...Waterfall Software Development Life Cycle Model The simplest software development life cycle model is the waterfall model, which states that the phases are organized in a linear order. A project begins with feasibility analysis. On the successful demonstration of the feasibility analysis, the requirements analysis and project planning begins. The design starts after the requirements analysis is done. And coding begins after the design is done. Once the programming is completed, the code is integrated and testing is done. On succeeful completion of testing, the system is installed. After this the regular operation and maintenance of the system takes place. The following figure demonstrates the steps involved in waterfall life cycle model. The Waterfall Software Life Cycle Model With the waterfall model, the activities performed in a software development project are requirements analysis, project planning, system design, detailed design, coding and unit testing, system integration and testing. Linear ordering of activities has some important consequences. First, to clearly identify the end of a phase and beginning of the others. Some certification mechanism has to be employed at the end of each phase. This is usually done by some verification and validation. Validation means confirming the output of a phase is consistent with its input (which is the output of the previous phase) and that the output of the phase is consistent with overall requirements of the system. The...
Words: 2323 - Pages: 10
...1. What is information technology, and why is it important to a business? Information Technology (IT) is combination of hardware, software and services that people use to manage, communicate, and share information. It helps a business with product development, process improvement, stakeholder integration, cost efficiencies, and globalization. 2. Define business profiles, processes, and modeling. Business profile is an overview of a company’s mission, functions, organization, products, services, customers, suppliers, competitors, constraints, and future direction. Business process describes specific events, tasks, and desired results. Business process model (BPM) displays one or more business processes, such as an airline reservation, filling a product order, or updating a customer account. 3. Identify the main components of an information system and describe the system’s stakeholders. The main components of an information system are hardware, software, data/Information, processes/procedures, and people. Stakeholders are the people who have an interest in an information system. This includes the management group, the users (end users), and IT staff members. 4. Explain the differences between vertical and horizontal systems packages. A horizontal application is a basic software package system that can be adapted to common business processes for example inventory and payroll. A vertical application system is customized to meet the unique needs of a particular business...
Words: 849 - Pages: 4
...System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) SDLC is a set of activities which are perform by analyst and developer to create the system for software. SDLC is a conceptual model used in project management that describes the stages involved in information system development project from a preliminary study through maintenance of the complete application. SDLC follows six steps-: 1 Preliminary study 2 Determination of system requirement 3 System design 4 Software development 5 System testing 6 Implementation & Maintenance 1 Preliminary study -: Preliminary investigation is the first step in the system development life cycle. The preliminary investigation is a way of handling the user’s request to change, improve or enhance an existing system. The objective is to determine, whether the request is valid and feasible before any recommendation is made to do nothing, improve or modify the existing system, or build altogether a new one. Preliminary study divided into following 3 categories – A. Request Analysis B. Feasibility study C. Request Approval Request Analysis:- In this category, the users need is clearlyIdentify. Analyst identifies that what are the requirements of the user. Feasibility study:- The aim of the feasibility study is to access alternative systems and to propose the most feasible and desirable system for development. Thus, feasibility study provides an overview of the problem and acts as an important checkpoint that should be completed before committing more...
Words: 3076 - Pages: 13
...Enterprise Systems Development: Impact of Various Software Development Methodologies By NAVEEN KARKONDA Id#110-00-4907 Abstract: Software Development Methodologies have always been the main focus in the software development life cycle of any project. Each evolutionary shift introduced new ways of thinking and viewing problems as well as introducing strengths and weaknesses in software development. However, identifying one stop solution in terms of a software development methodology for enterprise wide application development whose various sub-components or sub-stages can be best used to describe a software development scenario is still an evolving domain. This, coupled with the reality that computer science and its allied areas like information systems and information technology domains are moving forward rapidly with regards to available technologies, making it extremely difficult task for practitioners to maintain pace with the available information technologies and their application in various domains. It is to address these scenarios and probabilities that this research paper examines various software development methodologies or process models and their impact on the overall software development life cycle. 1. Introduction: Software Development Methodologies have always been the main focus during the software development life cycle of any project. Over the past 40 years, there have been significant paradigm shifts in software development, such as structured...
