...to define the field of child development. Interdisciplinary is when it has grown through the combined efforts of people from many fields of the combined efforts of people from many fields of study. When it comes to applied it is added to an experiment or study theory and it can be changed. 2. List the age periods researchers use to study child development, and cite and describe the three domains in which development is often divided. There are six periods researchers use to study child development. The first is the prenatal which is conception to birth. Next is the infancy and toddlerhood which is from birth to two years. Early childhood is next and that stage is two to six years old. Then it’s the middle childhood which is from six to eleven years old. Adolescence follows after which is from ages eleven to eighteen. Next is the emerging adulthood which is eighteen to twenty five years old. With age periods there is also three domains in which development is divided. First is physical which includes change in health, functioning of the body system, perceptual and motor capacities, body size proportion and appearance. Next is cognitive which describes changes in intellectual abilities. Last is emotional and social, which are changes in emotional communication, interpersonal skills and relationship, moral reasoning and behavior, self-understanding, and knowledge about others. 3. Explain the role of theories in understanding child development, describe the three basic...
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...Peirce, Collected Papers, vol. 5 Did You Know . . . Basic Theoretical Issues Issue 1: Is Development Active or Reactive? Issue 2: Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous? Theoretical Perspectives * Theories are never “set in stone”; they are always open to change as a result of new findings? * Children shape their world as it shapes them? * Cross-cultural research enables us to determine which aspects of development are universal and which are culturally influenced? * An experiment is the most definitive way to demonstrate that one event causes another? * The results of laboratory experiments may be less applicable to real life than experiments carried out in a home, school, or public setting? These are just a few of the interesting and important topics we will cover in this chapter. Here, we present an overview both of major theories of human development and of research methods used to study it. In the first part of the chapter, we explore major issues and theoretical perspectives that underlie much research in child development. In the remainder of the chapter, we look at how researchers gather and assess information so that, as you read further in this book, you will be better able to judge whether research findings and conclu- Perspective 1: Psychoanalytic Perspective 2: Learning Perspective 3: Cognitive Perspective 4: Contextual Perspective 5:...
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...University of Phoenix Material APA Divisions Worksheet Complete the following chart using the Dvisions section on the American Psychological Association website: www.apa.org. Choose five different divisions of psychology in which you are interested. Include an explanation of each division as well as three possible careers. After completing the chart, respond to the question below. |Divisions |Explanation of Division (50-75 words) |Possible Careers | |Trauma Psychology |Trauma Psychology Division provides information |1. Mental Health Centers | | |on scientific research, education for |2. VA | | |professionals and individuals for research and |3. Hospital | | |is also a reliable source for professional | | | |support amogunst peers. This division was | | | |established in 2006, and it continues to grow | | | |providing more education and awareness. A trauma| ...
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...& Jackson, D (2012) 'Stay and Play or Play and Chat; Comparing Roles and Purposes in Case Studies of English and Australian Supported Playgroups', European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, vol.20, no 2, pp. 163-176. Summary There is great international social cultural interest in understanding interactions between parents and children during play. In this article, Needham and Jackson explore the English Parent-Toddler groups and Australian supported playgroups with a view to establish similarities between the two from the perspectives of service users (parents) and practitioners (facilitators). Both authors attempt to look at the environment that is created for parents and their children to meet together and share play and ideas with practitioners. The study is based on five case studies of parent and child play sessions, two in England and three in Australia and engaged families with children ranging from 0 to 5 years old. It begins with an initial assessment of the feasibility of any comparison in the settings being studied as well as assessing the purposes and roles of participants in the study drawing on Bronfenbrener’s ecological model and of social cultural approach to compare the purposes, tools and roles of these participants. Qualitative multi-case methodology is used in both countries to generate data to inform the ‘why and how’ of the groups and examine closely the place of these groups in the context of early childhood education and identify how...
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...Tammy Mierop Theories of the Developing Child PSY 104: Child and Adolescent Development Instructor: Julie Hacker December 6, 2010 Theories of the Developing Child The world in which we live is a very diverse place. Each person was created in a unique way and there is no one person that is just like another. It is this reason that creates the diverse way of thinking that we see. There have been great thinkers who have created theories on every subject one could imagine. A theory is a “coherent set of logically related concepts that seek to organize, explain, and predict data” (Papalia et al, 2008, G-7). Theories tend to fall into categories known as perspectives (Papalia et al, 2008, p27). Each perspective then focuses on something more specific (Papalia et al, 2008P27). In the field of children and their development, the trend has been the same. Men like Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget, Ivan Pavlov, Albert Bandura, and B. F. Skinner are just a few people who have paved the road for research and the interpretation of such. There are some differences in theories that have not been proven right or wrong. People such as Pavlov, Skinner, Erikson, Bandura, and Piaget believe that all development happens in distinct stages. However, learning and information-processing theorists believe that development is a continual uphill climb. Among these theories there are five major perspectives on child development: (1) Psychoanalytic, which focuses on unconscious emotions and drives;...
