...security information for Molloy College and Five Towns College. The first part of our research was done using each college’s website. We wanted to know, first of all, if the information was easy to find using the websites. The information needed in order to begin the research was the following; requirements to be part of the security staff, number of security men on duty and an on campus incident report. While the Briarcliffe website did not provide any information, the website for Molloy College provided the following information: (1) The Public Safety Department has a full time staff consisting of one chief, 3 tour supervisors, and 19 security officers. Officers are licensed by the State of New York and are trained, certified and registered pursuant to the New York State Security Guard Act of 1992. The Department serves the campus 24 hours a day, 7 days a week year-round. Molloy Colleges’ website also provided statistics for their 2006, 2007 and 2008 for on campus criminal offences, Hate Crimes, Arrests on Campus, Disciplinary Actions and Criminal Offences. They also inform marked patrol units from the Department patrol the Campus regularly. Five Towns website http://www.ftc.edu provides their 2009 through 2010 Campus Safety Report. Within this report there you will find the amount of Aggravated Assaults, Arsons, Burglaries, Drug Law Violations, Harassments, Hate Crimes, Illegal Weapons Possession, Larcenies, Liquor Law Violations, Motor Vehicle Thefts, Murders/Manslaughter...
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...Five Categories of Crime Cherina Harrell Instructor Alina Perez-Sheppe Introduction to Criminal Justice Oct.3, 2011 In America there are five categories of crime. They are felonies, misdemeanors, offenses, treason and espionage and inchoate offenses. The first on that I am going to discuss is a felony. A felony is a crime punishable by imprisonment for more than twelve months. A person can also get life I prison or lethal injection for a felony. A felony can also be grouped as violent or non violent offenses. The rank of seriousness differs in many states. In New York State, the felonies are ranked in classes such as E, D, C, B, AI and AII. AI is the most severe. Other states rank numerically such as capital, life, 1st degree, 2nd degree and so on. A felony includes offenses as terrorism, treason, arson, kidnapping, burglary, robbery, rape, and murder. If a person gets convicted of any of these offenses they could receive up to 25 years imprisonment of life imprisonment. The second crime is a misdemeanor. A misdemeanor is a lesser criminal act than a felony and is usually punished by paying a fine. The imprisonment for a misdemeanor may include offenses such as drug possession, petty theft and simple assault. The state government and the federal government classify misdemeanors into different classifications, Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, and Class 4 according to the seriousness of the crime. A misdemeanor is tried different in court than a felony. A misdemeanor...
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...the 1992 Los Angeles riots brought the issue to mass public attention and spurred some law enforcement reforms. On Staten Island, N.Y., the July 2014 death of Eric Garner because of the apparent use of a “chokehold” by an officer sparked outrage. A month later in Ferguson, Mo., the fatal shooting of teenager Michael Brown by officer Darren Wilson ignited protests, and a grand jury’s decision not to indict Wilson triggered further unrest. In November, Tamir Rice was shot by police in Cleveland, Ohio. He was 12 years old and playing with a toy pistol. On April 4, 2015, Walter L. Scott was shot by a police officer after a routine traffic stop in North Charleston, S.C. The same month, Freddie Gray died while in police custody in Baltimore, setting off widespread unrest. The policeman in the South Carolina case, Michael T. Slager, was charged with murder based on a cellphone video. In Baltimore, the driver of the police van in which Gray died, Caesar Goodson, was charged with second-degree murder, with lesser charges for five other officers. There have been no indictments in the earlier cases. These follow other recent incidents and controversies, including an April 2014 finding by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), following a two-year investigation, that the Albuquerque, N.M., police department “engages in a pattern or practice of use of excessive force, including deadly force, in violation of the Fourth Amendment,” and a similar DOJ finding in December 2014 with regard to...
