... 25 April 2011 There are five general perspectives on human behavior: biological, learned, social and cultural, cognitive and psychodynamic. These perspectives aid in revealing how relationships begin, develop, and are maintained through the course of a loving relationship. All five behaviors, when studied, play a role in how a healthy relationship works which can maintain itself and stand the course of time. Of course for every positive there is always a negative, thus if some of the five general perspectives are lacking this can also lead to a toxic or negative relationship. As I look back over the past thirteen years of marriage between my wife and myself I can see clearly how each perspective can help to maintain, or lack there of, destroy a relationship. I remember the first time I met my wife. It was in the sixth grade, english class, we shared our first words. As any typical sixth grade boy I poked and made fun of her to hide the awkwardness of situation. You see, I thought she was cute but at such a young age I was only able to express this feeling with four eye jokes. As the year went by the feelings subsided and my parents bought a new house which resided outside the school district. At the end of the year we moved away and I thought I would never see her again but life had other plans for us. “The biological perspective approach focuses on how bodily events affect behavior, feelings, and thoughts” (Wade and Travis...
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...important? What are the differences between the three styles of theories? What are the strengths and limitations of each of these theories? Dispositional theory assumes that there are a finite number of personality traits that can be measured, evaluated and observed. Biological theory suggests that genetics are responsible for personality. Evolutionary theory asks how the evolved mind and present – day environment connect to shape human behavior. Dispositional Theories Dispositional theories explain the relationship between traits and personality. Two of the most well-known dispositional theories are Allport’s Psychology of the Individual Theory and Trait and Factor Theories. Gordon Allport, Hans Eysenck, Robert McCrae, and Paul Costa Jr are the more common of the dispositional theorists. The assumptions vary from those of the other theorists. However, just as the other theories, the dispositional theories provide a basis for the study of personality. Retrieved from: http://intothedepthsofthehumanmind.blogspot.com/2013/05/theoretical-perspectives-dispositional.html Dispositional Theory Limitations “All theories have strengths and limitations. One criticism of Allport’s theory is that it was not based on scientific investigations. Instead his theory was based more on speculation (Feist & Feist, 2009). However, Allport’s writings do constitute the theory. His writings did generate hypotheses although unhealthy individuals were not covered. Allport’s writings were a good...
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...many theories which are used to explain personality. Dispositional theories explain the relationship between personality and attributes. The most well known dispositional theories are factor, tract and Allport’s Psychology of individual theory (Paul, 2009). This chapter will discuss the differences between dispositional and evolutionary or biological personality theories, the strengths or both and how the Big Five personality test is used in the study of personality. The differences between dispositional and biological theories The assumptions of dispositional theories vary from those of other theorists because they provide the basis of study for personality. On the other hand, biological or evolutionary theories believe that personality development is mainly governed by biological maturation in an individual. Environmental factors which may also influence an individual personality are viewed as part of evolutionary theories (Peterson, 2013). Biological oriented personality theories argue that specific environmental factors are not necessary for a species development but the factors are viewed as a provider of opportunities for biological development. Environmental factors in biological theories are required for an individual personality functional and adaptive development. Dispositional theories bring together several thoughts about human personality. The basis of these theories is that human nature is a combination of both genetics and heritage and they have permanent effects...
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...many theories and perspectives to what psychologist think how personalities are structured. From Freud to Eysensk, some theories are crazy, but they do make sense. Psychoanalytic perspective is used more for explaining past behaviors than predicting future behaviors (Hockenbury & Hockenbury, 2014, p. 432). Some psychoanalytic ideas have been validated; such as much of an individual’s mental life is unconscious (Hockenbury & Hockenbury, 2014, p. 432). Early childhood experiences have pivotal impacts on later relationships (Hockenbury & Hockenbury, 2014, p.432). Also, people differ greatly in the degree into which impulses, emotions, and thoughts toward adaptive and social acceptance are regulated (Hockenbury & Hockenbury, 2014, p. 432). Humanistic perspective emphasizes human potential, self-awareness, and free will. It focuses more on healthy personalities instead of psychologically troubled individuals (Hockenbury & Hockenbury, 2014, p. 433). Humanistic psychologists believe that people are motivated less by environmental reinforcements and more by the need to grow psychologically (Hockenbury & Hockenbury, 2014, p. 433). Humanistic perspective is criticized for two points (Hockenbury & Hockenbury, 2014, p. 436). It is hard to test scientifically and humanistic view of human nature is too optimistic, because it minimizes the darker, destructive side of humans (Hockenbury & Hockenbury, 2014, p. 436). Social cognitive perspective is based on a person’s...
