...Child Labour Submitted by and viewed 7823 times Total Word Count: 2272 Author Rating: NA [pic] Publisher | [pic] Print | Report Bad Article Child labour can be defined as the employment of children under the age of 18 years, it is considered by many people as the exploitation of children, and it is also considered to violate universal schooling and children rights. Children perform duties in factories, agriculture, domestic work, tourist guides, businesses and restaurants as waiters, extreme forms of child labour include child soldiers, trafficking and child prostitution. | | Introduction: Child labour can be defined as the employment of children under the age of 18 years, it is considered by many people as the exploitation of children, and it is also considered to violate universal schooling and children rights. Children perform duties in factories, agriculture, domestic work, tourist guides, businesses and restaurants as waiters, extreme forms of child labour include child soldiers, trafficking and child prostitution. There however exist other forms of constructive forms of child labour is evident where we have children who are actors or singers.[1] In developing countries children work in order to earn money to support their families, however in developed countries children work in order to be financially independent from their parents, in developing countries the major push factor to child labour is poverty, this may occur where adults who are parents and labourers...
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...Several theories have been developed from the five major perspectives used to research child development. These perspectives include psychoanalytic, learning, cognitive, contextual, and evolutionary/sociobiological perspectives (Papalia, Olds, & Feldman, 2008). Researchers use theories to explain child development. The theories are important because they propose ideas or explanations to describe development and to predict kinds of behaviors. In this paper, I will discuss and describe three theories of development, their key concepts, their similarities, their differences, how the domains of development influence each other, and how understanding development helps those who work with developing children. Three Theories of Development: Some important theories of child development include Freud’s psychosexual theory, Erickson’s psychosocial theory, and Piaget’s cognitive-stage theory. “Sigmund Freud believed that people are born with biological drives that must be redirected to make it possible to live in society” (Papalia et. al, 2008). He proposed that development happens throughout five stages in a child’s life. The first stage is referred to as the oral stage. It occurs between birth and 18 months. During this stage, the baby’s chief source of pleasure involves mouth-oriented activities (Papalia et. al, 2008). The second stage is referred to as the anal stage. It occurs between one year and three years of age. During this stage, the child derives sensual gratification from...
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...Child Growth and Development Home and Family Life June 10, 2009 Growth and Development For every human being, the process of growth and development begins at birth and continues until we die. Growth is defined as the process of increasing in physical size, while development is the process of maturation and the refinement of body systems, thought processes and judgment. Child development unfolds in a complex manner as he or she interacts with the surrounding environment. Although some children may grow and develop a little earlier or later than others, they tend to follow a general pattern of progression. A child's development can be followed by how they play, learn, speak, and behave. The tasks and skills the child learns during the different stages of development are referred to as developmental milestones. Milestones develop in a sequential fashion. This means that a child will need to develop one set of skills before he or she can develop new skills. For example, children must first learn to crawl and to pull up to a standing position before they are able to walk. Each milestone that a child acquires builds on the last milestone developed. I had the opportunity to observe a two year old female child at Home and Family life. The child at this age is growing at a rapid pace and usually gains approximately 8 oz or more per month. The child I observed was able to demonstrate some fine motor skills such as stacking blocks on top of each other and then knocking them down...
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...Jennifer L. Kee July 21, 2013 Psy 354 Professor Kevin VanWynsberg Theory | Summary | Modeling and Reinforcing | In the result of modeling, it means to imitate something. It is thought that most language development comes from what is said and heard from others. Reinforcement comes in where a child says something and then an adult encourages the child to say it again and again. This process is done when the child is an infant and continues as the child grows older. Neither modeling nor reinforcement sufficiently explains how children eventually acquire an adult-like form of their native language (McDevitt and Ormrod, 2013). | Nativism | The theory of nativism is known as a theoretical perspective which proposes that little knowledge is biologically built in and begins at birth or not too long after. Nativism focuses more on syntactic development. | Information Processing Theory | This theory has a diverse choice of operations used by children to make out the language barrier. This theory consists of one main necessity which is attention. Cognitive processes must be sufficiently flexible that they allow children to acquire language despite the varied ways in which adults support their language learning ( McDevitt and Ormrod, 2013). Cognitive process theory focuses more on semantic development. | Sociocultural | Sociocultural theory is how the language develops through social interaction. This theory consists of language socialization which involves more communicating...