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...of Justice Statistics to determine the extent of criminal victimization-especially unreported victimization-in the United States. The data tells us that procedures are based largely on reports to the police by victims of crime. 2. Identify and explain the significant differences between the Uniform Crime Report (UCR), the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). * The URC consists of monthly aggregate crime counts. Records one offense per incident, as determined by the hierarchy rule, which suppresses courts of lesser offenses in multiple- offences incidents. Does not distinguish between attempted and completed crimes. Records rape of females only. Collects assault information of five categories. Collects weapon information for murder, robbery, and aggravated assault. Provides counts on arrests for the eight major crimes and 21 other offenses. The NIBRS is consists of individual incident records for the eight major crimes and 38 other offenses, with detailed on offense, victim, offender, and property involved. Records each offense occurring in an incident. Distinguishes between attempted and completed crimes. Records rape of males and females. Restructures definition of assault. Collects weapon information for all the violent offenses. Provides details on arrests for the eight major crimes and 49 other offenses. 3. List and describe the special categories of crime as detailed in Chapter Two. Why are they...
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...Tatsch Ogeechee Technical College Intro to Criminal Justice / CRJU 1010 September 7, 2012 Thomas Safrin Misdemeanors Misdemeanors are offenses less serious than felonies and usually punishable by incarceration of no more than one year, probation, or intermediate sanctions. Approximately ninety percent of all criminal cases fall into the category of misdemeanors. These include public drunkenness, shoplifting, prostitution, disturbing the peace and traffic violations. The lower courts where speed is essential handle misdemeanors, also known as the “garbage of the system”. Defendants are encouraged to plead guilty quickly, thus trials are rare, processes are informal and fines, probation or short jail sentences are the results. Similarities and Dissimilarities of Misdemeanors There is no universal rule among the states to determine what constitutes a misdemeanor and what constitutes a felony. Generally, crimes that are punishable by incarceration of one year or less are misdemeanors, and crimes punishable by incarceration of more than one year are felonies. Beyond the maximum period of incarceration, whether a crime is a felony or a misdemeanor is significant because it will have a bearing on criminal procedures and constitutional rights. The office of Williamson County, state of Texas is responsible for the prosecution of all misdemeanor cases that are filed in Williamson County. “Misdemeanor” is defined in the law as any crime where the maximum possible jail...
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...The Criminal Justice System in Modern Day Society According to Schmalleger (2015) the American experience with crime during the last half century has been especially influential in shaping the criminal justice system of today. Crime is defined as “conduct in violation of the criminal laws of the state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction, for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse,” (Schmalleger, 2015). Therefore, what constitutes a crime is regulated by local, state and federal laws. Moreover, what is deemed a crime in one state may not be a crime in another state; this is because each unit of government is charged with defining what is classified as a crime within that particular jurisdiction. Likewise, each governmental agency is responsible for the detection and subsequent prosecution of crimes that are committed. Society determines which acts are criminal by using two models known respectively as the consensus model and the conflict model. Schmalleger (2015) suggest that the consensus model is based on majority of the people within a society sharing the same values and beliefs. This group of people determined what is considered right and what is considered wrong. If a member of the groups acts in opposition of the agreed upon norms, and the act threatens the safety of well being of the group, the act is considered illegal and therefore is subject to reprimand. The conflict model seems to suggest that criminal acts are...
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...the role of “opportunity” and how it contributes to white collar crime. Provide specific examples to support your response. When Edwin Sutherland first began his study/analysis under the Traditional Summary Reporting System, there was a limited amount of information available on White Color Crime. The white-collar offenses that are measured are fraud, forgery/counterfeiting, embezzlement, and all other offenses. Because white-collar crimes are not Index crimes, the only information available on these offenses is arrest information, which includes age, sex, and race of the arrestee. Additionally, all other offenses arrest category is very limited in its ability to measure the white-collar offenses included in its counts. This is due to the inability to differentiate the white-collar offenses from the others that also fall in this category. Based upon the most recently published data from the FBI, the arrest rates for the offenses of embezzlement, fraud, and forgery/counterfeiting are much lower than the arrest rates for property, crime, or for total crimes in general. In order to assess the utility of using NIBRS to measure white-collar crime, a substantial, but not exhaustive, list of white-collar offenses and its classification under NIBRS is provided (see Appendix A). Based upon that analysis, the following UCR offenses could be considered white-collar crime: fraud, bribery, counterfeiting/forgery, embezzlement (all of which are Group A offenses),...