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...The human experience involves five general perspectives on human behavior, each of which emphasizes different factors. These are the biological, learning, sociocultural, cognitive, and psychodynamic perspectives. This paper will outline how each of these perspectives explain the beginning, development and maintenance of a stable marital relationship. Relationships are probably the happiest feelings and the most complicated feelings known to man .During the early stages of the relationship , the feeling of elation is ever present . Love is said to be biological for there is the innate need to be close to someone , to share our feelings and see them reciprocated ,to be cared for , to be touched and to be loved in return . But did you know that it takes sometime for humans to love? When a couple meets for the first time, the attraction can be instantaneous. They may describe the meeting as “electric”. When interviewed, men usally say “Everything else in the room wasnt important all I could see was her. The woman may say “I looked around the room, and when we locked eyes, I realized I couldn’t take my eyes off of him.” One of the main structures involved with falling in love is the limbic system. The particular system is well known as being the part of the brain involved in emotional response. The limbic system is actually several structures combined, including the basal nuclei, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. While all of these structures are vital, the hypothalamus is directly...
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... | | |PSY/300 Version 5 | | |General Psychology | | |Group MU13BSP04 | | |8/6/13-9/3/13 | | |Louis Battistone M.A., LMFT, RAS | | |909-239-2496 | Copyright © 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2006 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description General Psychology is a survey course which introduces the student to the major topics in scientific psychology as applied to human behavior. Applications of these principles will be made to the human experience. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to...
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...What are Personality Theories? Michael J Falls PSY/405 June 23, 2014 Bernard Wakley There are several different personality theories that attempt to explain how people act and who they are. Theories categorize people on characteristics or traits, and then try to describe the effect that this has on a person’s behavior in certain situations. Personality theories are supposed to focus on how people differ from one another; theories select behaviors or characteristics to determine their taxonomies or categories. Biological theories of personalities focus on genetics as well as biological relationships in physiological arousal and the neurochemistry in our brains. The biological approach to studying a person’s personality would be the differences in brain chemistry in extrovert and introverts. Theorist use biological processes to fill in the gap between personality and genetics by theorizing biological effects with behaviors. This anatomical approach examines the functions of brain structures. One of the biggest pioneers in the field was Eysenck; he attempted to relate personality to biology. Eysenck theory is complex, but it has grown over the years, one basic assumption is the brain has excitatory and inhibitory neural mechanisms. The balance between these two produces levels of psychological arousal at any given time. The dispositional theory is the classic or traditional way of psychological study of personalities. Since the early Greeks, maybe even longer it has been recognized...
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...day to day. The mother is a cook at the local restaurant and makes just a little more than minimum wage. She is a functioning alcoholic and I believe that this disease runs in the family. The Smith family never really attended church services other than funerals or weddings. They reside in the white project and this is low income housing. The overall physical health of the family is pretty good, no high blood pressure or diabetes. They do not have a regular physician but, no complaints of health problems. The family members have no diagnosis of any mental problems at this time. The first human behavior theory I chose was family systems theory because this family is dysfunctional in their relationships with each other. It examines the constructs of individuation, differentiation, and identity formation from the individual development and family system theory perspectives, focusing on the role of the individuation process in identity formation and the role of the family system's level of differentiation as a mediator of both these processes. Individuation...
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...clientele. The decision of what should go in the toolbox is dictated by the social worker’s framework, which is the beliefs, experiences, and theories the social worker possess about society, humans, and their behavior. I will develop my own theoretical framework by discussing the nature of human beings, whether human behavior is purposeful, what makes people change, what the role of the environment is, the effect of human development on behavior, my social work personality and style, my...
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...objectives: 1. Describe the nature of management, define management and managers, and characterize their importance to contemporary organizations. Answer: management is a set of activities including planning and decision making, organizing, leading, and controlling, directed at an organization’s resources(human, financial, physical and information) with the aim of achieving organizational goals in an efficient and effective manner. A manager is someone whose primary responsibility is to carry out the management process within an organization. 2. Identify and briefly explain the four basic management functions in organizations. Answer: planning and decision making (determining courses of action), organizing (coordinating activities and resources), leading (motivating and managing people), controlling (monitoring and evaluating activities). These activities are not performed on a systematic and predictable schedule. 3. Describe the kinds of managers found at different levels and in different areas of the organization. Answer: By level, we can identify top, middle and first-line managers. Kinds of managers by area include marketing, financial, operations, human resource, administrative, and specialized managers. 4. Identify the basic managerial roles that managers play and the skills they need to be successful. Answers: Interpersonal roles (figurehead, leader, and liaison). Informational roles (monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson). Decisional roles (entrepreneur...
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...yesterday and got his answers almost as quickly. Mr. Autrey was waiting for the downtown local at 137th Street and Broadway in Manhattan around 12:45 p.m. He was taking his two daughters, Syshe, 4, and Shuqui, 6, home before work. Nearby, a man collapsed, his body convulsing. Mr. Autrey and two women rushed to help, he said. The man, Cameron Hollopeter, 20, managed to get up, but then stumbled to the platform edge and fell to the tracks, between the two rails. The headlights of the No. 1 train appeared. “I had to make a split decision,” Mr. Autrey said. So he made one, and leapt. Mr. Autrey lay on Mr. Hollopeter, his heart pounding, pressing him down in a space roughly a foot deep. The train’s brakes screeched, but it could not stop in time. Five cars rolled overhead before the train stopped, the cars passing inches from his head, smudging his blue knit cap with grease. Mr. Autrey heard onlookers’ screams. “We’re O.K. down here,” he yelled, “but I’ve got two daughters up there. Let them know their father’s O.K.” He heard cries of wonder, and applause. . . . “I don’t feel like I did something spectacular; I just saw someone who needed help,” Mr. Autrey said. “I did what I felt was right.” (Buckley, 2007, p. 1) module 1 Psychologists at Work What Is Psychology? The Subfields of Psychology: Psychology’s Family Tree Try It! Psychological Truths? Working at...
