the company’s capital structure was purely composed of common stock and surplus. In addition, most of the common stock was being held by management. Furthermore, there is no dominant interest except that of...
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...appointed vice president of finance of Berkshire Instruments, was eager to talk to his investment banker about future financing for the firm. One of Al's first assignments was to determine the firm's cost of capital. In assessing the weights to use in computing the cost of capital, he examined the current balance sheet, presented in Figure 1. In their discussion, Al and his investment banker determined that the current mix in the capital. structure was very close to optimal and that Berkshire Instruments should continue with it in the future. Of some concern was the appropriate cost to assign to each of the elements in the capital structure. Al Hansen. requested that his administrative assistant provide data on what the cost to issue debt and preferred stock had been in the past. .The information is provided in Figure 2. When Al got the data, he felt he was making real progress toward determining the cost of capital for the firm. However, his investment banker indicated that he was going about the process in an incorrect manner. The important issue is the current cost of the funds, not the historical cost. The banker suggested that a comparable firm in the industry, in terms of size and bond rating (Baa), Rollins Instruments, had issued bonds a year and a half ago for 9.3 percent interest at a $1,000 par value, and the bonds were currently selling for $890. The bonds had 20 years remaining to maturity. The banker also observed that Rollins Instruments had just issued preferred...
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...What are the sources of capital available to a company? What is business risk and financial risk? What are the relative costs of debt and equity? What are the main theories of capital structure? Is there an optimal capital structure? 1 What is “Capital Structure”? Definition The capital structure of a firm is the mix of different securities issued by the firm to finance its operations. Securities Bonds, bank loans Ordinary shares (common stock), Preference shares (preferred stock) Hybrids, eg warrants, convertible bonds 2 What is “Capital Structure”? Balance Sheet Current Assets Current Liabilities Debt Preference shares Ordinary shares 3 Fixed Assets Financial Structure What is “Capital Structure”? Balance Sheet Current Assets Current Liabilities Debt Preference shares Ordinary shares Fixed Assets Capital Structure 4 Sources of capital Ordinary shares (common stock) Preference shares (preferred stock) Hybrid securities Loan capital Warrants Convertible bonds Bank loans Corporate bonds 5 Ordinary shares (common stock) Risk finance Dividends are only paid if profits are made and only after other claimants have been paid e.g. lenders and preference shareholders A high rate of return is required Provide voting rights – the power to hire and fire directors No tax benefit, unlike borrowing 6 Preference shares (preferred stock) Lower risk...
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...HUTCHISON WHAMPOA'S FINANCING STRATEGY PRIOR TO JUNE 1997 A financing strategy is integral to an organization’s strategic plan. It sets out how the organization plans to finance its overall operations to meet its objectives now and in the future. Hutchison, like other large firms in Hong Kong, relied heavily on internally generated funds to fuel growth. Having reserves of 67,994m (more than twiceof operating expenses in 1996), it is stable enough to continue without external funding, indicating a conservative financing strategy. Debt ratios for 1995 & 1996 are 46% and 42% respectively, showing HWL’s relatively medium dependency on debt . With approximate interest coverage ratio of 4.96 and an A3/A+ credit rating from Moody’s and S&P respectively, HWL was considered to have a relatively low default risk. As stated in the case, HWL had “drawn on short-and medium-term loan facilities underwritten by banking syndicates for external financing”. Prior to June 1997, the longest debt maturity HWL had offered was 9 years including subsidiary loans. Looking at HWL’s long term liabilities in 1996, 69.5% of its loans are repayable in 5 years which further indicates the firm’s strategy of borrowing without long term obligations to maintain liquidity and flexibility. There is a net cash outflow of 5,486 compared to cash inflow of 3,950 – this was mainly due to the increase in purchase of and advances to associated companies, additions to managed funds and other investments, and purchase...