Words: 3677 - Pages: 15
...IT项目管理 1 项目 VS 日常运营 项 目 唯一的 临时性的 多方干系人 发起人 资源需求可变的 不确定的 所需技能多样的 日常运营 重复的 持续的 职能部门 监管者 稳定的 稳定的 专门的技能 项目生命周期 启动 计划 执行 监控 收尾 PMBOK体系 知识 领域 整合管理 范围管理 时间管理 项目管理过程组 启动 1制定项目 章程 规划 2制定项目管理计划 1收集需求 2定义范围 3工作分解结构 1定义活动 2活动排序 3估算活动资源 4估算活动 持续时间 5制定进度计划 1估算成本 2制定预算 1规划质量 1制定人力资源计划 1规划风险管理 2识别风险 3实施定性风险分析 4实施定量风险分析 5规划风险应对 2规划沟通 1规划采购 3发布信息 4管理干系人期望 2实施采购 2实施质量保证 2组建团队 3建设团队 4管理团队 6监控风险 执行 3指导与管理项目执行 监控 4监控项目工作 5整体变更控制 4核实范围 5控制范围 6控制进度 收尾 6结束项目或 阶段 成本管理 质量管理 人力资源 风险管理 九大 知识 领域 、五 大过 程组 、42 个过 程 1识别干系 人 项目 管理 矩阵 图解 3控制成本 3实施质量控制 沟通管理 采购管理 5报告绩效 3管理采购 4结束采购 三要素及其平衡 范围 质量 成本 时间 需求工程 接收 使命 使命 目标 执行 目标 检验 标准 设计 因素 NASA 需求分解 工作分解结构(WBS) 工作包 负责人 所需代价 所需资源 预估成本 前驱工作 工作分解结构词典 账户编码标志号 工作描述 负责的组织 进度里程碑清单 相关的进度活动 所需的资源 成本估算 质量要求 验收标准 技术参考文献 合同信息 分解流程 ilities: responsibilities, capabilities, facilities, probabilities, vulnerabilities, utilities, ... ConOps: Concept of Operations 职责分配 直接责任人Responsible 负责人Accountable be notified 可以被告知人May be notified 参与人Participant 文档审阅人Document reviewer 输入请求人Input requested 批准人Approval required 支援人Support 把关人Gate reviewer 必须被告知人Must 职责分配矩阵(RAM) 活动时间的三点估算法 (O + 4M + P) / 6 O =最乐观时间 M =最可能时间 P =最悲观时间 紧前关系绘图法(PDM) 关键路径 关键活动: 即在开始时间与结束时间中一个没 有可浮动时间的活动。换句话说, 如果关键活 动没有按规定的时间内完成，那么整个项目时 间链就会推迟 关键路径: 就是一条贯穿网络图表最长的路径， 所有在关键路径上的进度活动都是关键活动 路径 关键路径推算 关键路径 时间计划的粒度 一般在40-80 ...
Words: 1010 - Pages: 5
...manager must have clear understanding of all the activities and process in managing project. Project management plays an important role from the start to end of the project. A good project manager will play a vital role in executing the project within the specified time period. Role of Project Management in Software Engineering: Software development is a people centric activity. Therefore, success of project is on the shoulders of the people who are involved in the development of project. Software development requires good managers, who can understand the project completely and provide good leadership for successful completion of software project. In IT industry, all projects move through five phases that are initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing. Computer and information system managers play a vital role in implementation and administration of technology within the organization. Many software development processes can be run in the same way as general project management processes. A system development life cycle (SDLC) is a framework that describes the different phases involved in developing and maintaining information systems. Software project management is the art of managing software project. It is a sub-discipline of project management in which software projects are developed. Software Development Process: A software development process is also known as software development life cycle (SDLC). There are many SDLC models that...
Words: 295 - Pages: 2
...SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 1 Establishing a Formal Systems Development Process NAME Dr. Matthew Anyanwu CIS510 Advance System Analysis and Design 21 July 2010 ESTABLISHING A FORMAL SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 2 Absract Brian and Carrie are systems analysts with many years of systems development experience at a large firm. Jane has recently been hired as the company’s first-ever process manager. She has been reviewing the company’s past practices of systems development with the intent of trying to establish a formal systems development process for the company. Brian has been a long-time proponent of the waterfall approach to systems development. Carrie has been a big proponent of the iterative/incremental development approach. Both are known to be very opinionated on the tools and techniques that should be used for systems development projects and both are lobbying Jane very hard to adopt their preferred techniques. This paper will describe how Jane should deal with the two system analysts from a technical and human resource perspective and explain the factors that Jane should consider in establishing a process management solution. Additionally, assuming you have two promising tools and techniques, we will suggest three or more ways you can foster a team environment when one analyst does not get his or her way. ESTABLISHING A FORMAL SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS...
