...Fixed Income Trading Fixed Income Trading ACCESS A WORLD OF FIXED INCOME OPPORTUNITIES Explore Our Fixed Income Capabilities Our dedicated team of experts and powerful suite of tools and resources can help you meet the rapidly rising demand for fixed income. In today’s complex and ever-changing financial markets, the increasing demand for fixed income has created a diverse array of products. At Pershing, we can help you identify and access investment opportunities in the fixed income markets. Our combination of comprehensive support from seasoned professionals and a robust suite of tools and resources empowers you to build your business. Whether you are seeking electronic trade execution, access to new issues, additional liquidity, or to expand your product offering, we are ready to help you take your success to the next level. your business without limits 3 > 4 FIXED IN COME TR ADIN G Broaden Your Product Offering The depth and breadth of our fixed income product offering lets you rely on us as your single resource. Market Making Our Fixed Income Trading Desk provides liquidity by making markets in an extensive array of fixed income products. By leveraging powerful open architecture trading technology, we strive to provide you with access to the widest variety of products and points of liquidity as possible. Our seasoned professionals leverage their extensive knowledge of the fixed income markets to strategically position competitivelypriced ...
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...January 2014 CRISIL Economy First Cut IIP: Industrial production slips again Overview: Index of industrial production (IIP) fell by 2.1 per cent in November on a year-on-year basis, even sharper than October’s decline of 1.6 per cent. Despite a pick-up in core infrastructure industries such as mining and electricity, industrial production fell in November as the manufacturing sector contracted by 3.5 per cent compared to a year ago. Industrial growth is likely to remain weak for the rest of 2013-14 due to infrastructure and input constraints, and weak domestic demand. Robust export growth with rising global demand may however, provide some cushion to manufacturing production. Even though the mining ban has been lifted in Karnataka, revival in mining output will be slow as it will take time for firms to obtain relevant clearances and ramp up production. The Cabinet Committee on Investments has also been fast-tracking stalled projects; however, as most of these are infrastructure projects and have long gestation periods, the impact of these measures will not be felt until 2014-15. Core sectors such as mining and electricity rebounded in November from last month’s lows as higher coal production lifted mining output and raised power production. Electricity output grew by 6.3 per cent while mining expanded by 1.0 per cent in November. Mining sector has now contracted for three consecutive years (-2.2 per cent for April-November 2013) while manufacturing growth has completely collapsed...
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...Interest Rate Risk Dr HK Pradhan XLRI Jamshedpur Hull Ch 7 Fabozzi chapters on duration & Convexity, Ch-7, Convexity Stochastic Process notes Session Objectives j Valuation of fixed income securities Risks in fixed income securities Traditional measures of risk – (we know PVBP, duration and convexity, M-Square) M Square) VaR based risk measures Interest rate volatility calculations Portfolio risk & Cash flows mapping issues Var for Interest Rate Derivatives Interest rate risk and Bond portfolio management Profile of Interest Rate Markets, Instruments & Institutions Bond Price P 1 y C1 1 1 y C2 2 1 y Ct C3 3 1 y n Cn price Sum of the present values of each cashflows p P n t 1 1 y t M 1 y n yield price < par (discount bond) price = par (par bond) price > par (premium bond) Concept of Accrued Interest p When you buy a bond between coupon dates, you pay the seller: Clean Price plus the Accrued Interest – pro-rated share of the fi coupon: i d h f h first interest d does not compound b d between coupon payment dates. LD Days Accrued Interest Total T from last Coupon between Coupon Date Dates Days ND (Coupon) Dirty Price Clean price Accrued Interest Accrued Interest Face * C T LD * 2 ND LD Bond Valuation Value of a bond is the present value of future cashflows, so...
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...California Debt and Investment Advisory Commission Duration Basics Introduction Duration is a term used by fixed-income investors, financial advisors, and investment advisors. It is an important measure for investors to consider, as bonds with higher durations (given equal credit, inflation and reinvestment risk) may have greater price volatility than bonds with lower durations. It is an important tool in structuring and managing a fixed-income portfolio based on selected investment objectives. Investment theory tells us that the value of a fixed-income investment is the sum of all of its cash flows discounted at an interest rate that reflects the inherent investment risk. In addition, due to the time value of money, it assumes that cash flows returned earlier are worth more than cash flows returned later. In its most basic form, duration measures the weighted average of the present value of the cash flows of a fixed-income investment. All of the components of a bond—price, coupon, maturity, and interest rates—are used in the calculation of its duration. Although a bond’s price is dependent on many variables apart from duration, duration can be used to determine how the bond’s price may react to changes in interest rates. This issue brief will provide the following information: < A basic overview of bond math and the components of a bond that will affect its volatility. < The different types of duration and how they are calculated. < Why duration is an important...