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...OPTIONS II IIJ Understand the basic rights of preferred stockholders, the features of preferred stock, special types of preferred stock and the advantages and d isadva ntages of preferred stock. Review the basic types of leases, leasing a rrangements, the lease contract, the lease-versus-pur chase decision, the effects of leasing on future financing , and the adva ntages and d isadvan tages of leasing. Describe the basic types of converti ble securities, their general fea tures-incl ud ing the conver sion ratio, conversion period, conversion (or stock) value, and effect on earnings-and financ ing with convertibles. • II Demonstrate the procedures for dete rmi ning the stra ig ht bond value, conversion (or stock) va lue, and market value of a convertible bond. Explain the basic characteristics of stock purchase wa rrants, the implied price of an attached warrant, and the va lues of warrants-theoretical, market, and warrant premium. Define options and discuss the basics of ca ll s a nd puts, options markets, options trading, the role of call and put options in fund raising, and using options to hedge foreign currency expo sures. the DISCIPLINES CHA PTER 14 I S I MPOR TA NT TO • u((ounting personnel who will provide important data a nd tax insights to the lease-versus-purchase decision process. • information systems analysts who will design systems that p'ro vide timely information that can be used to monitor and track ...
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...E13-1 Pioneer Corporation had these transactions during 2011. (a) Issued $50,000 par value common stock for cash. (b) Purchased a machine for $30,000, giving a long-term note in exchange. (c) Issued $200,000 par value common stock upon conversion of bonds having a face value of $200,000. (d) Declared and paid a cash dividend of $18,000. (e) Sold a long-term investment with a cost of $15,000 for $15,000 cash. (f) Collected $16,000 of accounts receivable. (g) Paid $18,000 on accounts payable. Instructions Analyze the transactions and indicate whether each transaction resulted in a cash flow from operating activities, investing activities, financing activities, or noncash investing and financing activities (a)Issued $50,000 par value common stock for cash. Cash inflow; financing activities (b) Purchased a machine for $30,000, giving a long-term note in exchange. noncash investing and financing activities (c) Issued $200,000 par value common stock upon conversion of bonds having a face value of $200,000. noncash financing activities (converting one form of financing to another) (d) Declared and paid a cash dividend of $18,000. Cash outflow; financing activities (e) Sold a long-term investment with a cost of $15,000 for $15,000 cash. Cash inflow; investing activities (f) Collected $16,000 of accounts receivable. Cash inflow; operating activities (g) Paid $18,000 on accounts payable. Cash outflow; operating activities E13-8 Here are comparative...
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...Long-Term Financing Long- term financing strategies are used by financial managers to insure that funds invested today will increase in value or stay the same over a stated period of time. This document will compare and contrast the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and discounted cash flow method (DCF). The debt and equity mix are intended to enable an organization to capitalize on investments. The debt and equity mix will be reviewed as will the characteristics of the financial market and debt and equity instruments. Long-term finance options will be analyzed. Valuation Models The Discounted Cash Flows Model (DCFM) and the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) are examples of estimation tools used to determine present securities values through the time value of money. DFCM uses simple discounting of projected cash flows over the life of the security, while CAPM uses a more complicated formula. Both methods apply to individual securities and help investors to decide investment risk choices; however, CAPM also "turns finding the efficient frontier into a doable task, because you only have to calculate the co-variances of every pair of classes, instead of every pair of everything" (Moneychimp, n.d.). The CAPM thereby gains the investor more information about a wider range of securities than the DCFM provides. DFCM uses either the internal rate of return (IRR) or the net present value (NPV) method to calculate present values of future cash flows. Both these methods use standard...
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...MCI COMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION Introduction In 1982, the Justice department ordered the separation of ATT into local subsidiaries. MCI was one of the main competitors of AT&T and the impact of this new competition on MCI was uncertain. In this case the financial impact of this increased competition will be analyzed. Analysis of External Financing Needs for MCI from 1983 to 1989 Please see Exhibit 1 and Exhibit 2 MCI’s external needs will keep increasing over the next few years as the operating margins would shrink because of higher competition & higher access charges. In order to increase its market share, MCI would need to continue investing huge capitals in its network. As per exhibit 9 of the case, it is anticipated that MCI will increase its market share to 20 % in the next 6 years. The telecom industry is very capital intensive and in 1983 required $1.15 worth of investment in fixed plant & equipment for each extra $1 of revenue; that is first you have to build the network before you can sign up customers. The operating margin is expected to stabilize at 15% by 1990. But they are expected to vary substantially based on competition. It can go up to 22% or go down to 8%. Types of securities which were issued by MCI (1972-1983) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Common Stock Common Stock with warrant Convertible cumulative preferred stock - Cost Around 12.27 Debentures – Cost around 15% Convertible debenture – cost around 10% MCI initially issued equity in 1972 and later it started...
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