Words: 920 - Pages: 4
...AIS Development Approaches © 2012 UMT Advanced Accounting Information Systems 1 INTRODUCTION • We’ll also discuss how to hasten or improve the development process through: – Business process reengineering – Prototyping – Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools © 2012 UMT Advanced Accounting Information Systems 2 BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING • Business process reengineering (BPR) is the analysis and redesign of business processes and information systems to achieve significant performance improvements. – Reduces a company to its essential business processes. – Reshapes organizational work practices and information flows to take advantage of technological advancements. © 2012 UMT Advanced Accounting Information Systems 3 BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING • BPR: – Simplifies the system. – Makes it more effective. – Improves a company’s quality and service. • BPR software has been developed to help automate many BPR tasks. © 2012 UMT Advanced Accounting Information Systems 4 BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING • Michael Hammer has set forth several principles that help organizations successfully reengineer business processes: - Organize around outcomes, not tasks. • DO AWAY WITH: Assigning different parts of a business process to different people, with the resulting handoffs, delays, and errors. INSTEAD: Each person’s job is designed around an objective, outcome, or process rather than a task needed to complete a process. ...
Words: 3170 - Pages: 13
...phase is the main focus of the project managers and stake holders. Design-The software system design is produced from the results of the requirements phase. Implementation-Code is produced from the deliverables of the design phase during implementation, and this is the longest phase of the software development life cycle. Testing-During testing, the implementation is tested against the requirements to make sure that the product is actually solving the needs addressed and gathered during the requirements phase. (CIO.2002). Waterfall Model-This is the most common and classic of life cycle models, also referred to as a linear-sequential life cycle model. It is very simple to understand and use. In a waterfall model, each phase must be completed in its entirety before the next phase can begin. At the end of each phase, a review takes place to determine if the project is on the right path and whether or not to continue or discard the project. Unlike what I mentioned in the general model, phases do not overlap in a waterfall model. (DOJ,2003). Advantages- Simple and easy to use. Easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model – each phase has specific deliverables and a review process. Phases are processed and completed one at a time. Works well for smaller projects where requirements are very well understood. Disadvantages - Adjusting scope during the life cycle can kill a project. No working software is produced until late during the life cycle. High amounts of risk and uncertainty...
Words: 933 - Pages: 4
...IT 460 Unit 1 Kaplan University Harold Boyd The first thing I am going to talk about is JAD (Joint Application Development). Joint Application Development (JAD) is a development technique used to help IT developers build systems. This technique was developed by IBM in the 1970's. In this technique, a team is formed of members of different backgrounds. These members are made up of end-users, management, and IT staff. This team meets and discusses the current project in a number of workshops/sessions. These workshops are used to define the project and to design a solution. Since the team includes actual users of the current system, the system analyst will have a better picture of what the clients would want in a new system. There are four thoughts to consider when working in a JAD. First, the best people that understand the job functions are the people that perform those duties. Needless to say, these people are the best source of information when a question comes up about a particular process. On the other end, IT people understand the "behind the scenes" workings of the current system and can answer question on those topics. These two points introduce the third idea, which is the difference between business professionals and IT professionals. At times, business professionals do not understand subjects in the IT realm (i.e., they are "computer illiterate"). On the other side of the spectrum, IT professionals have issues understanding subject matter in the business realm (i...