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...Cognition and Development Piaget’s Theory Piaget’s Theory: The mechanisms of cognitive development – * Piaget believed that cognitive development was a result of two influences: maturation and the environment * Maturation refers to the effects of ageing * As children get older, certain mental operations become possible and at the same time, through interactions with the environment, their understanding of the world becomes more complex * Schema: * Self-constructed mental structures that can be behavioural (grasping an object) or cognitive (classifying objects) * Rather like individual computer programmes, schema are programmes that people construct for dealing with the world * When a child is born, it has few schema, but these are developed over time as a consequence of the child’s interaction with its environment * Assimilation: * A child initially tries to understand any form of new information in terms of their existing knowledge about the world * A baby who is given a new toy car to play with may grasp or suck that toy in the same way that they grasp and suck a rattle * Assimilation occurs when an existing schema (sucking) is used on a new object (car toy) * Assimilation therefore, involves the incorporation of new information into an existing schema * Accommodation: * This occurs when a child adapts existing schema in order to understand new information that doesn’t appear to fit * Learning to drive a manual car involves...
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...| Assessment Research Paper | Assessing the Young Child-Professor Speers | | | Assessment Research Paper There are many different aspects and things to consider when discussing the subject of child development. In this paper I will be discussing and identifying three examples of major conditions in children, and their impact on development and learning, demonstrate a plan that would enhance an interest area, change in behavior or bring new knowledge to parents, children and staff, I will give examples of how assessments are applied in the early childhood classroom and how early childhood curriculum is used with assessment tools, and identify three assessment inventories used for birth through six the assessments that can be used for child developmental portfolios. The first type of major condition in children that has an impact on development and learning is autism. Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) don’t tune into other people in the same way as typically developing children. For example, a child with ASD might not respond to his name, make eye contact, smile at caregivers, or wave goodbye without being told to. A child with ASD also might not use eye contact to get someone’s attention or communicate. Children with ASD find it hard to see things from other people’s perspective. They might have trouble understanding that other people can have different desires and beliefs from them. Children with ASD can struggle with focus, attention, transitions...
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...Theories of Development Matt Sellitri Psy-104 Child and Adolescence Development Allen, Craig Sept14th-2009 Thesis In my paper, on child development I will discuss three different points of view on cognitive, physical and emotional development. I will write about the three differences and similarities. I will discuss how they have an impact on the way they help in the development of children. I will explain how important child development is in regards to assisting in a child’s potential. I will show the relationship between the developmental domain and the developmental theory. I will focus on all three domains and how they influence each other. Child development is an ongoing process that goes through many complex changes. Children are in a constant state of change from the moment they are born all the way to being a young adult. They develop many characteristics and personalities such as, quantitative changes, and qualitative changes. They area key component in any childs development. There have been many scientific studies on early child development. Many theorists such as, Charles Darwin have studied and devoted a lot of time to the evolution of human development. Scientists, throughout many years have developed three separate domains. In our text, on page nine, they are listed as follows, physical development, cognitive development, and psychosocial development. Physical development is the growth of the body itself. Such as the brain, sensory...
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...lives to turn upside down. The article chosen for this analysis is of Bornstein & Hendricks (2007), which talks about the stress responses that were faced by adolescent living in the Washington area. The article will include adolescent perception, personal characteristics, and maternal characteristics. The Theoretical Basis of the Article This article sheds light on unique perspective as few studies have examined the after effects of war or natural disaster on adolescence from an ecological point of view. This article concentrates on maternal characteristics, personal characteristics, as well as the perception of the adolescent towards the primary giver (Bornstein & Hendricks, 2007). From a young age, a child will use same or similar communication style of their personal caregiver thus; stress response and reaction of caregivers have significant impact on how the adolescent reacts to a stressful situation. Either it makes the child stronger and learn to deal and overcome stress, or the adolescent lacks in the ability in adaptive to changes. Adolescent personal traits also play a major role on perceiving a stressful event as...
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...Through-out history criminal intents have escalade from small crime to federal crimes seen in cases today. Research have proven genes influence the outcome of a behavior in a criminal behavior and the type of attach committed to his or her victim. This crimes are taught in the school of crime into five different steps to help during a crime investigation. One of these cases is Andrea Yates, who committed a horrific crime on her family. This paper will explain the changes in history of crime and the procedures done in a crime. The paper will also include the story of a criminal who committed the crime. Genetic evidence that confirms that biology does play an important part in explaining an offender’s criminality. Some believe that desire to commit crimes may be inherited and that criminal inclinations are genetically based. Research has been done extensively to discover evidence that would support this claim that has been made by intellectuals. Criminal deeds have always been a motivation due to the debate of nature and nurture. Studies have been done in regards to this debate that has resulted in a conclusion that both genes and environment do play apart in the criminality of a person. The research has stated that it is more often collaboration between genes and the atmosphere that predicts criminal behavior. Studies done on a family are the third type of instrument used to evaluate the relationship between genetics and environmental influences on criminal or antisocial actions...