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...Very young children should be reared in environments which support their development Essay This essay will discuss why it is important for very young children to be reared in environments which support and nurture their growth and development. Child development is a major focus of research in psychology for a long time. Current approaches to explain how children grow and develop have been addressed in several theories, but rarely rest on any theory exclusively. The Topic focus will be based on four child development theories which came out as a product of major research in psychology. Those four theories are: social learning theory, cognitive-developmental theory, psychosocial theory and ecological theory. Social Learning theory was developed by Burrhus Frederic Skinner who formulated nurture or environmental approach. He argued that development, for the most part, is a series of learned behaviors based on an individual’s positive and negative interactions with the environment. But the most influential theory of learning and child development was social learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura. In his theory social element was added as a very important argument where new information can be learned by watching others. It is known as a modeling, imitation or observation (Berk, 2003). The following steps are in the observational and modeling process: attention to be able to learn attention needs to be paid. If there is detraction there would...
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...is essential to the social and emotional development of the child. Discuss this statement in the context of relevant developmental theory. Explain what is meant by the term sensitive mothering. Explain why sensitive mothering is important in building a positive emotional base. (15) - Give a definition of sensitive mothering (also consider insensitive mothering). - Link this to a positive or non-positive emotional base. Link this explanation to Bowlby’s attachment theory and Ainsworth’s studies. You will need to show an understanding of the internal working model of attachment and how sensitive mothering impacts on the quality of attachment. (25) - Outline Bowlby’s theory of attachment, showing evidence of how the ethological studies of Harlow and Lorenz, and his own research with war orphans and evacuees and juvenile delinquents impacted his theory. - Determine the phases of attachment and the development of the internal working model of attachment. - Consider Ainsworth’s research and the types of secure and insecure attachments that resulted from the research. - This needs to be linked back to mothering style and the internal working model of attachment that each infant is developing. Links also need to be made to Erikson’s relevant psychological stages of personality development, emphasising the importance of a supportive social environment. (15) - Consider Erikson’s psychosocial theory of personality, especially the first stage, and link to mothering...
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...and who’s okay with their child just doing “okay?” A child’s development is a very interesting thing. It has so many different ways of happening. The development of a child has many stages that it goes through. There has been a lot of different theories for how a child develops and why they it happens this way. Not all types of children develop in the same way. Your location, what school you attend what type of parents you have and etc. can determine how you develop. Also your ethnicity or race can affect how you develop and “grow up”. What I am interested in learning more about is how Asian American parents help their child develop and why it is seen as if African American children don’t strive or have the motivation to succeed as well as Asian American children. Although this may be a stereotype, it is what I see a lot; from my own experiences and from how the media portrays this. When I say media, I mean the news and movies. I want to find out what these two parents are doing differently and how we can get both groups of kids to succeed equally. What I am trying to focus my research on are children from African American families and Asian families. I want to focus on these two groups because they seem like they are on two different spectrums of learning ways. I don’t know this for sure yet. What I think is that Asian parents are a maybe stricter than African American parents. While some African American parents may just want their child to graduate from high school...
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...Term | Definition or Description | How will you remember? (examples from your life or books, articles, tv, etc or you can put the definition in your own words) | human development | the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death | changes that occur in people as they age | longitudinal design | research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time | group of participants is studied over a long period of time | cross-sectional design | research design in which several different age-groups of participants are studied at one particular point in time | different age-groups of participants are studied at one particular point in time | cross-sequential design | research design in which participants are first studied by means of a cross-sectional design but are also followed and assessed for a period of time | followed and assessed for a period of time | nature | the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions | inherited characteristics | nurture | the influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, and intellectual growth, and social interactions | the influence of the environment | genetics | the science of inherited traits | inherited traits | DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism | special...
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...This is a busy time for your child! During the age of 4 years to 6 years old a child is considered to be a preschooler. Just as infants, and toddlers, a preschooler will go through many different developmental stages and milestones. All of which will include physical development, intellectual development, emotional and social development. Physical development includes both fine and gross motor skills. Intellectual development is all about learning. Emotional and social development is more for the child finding out about themselves. For each stage, there is different milestones to help you get a better understanding of how your child is developing. During the Preschool years you should start to notice that your child is way more active! They do not want to stay still! Well this is a good sign! Children need to run and walk and jump to keep developing their gross...