Words: 780 - Pages: 4
...initial set of functional test cases is specified, to serve as a vehicle for checking that the implementation is complete and basically correct. Analysis culminates in identifying classes implied by the use cases, and documenting them using an Analysis Class Diagram.” (Russell C. Bjork Professor of Computer Science, 2004) The difference is in object oriented analysis the data is combined in a process that acts on the data in the object whereas structured analysis treats the process and the data as separate components. 2- Describe the phases of the system development life cycle, and compare the SDLC waterfall model with the spiral model? “The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a conceptual model used in project management that describes the stages involved in an information system development project from an initial feasibility study through maintenance of the completed application. Various SDLC methodologies have been developed to guide the processes involved including the waterfall model (the original SDLC method), rapid application development (RAD), joint application development (JAD), the fountain model and the...
Words: 2695 - Pages: 11
...) TopCoder has a very unique and different model with respect to the traditional companies. As a senior manager, I would need to build following capabilities: Firstly, build manpower to oversee a community of over 200,000 members and direct the process of competition based software development. The emphasis would be on not managing individuals but managing the process of participation, fostering community participation and community growth. Secondly, focus on building a critical mass of talent and coding capacity to run many competitions and produce solutions for clients at the same time. This would require attracting new members into the community through more challenges and contents, doing online advertising and member development days. Thirdly, build norms by maintaining the highest standards of contest integrity, transparency and quality. Strictly monitor competitions and maintain consistency of procedures. Fourthly, provide the right governance. Involve the views of the community members as well in the decision making process and treat them as driver along with establishing a fair peer review scoring system. Fifthly, do the right resource allocation. Allocate community resources and control contest participation across the number of contests. This is because unlike traditional firms, Topcoder cannot assign specific people to a task or project. Focus would be on to set the prize amount, duration and timing of contest and the number of competitors. Sixthly, work towards retaining...
Words: 340 - Pages: 2
...There are two new approaches for system building in the digital firm era. They are Rapid Application Development (RAD) and Component Based Development and Web Services. These approaches can be used for keeping technology current within an organization. In the digital firm environment, organizations need to be able to add, change, and retire their technology capabilities very rapidly to respond to new opportunities. (Laudon & Laudon, 2011). The first approach for system building in the digital firm era is Rapid Application Development (RAD). The term rapid application development (RAD) is used to describe this process of creating workable systems in a very short period of time. (Laudon & Laudon, 2011). RAD can include the use of visual programming and other tools for building graphical user interfaces, iterative prototyping of key system elements, the automation of program code generation, and close teamwork among end users and information systems specialists. (Laudon & Laudon, 2011). By using rapid application development you are trying to input all the information into the system as fast and efficiently as you can. You can also promote the accuracy of the program. Because rapid application development stresses speed, quality indicators such as consistency, standardization, reusability, and reliability are easily overlooked. (Rapid application development (RAD), n.d.). This is because they are just throwing the product together to get it out the door and...
Words: 826 - Pages: 4
...Buyer Utility Map Buyer Utility Map – Software Development Company The buyer utility map assists organizations in knowing how their customers experienced their products and services. According to Kim & Mauborgne, 2005, “a buyer’s experience can usually be broken into a cycle of six stages, running more or less sequentially from purchase to disposal. Each stage encompasses a wide variety of specific experiences”, (pg. 122). Also, “cutting across the stages of the buyer’s experience are what we call utility levers: the ways in which companies can unlock exceptional utility for buyers”. | |Purchase |Delivery | Use |Supplements | |Utility |Is there exceptional |Yes |No |Yes |Yes | | |utility? Are there | | | | | | |compelling reasons to buy| | | | | | |your offering? | | | | | |Price |Is your price easily |No |No |Yes ...
Words: 750 - Pages: 3
...easier by using a computer based application like ERP system. The adoption of ERP system has more many advantages including enhancing the overall performance of organization, breaking down the complexity of performing business, best managing of the resources (Shimon, 2003 and Darshana, 2001), and increasing operational efficiency and competitiveness (Karimi, Somers and Bhattacherjee, 2007). In accordance to the organization needs and the extensive differences in business processes and functions from organization to another, ERP System used to be highly configurable and dynamic system (Helmut Klaus, Michael Rosemann and Guy G. Gable, 2000), and such complex systems expected to face a special cases and difficulties during the design and development phases which distinguish it from simple applications. Despite the significance of adoption of ERP systems in most sectors (70% of companies with more than 2500 employees have implemented ERP systems (Reilly, 2005)); as well the incremental growth in ERP vendors, a dearth of...
Words: 1638 - Pages: 7