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...1. Worldview describes how a person perceives his or her relationship to the world. A person worldview influences communication, individual goals, belief system and behavior. Teachers could misapply both cultural knowledge and techniques leading to ethical misunderstandings. The worldview help a teacher go beyond applying general culture information about a student. That way a teacher will know what to expect in the classroom with different students within that room. The five main categories of worldview are nature, time orientation, activity orientation, human relationships and human nature. 2. What some children may do at home they can’t do in school because in school we have rules. Some children don’t have rules at home and when they don’t it cause a problem when they enter school. I think the worldview is great to go over cultural behavior with teachers cause that way you will know what to expect with each student. 3. To be truly effective, a teacher in today's classroom needs to teach from a multicultural perspective. In other words, if educators are to improve the quality of the classroom experience for all of their students, they need to become culturally competent. Cultural competence is the ability to effectively respond to students from different cultures and classes, while valuing and preserving the dignity of cultural differences and similarities between individuals, families and communities. It is an understanding of the hidden rules within different...
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...The Field of Psychology We humans are a strange species and our behavior is often inconsistent. Some of us smile when we're angry, others cry when we're happy. And all of us expect other people to figure out what in the world we are thinking. Not only are we different from other species, we're radically different from each other. Thankfully, our differences can be examined more easily through the lens of psychology—the science that tells us how the mind, brain, and body work together. This lesson introduces you to the field of psychology—its origins, history, key perspectives, research methods, issues, and current trends. This lesson presents the following topics: • What is Psychology? • The History of Psychology • Modern Psychology Perspectives • Types of Psychological Professionals • The Science of Psychology • Ethics of Psychological Research What is Psychology? Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. • Behavior includes outward or obvious actions or reactions such as facial expressions or movement. These actions and reactions are sometimes referred to as body language. John wants to ask Susan for a date, and Susan wants him to ask her out. John worked up his courage, was about to ask her out when he walked by her desk, but Susan looked up with a frown on her face. Assuming that she was frowning at him, John walked quickly back to his own office. Susan, who had a horrible sinus...
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...SEXUAL Strategies Theory: An Evolutionary Perspective on Human Mating Winifred Gordon Southern New Hampshire University Sexual Strategies Theory: An Evolutionary Perspective on Human Mating Summary Because of the lower level of minimum parental investment incurred by men, short-term mating will represent a larger component of men’s sexual strategies than women’s sexual strategies (Buss & Schmitt, 1993). An Evolutionary Perspective on Human Mating by Buss & Schmitt examines the background on evolutionary theory when it relates to the human mating strategies. The article expands on how both men and women have particular psychological mechanism that triggers which relationships, short term or long term will help them choose a partner for life, when it relates to mating relationships. The article discussed the effects on long-term relationships and how these types of relationships, compares to the short term, which are known to be called brief affairs, one stand, or temporary liaison time lengths. “Long temporal durations, however, mating relationships can last for a few months, a few days, a few hours, or even a few minutes” (Buss & Schmitt, 1993). The article described key hypotheses and predictions that give an outlined summary on theories that were empirically tested that identify sensitive problem in relations with sexual accessibility fertility, commitment seeking and avoidance, paternity certainty, male and females value, and parental investment. In comparison...
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...11 General Strategic Thedrv The Strategy Concept I: Five Ps For Strategy Henry Mintzberg H uman nature insists on a definition for every concept. The field of strategic management cannot afford to rely on a single definition of strategy, indeed the word has long been used implicitly in different ways even if it has traditionally been defined formally in only one. Explicit recognition of multiple definitions can help practitioners and researchers alike to maneuver through this difficult field. Accordingly, this article presents five definitions of strategy—as plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective—and considers some of their interrelationships. Strategy as Plan To almost anyone you care to ask, strategy is a plan—some sort of consciously intended course of action, a guideline (or set of guidelines) to deal with a situation. A kid has a "strategy" to get over a fence, a corporation has one to capture a market. By this definition, strategies have two essential characteristics: they are made in advance of the actions to which they apply, and they are developed consciously and purposefully. (They may, in addition, be stated explicitly, sometimes in formal documents known as "plans," although it need not be taken here as a necessary condition for "strategy as plan.") To Drucker, strategy is "purposeful action'"; to Moore "design for action," in essence, "conception preceding action."^ A host of definitions in a variety of fields reinforce this view. For example:...
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