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...understand the risk, and protective influences for child abuse and neglect is significant for developing effective prevention interventions for in danger families. Although CPS caseworker uses a risk assessment instruments to decide if a child is at risk of abuse, it is valuable for the caseworker to have a wide-ranging, overall understanding of the factors that possibly will place children at risk of harm (Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2013). To understand the environment risk, CPS work with the Ecological theory. Ecological theory conceptualizes human behavior and social functioning within an ecological framework. Individual, family and environmental aspects work together with each other to influence...
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...Human Ecology Theory, the Ecological Systems theory states that human development is influenced by the different types of environmental systems. Formulated by famous psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner, this theory helps us understand why we may behave differently when we compare our behavior in the presence of our family and our behavior when we are in school or at work. the Five Environmental Systems The ecological systems theory holds that we encounter different environments throughout our lifespan that may influence our behavior in varying degrees. These systems include the micro system, the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macro system, and the chronosystem. 1. THE MICRO SYSTEM The micro system's setting is the direct environment we have in our lives. Your family, friends, classmates, teachers, neighbors and other people who have a direct contact with you are included in your micro system. The micro system is the setting in which we have direct social interactions with these social agents. The theory states that we are not mere recipients of the experiences we have when socializing with these people in the micro system environment, but we are contributing to the construction of such environment. 2. THE MESOSYSTEM The mesosytem involves the relationships between the microsystems in one's life. This means that your family experience may be related to your school experience. For example, if a child is neglected by his parents, he may have a low chance of developing positive attitude...
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...suitable to be applied to children since it involves the body and the senses, all of which fit the therapeutic works with the children. The purpose of this paper is to formulate a response in the manner a Gestalt therapist would work with children of ages between 4 and 12. Here, the general and Gestalt literature is explored, synthesized and evaluated on working with this particular population, their specific needs and particular ethical challenges that may emerge while working with them. A comparison is offered on how different modalities with the children, and also a situation of experimentation created for the therapeutic work, built on the analyses. Gestalt Developmental Theory According to Jean Piaget (2004), there are four cognitive stages for the development of a child. From the age of 4 to 7, a child perceives a world through their magical thinking and animism. At this stage, children acquire motor skills and also some...
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...Research Paper Child protection is an area of interest for me due to the vulnerability of children. I come from an abusive relationship where my ex-husband is addicted to heroin. During our separation the police had to be called a few times, because of that I learnt so much when it came to protecting my own children. I currently work as a day care provider, providing a safe place for children to come while their parents are at work. Doing this type of work (and because of my children having a father that will be absent most of their lives) I have done a lot of research about the developing brain and attachment. Understanding about brain development and attachment are essential in raising a healthy child. I strongly believe that attachment theory is necessary in Educational Assistant curriculum due to the impact that attachment has on the developing brain. The journal article that I researched was “The Enduring Effects of Abuse and Related Adverse Experiences in Childhood: A Convergence of Evidence from Neurobiology and Epidemiology”. The article discussed the impact of abnormal stress on the developing brain. Evidence suggests that adverse childhood experiences such as, “childhood emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, as well as, household dysfunction including, parental drug or alcohol use, loss of family members, incarceration of family member or witnessing domestic violence” affect the “health and quality of life throughout the lifespan” (Anda et al., 2005, p...
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...of nature or nurture? How enduring are the influences of early experiences? The study of social and personality development offers perspective on these and other issues, often by showing how complex and multifaceted are the influences on developing children, and thus the intricate processes that have made you the person you are today (Thompson, 2006a). Understanding social and personality development requires looking at children from three perspectives that interact to shape development. The first is the social context in which each child lives, especially the relationships that provide security, guidance, and knowledge. The second is biological maturation that supports developing social and emotional competencies and underlies temperamental individuality. The third is children’s developing representations of themselves and the social world. Social and personality development is best understood as the continuous interaction between these social, biological, and representational aspects of psychological development. PERSONALITY Parents look into the faces of their newborn infants and wonder, “What kind of person will this child will become?” They scrutinize their baby’s preferences, characteristics, and responses for clues of a developing personality. They are quite right to do so, because temperament is a...
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...is a child to interacting with the environment both mentally and physically. Per Smilanksy (1968) there are four developmental stages of play that a child progresses through. Functional play is exploring through movement using self and objects, learning about cause and effect. Construction play is the next stage in which a child gets creative and builds things, manipulating and experimenting with the environment around them. Dramatic play then follows suit; a child will pretend to be a doctor while role playing and inventing...
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