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...Categories of Crime Dennis Lolley CRJ 201 Introduction to Criminal Scott Axton May 21, 2012 When it comes to crime you can break it down into several major categories. While they each have the same thing in common, which is breaking the law, they also have there own differences. In this paper I will be talking the five general categories of crime, which include the following: felonies, misdemeanors, treason and espionage, inchoate offenses and offenses. With each category I will also talk about the history of that crime, the rank in terms of seriousness, the consequences of getting caught and how the crime is tried in court. We all know that there are different categories of crime, but I think its safe to say the people that comment crime all fall under one category. The first crime that we are going to talk about is one that many are familiar with and that is felonies. A felony is a criminal offense for which a convicted person can be sentenced to serve one or more years in a state or federal prison, pay fines or both. A felony is generally considered to be a crime of high seriousness, while a misdemeanor is not. A felony may be punishable with imprisonment for one or more years or death in the case of the most serious felonies, such as murder. “Trial judge instructed the jury that a person who commits a felony is automatically liable for any death” (What is Felony Murder, 1996) All felonies remain considered a serious crime, but concerns of proportionality have...
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...corruption became widespread shortly after the formation of the first American police departments in the 1800's. Police misconduct can range from minor cases to criminal acts that are considered to be corruption. Misconduct can be defined as mismanagement especially of governmental or military responsibilities or intentional wrongdoing; specifically: deliberate violation of law or standard especially by a government official; or improper behavior. Corruption is defined as impairment of integrity, virtue, or moral principle: depravity; decay, decomposition; inducement to wrong by improper or unlawful means (as bribery); a departure from the original or from what is pure and correct. Police corruption is a very gray area because people and society disagree on what is classified as corruption. One of the most famous police officers in the United States is Frank Serpico. Serpico had pride in wearing his police uniform, but it quickly dissipated when he realized his partner was picking up pad money (payments by store owners to ensure cops would be there in case of trouble, but also ignore minor violations of the store owners and their customers). Serpico did not want anything to do with that and didn't want the money, earning him distrust of those officers ...
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...Federal and State Court Structures and Jurisdiction The federal courts and state courts differ in the structure, jurisdiction, and types of cases brought into the court. The basis of the Constitutional Law from an official document delineates powers for the federal law and state law that define the Federal Judicial System which derived from the U.S. Constitution, while the State Constitutional Law originated from the individual state Constitutions. The federal courts, the guardians of the Constitution, protect the rights and liberties of the Constitution. The federal courts interpret the law and apply the law to resolve disputes (U.S. Courts, 2002). Federal authority covers laws linked to patents, labor issues, pensions, and profit sharing. The state authority covers business association, contracts and trade secrets. Concurrent authority manages tax law, security law, and employment law (American Legal System, 2004). The Federal Judicial System consists of the United States Supreme Courts, Court of Appeals, District Courts, and Bankruptcy Courts. The federal judges once appointed remain there for life, except when congress observes treasons, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors and has the judge removed from office through impeachment. The Supreme Court comprised of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices listen to a limited amount of cases the court has been asked to decide. The Court of Appeals consists of ninety-four judicial districts...
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...S E C T I O N II Understanding White-Collar Crime Definitions, Extent, and Consequences S ecti on Hi g h l i g h ts •• •• •• •• •• •• White-Collar Crime: An Evolving Concept Modern Conceptualizations of White-Collar Crime Extent of White-Collar Crime Consequences of White-Collar Crime Public Attitudes About White-Collar Crime Characteristics of White-Collar Offenders A 34 s noted in the introduction, Edwin Sutherland created the concept of white-collar crime more than 70 years ago to draw attention to the fact that crimes are committed by individuals in all social classes. As will be seen in this section, one of the largest difficulties in understanding white-collar crime has centered on an ongoing debate about how to define white-collar crime. After discussing various ways that white-collar crime can be defined, attention will be given to the extent of white-collar crime, the consequences of this illicit behavior, public attitudes about white-collar crime, and patterns describing the characteristics of white-collar offenders. Section II Understanding White-Collar Crime 35 As a backdrop to this discussion, consider the following recent white-collar crimes described in the media: •• A jury convicted [then-Baltimore mayor Sheila] Dixon . . . of embezzling about $500 worth of gift cards donated to the city for needy families. Dixon then pleaded guilty last month to lying about thousands of dollars in gifts from her former boyfriend, a prominent developer...