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...Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development Oral stage: Age Range: Birth to 1 Year Erogenous Zone: Mouth * During the oral stage, the infant's primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth, so the rooting and sucking reflex is especially important. The mouth is vital for eating, and the infant derives pleasure from oral stimulation through gratifying activities such as tasting and sucking. Because the infant is entirely dependent upon caretakers (who are responsible for feeding the child), the infant also develops a sense of trust and comfort through this oral stimulation. * The primary conflict at this stage is the weaning process--the child must become less dependent upon caretakers. If fixation occurs at this stage, Freud believed the individual would have issues with dependency or aggression. Oral fixation can result in problems with drinking, eating, smoking, or nail biting. The anal stage: Age Range: 1 to 3 years Erogenous Zone: Bowel and Bladder Control * During the anal stage, Freud believed that the primary focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements. The major conflict at this stage is toilet training--the child has to learn to control his or her bodily needs. Developing this control leads to a sense of accomplishment and independence. * According to Freud, success at this stage is dependent upon the way in which parents approach toilet training. Parents who utilize praise and rewards for using the toilet at the appropriate...
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...EDUC105: Major Essay- Due 29/4 Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky were two of the main instigators of the development of cognitive theories. These cognitive theories demonstrate the way in which we develop from infancy to adulthood and the mental processes in which each individual goes through (Slavin, 2009, p. 31). This essay will outline how the educational principles of Piaget and Vygotsky are utilized in Ann’s Classroom. Further, it will demonstrate that such principles are the basis for successful teaching. The essay will mainly focus on Piaget’s theory of disequilibrium, accommodation and assimilation, and Vygotsky’s theory of the Zone of Proximal Development and scaffolding. Paiget’s cognitive theory was that learning occurred through the interaction between the student and the environment. He advocated for discovery learning with little teacher intervention where children are impacted by their own personal experiences (Piaget, 1971). Piaget’s theory was a stage theory, where he believed that between particular age groups, certain skills and development would occur. In relation to Ann’s year five class, the children would be in the concrete-operations stage. During the concrete-operations stage, the child begins to develop a capacity for logical thinking charactized by mental actions that are reversible and therefore allow the child to arrive at a logical conclusion (Tuckman & Monetti, 2011, p.58). This stage is more advanced than the pre-operations stage, however...
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...to analyse the contribution of broken homes whether positively or negatively on the academic performance of the students in mathematics, the socio- economic status of the parents and how it affects the students’ performance, the interest of the parent toward child’s education and how it affects the child’s performance, relationship between students performance and their home situation and also to make recommendation towards the means of safe guarding the academic performance of children from broken homes. To achieve these objectives, the researcher employed a survey research design. A random sampling technique was used to select one hundred and fifty (150) students in five (5) selected secondary schools in Lagelu L.G.A. Out of 150 respondents, only 109 respondents completed and returned the questionnaire for the purpose of the study. Major findings from the study establish that; 1. Students from stable homes perform better academically in mathematics than their mates from broken homes. 2. Students from broken homes do not enjoy the degree of parental care compared with their mates from stable homes. 3. It is evident that students from stable homes possess better attitude than their mates from...
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...international curriculum model. How does this influence the Early Years Foundation Stage in England? Every child deserves the best possible start in life and the support to fulfil their potential. A child’s experience in the early years has a major impact on their future life chances. A secure, safe and happy childhood is important in its own right, and it provides the foundation for children to make the most of their talents as they grow up. The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) (DfES, 2007), is the framework that provides that assurance. The aim of the EYFS is to help young children achieve the five Every Child Matters outcomes of staying safe, being healthy, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution, and achieving economic well- being by ‘Setting the Standards, Promoting Equality of Opportunity, Creating the framework for partnership working, Improving quality and consistency and Laying a secure foundation for future learning. The EYFS is divided into six sections of learning, namely Personal, Social and Emotional Development; Communication, Language and Literacy; Problem Solving, Reasoning and Numeracy; Knowledge and Understanding of the World; Physical Development; and Creative Development. The EYFS curriculum is largely influenced by developmental perspectives, acknowledging the diverse cultural influences in the country. It emphasises children's holistic development and attempts to embrace explicitly care, welfare and education. It clearly articulates the early...
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...The Big-Five Trait Taxonomy: History, Measurement, and Theoretical Perspectives Oliver P. John and Sanjay Srivastava University of California at Berkeley Running head: Big Five Trait Taxonomy Final draft: March 5, 1999 Author's Address: Oliver P. John Department of Psychology University of California, MC 1650 Berkeley, CA 94720-1650 W: (510) 642-2178; H: 540-7159; Fax: 643-9334 Email: ojohn@socrates.berkeley.edu; sanjays@socrates.berkeley.edu To appear in L. Pervin and O.P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford (in press). 2 Taxonomy is always a contentious issue because the world does not come to us in neat little packages (S. J. Gould, 1981, p. 158). Personality has been conceptualized from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction or breadth (John, Hampson, & Goldberg, 1991; McAdams, 1995). Each of these levels has made unique contributions to our understanding of individual differences in behavior and experience. However, the number of personality traits, and scales designed to measure them, escalated without an end in sight (Goldberg, 1971). Researchers, as well as practitioners in the field of personality assessment, were faced with a bewildering array of personality scales from which to choose, with little guidance and no overall rationale at hand. What made matters worse was that scales with the same name often measure concepts that are not the same, and scales with different...
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