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...Special Agents named FBI to Bureau of Investigation and then changed the name to Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1935. When the FBI was established, there weren't an abundance of federal crimes, so they investigated violations of ranging from white slavery to antitrust crimes as well as neutrality violations. In June of 1910, the FBI grew larger because of the "Mann Act" (Made it a crime to transport women to other states for immoral reasons). The FBI could now prosecute people who tried to flee over states lines. Because of its continued worth and effectiveness, the FBI's number grew to over 300 special agents and 300 support employees over the next few years. It provided a tool by which the federal government could investigate criminals who evaded state laws but had no other federal violations. During World War I, the FBI was given the responsibility of investigating espionage, sabotage, sedition, and draft violations. In 1920, the gangster era began. This brought a new type of crime into play that had not been seen before. Criminals were kidnapping and robbing banks, both of which were not federal crimes at that time but in 1932, it eventually lead up changes with the passage of a federal kidnapping statute. In 1934, many other federal criminal statutes were passed, and the Congress gave Special Agents the authority to make arrests and to carry firearms. During the time between the 1930’s and 1940’s, the FBI's size and jurisdiction...
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...Assignment of 1 Year MBA – Semester – 2 Subject: International Law What are your perceptions on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? Would you like to amend any of the articles or add a new article to the declaration? ‘CRIME AGAINST THE HUMANITY’, means that the acts of persecution or any large-scale atrocities against a body of people, as being the criminal offense above all others. Human rights are international norms that help to protect all people everywhere from severe political, legal and social abuses. The right to freedom of religion, the right to a fair trial when charged with crime, the right not to be tortured, and the right to engage in political activity are the fundamental human rights. The rights exist in morality and in law at the national and international levels. The main sources of the contemporary conception of human rights are the Universal declaration of Human rights, the treaties that followed in international organizations such as the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Organization of American States, and the African Union. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights sets out number of human rights that countries should respect and protect, which are normally divided into six. They are Security rights that protect people against abuses of the legal system such as imprisonment without trial, secret trials and excessive punishments, liberty, rights that protect the liberty...
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...“Categories of Computer Crime” Marcus S. Mathews Professor Fleming CIS 170 7/15/12 Introduction In this week’s assignment, the author will talk about the four categories of computer crimes. The author will give examples of each. The author will also point out which category of computer crime is currently the most prevalent and why he believes this to be so. And finally, the author will try to point out what he believes the criminal justice system can improve upon to better combat cyber crime. The first category of computer crime is the computer as a target. This type of cyber-crime requires a level of technical knowledge from its perpetrators. Cyber-crime is relatively new, however, has been in existence since the implementation of computers in mainstream society. This could be a general explanation as to why and how unprepared society and the world are towards fighting these types of crimes [ (Joseph, 2006) ]. There are numerous crimes of this nature being committed on a daily basis. Examples of cyber-crime where the computer itself is the target include things like data alteration, denial of network access, theft of information, denial of service, and vandalism. The next category that the author would like to point out is the computer as an instrument of a crime. What this means is that the computer is used to profit with some other criminal activity in mind. Some examples of this are general theft, theft of service, fraud, and threats and/or harassment [ (Taylor...
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...ABSTRACT in Six States A link between a history of criminal conviction and a risk of professional misconduct highlights the importance of criminal background checks. O BJECTIVE : The researchers sought to determine what factors might affect the outcomes of remediation, including the likelihood of recidivism, among nurses who had been the subject of disciplinary action and had been put on probation by a state board of nursing. M ETHODS : Boards of nursing in six states, Arizona, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nebraska, and North Carolina, chose to participate in this exploratory study. A 29-item questionnaire was used to investigate the records of 207 RNs, LPNs, and advanced practice RNs (APRNs) who were disciplined and put on probation by a state nursing board in 2001, as well as to collect data on their employment settings, the boards’ actions, and remediation outcomes (the presence or absence of recidivism); 491 nurses who had not been disciplined served as controls. RESULTS: Among the disciplined nurses studied, 57% were RNs, 36% were LPNs, 3% held both RN and LPN licenses, and 3% were APRNs. Of the disciplined group, 39% recidivated between 2001 and 2005. Three factors were shown to influence the recidivism rate: having a history of criminal conviction, having committed more than one violation before the 2001 probation, and changing employers during the probationary period. Data on history of criminal conviction prior to state board disciplinary action were available...
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