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...主编出版：《固定收益证券定价理论》、《财务报表分析技术》、《公司财务》、《衍生产品定 价理论》、《商业银行管理学》多本金融教材，备受金融学习者与从业人员好评。 新浪微博：汤震宇CFA_金程教育 联系方式： 电话：021－33926711 2-156 邮箱：training@gfedu.net 100% Contribution Breeds Professionalism 前导课程大纲 CFA一级框架结构 金 金程服务平台及百题分析报告 务 台 析 计算器使用 财务前导 3-156 100% Contribution Breeds Professionalism CFA 考试知识点及其比重 TOPIC AREA LEVELⅠ LEVELⅡ LEVEL Ⅲ Ethical and Professional Standards (total) 15 10 10 Quantitative Methods 12 5-10 0 Economics 10 5-10 0 Financial St t Fi i l Statement A l i t Analysis 20 15-25 15 25 0 Corporate Finance 8 5-15 0 Investment Tools (total) 50 30 60 30-60 0 Analysis of Equity Investments 10 20-30 5--15 Analysis of Fixed Income Investments 12 5-15 10--20 Analysis of Derivatives 5 5-15 5--15 Analysis of Alternative Investments 3 5-15 5--15 Asset Valuation (total) 30 35-75 35--45 Portfolio Management (total) 5 5-15 45--55 100 100 100 TOTAL 4-156 100% Contribution Breeds Professionalism 知识框架分析——Ethics 知识框架分析——Ethics Code of Ethics Integrity g y Credit ...
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...2. Identify the risk management issues illustrated by the case. Risk Management Failures For a time during fall 1998, hedge funds seemed to be on the front page of every newspaper in the world. Investors in some hedge funds had taken huge losses following the collapse of the Russian economy in August, and the Federal Reserve felt it necessary to organize a rescue of a hedge fund called Long-Term Capital Management. The following policy and regulatory issues are raised by the LTCM debacle. First, even when the LTCM know the examples about the possibility of losses in less liquid positions, the LTCM’s risk managers ignored the severity of the jump in credit spreads and the liquidity crisis instead of using flight-to-quality model to fix it. The worse is it still utilizing the same covariance matrix to measure risk and to optimize positions inevitably results in biases in the measurement of risk. Second, the LTCM did not have suitable strategy to deal with the situation that there are other players held similar relative-value bets and that interrelations between them tend to vanish due to the market stress. It did nothing except using the same strategy to take positions that appear to generate “arbitrage” profits based on recent history but also represent bets on extreme events, like selling options. Third, according to the fund’s Value at risk (VAR) and the amount of capital necessary to support its risk portfolio, the LTCM’s strategies are analyzed, and illustrates that LTCM...
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...Developing the Fixed Income Market in Nigeria September 2010 Contents 1. Evolution – Where we are coming from 2. Status Quo – Where we are 3. Constraints – Challenges to be overcome 4. The Future – How to develop the market Evolution of the Fixed income Market in Nigeria ▲ Nigerian Government Registered Stock in 1946 ▲ Federation of Nigerian Development Loan Stock in 1946 ▲ Federal Republic of Nigeria Development Loan Stock in 1963 ▲ Suspended in 1988 ▲ Issuance rejuvenated in 2003 with 1st FGN Series ▲ Commencement of PDMM system in March 2006 ▲ Active secondary market commences in November 2006 ▲ Extension of the curve to 20 years in November 2008 The Current State of the Fixed Income Market in Nigeria ▲ The Fixed Income Market in Nigeria is made up of three major segments: Federal Government of Nigeria Bond, State Government Bond and Corporate Bond market. ▲ The Federal Government Debt Market is the largest and most developed of the segments The FGN Debt segments. Market dominates the fixed income Market in Nigeria. ▲ The amount of outstanding issuance in the Nigerian Debt Market is skewed towards Federal Government paper. The amount of FGN debt outstanding has increased from NGN1, 753 billion as at December 2006 to NGN3, 764 billion as at July 2010. NGN2,408 (63.97%) of the outstanding debt is FGN Bonds. ▲ Th FGN B d auctions are h ld under a Si l D h A i process. All bid are placed through the The Bond i held d Single Dutch Auction bids l d h h h twenty one primary...
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...Chapter 4 – Bond Price Volatility Extra Questions 1. Be sure you understand all the relationships shown in Exhibit 4-11 2. The price of a bond can be written as either as the sum of series of discounted CFs (Equation 4.1, page 63) or as the sum of the PV of an annuity and the discounted maturity value (Equation 4.9, page 67). Note that the PV of an annuity formula used in Equation 4.9 is derived from the difference between a perpetuity starting at time zero and a perpetuity starting at time n. The difference is an annuity starting at time 0 and ending at time n. Equation 4.3 is the first derivative of price w.r.t. yield (∂P/∂y) using equation 4.1. The numerator of equation 4.10 is first derivative of the price w.r.t. yield using equation 4.9. Consider either equation 4.3 or the numerator of 4.9. Determine only the sign of following second derivative and mixed partial derivatives: * ∂2P/∂y2 * ∂2P/∂y∂C * ∂2P/∂y∂n (a) Does duration increase or decrease as the initial yield increases?(decrease) (b) Does duration increase or decrease as the coupon increases?(decrease) (c) Does duration increase or decrease as the maturity increases?(increase) 3. (This is questions 2 and 4 from the text.) Consider semi-annual bonds A and B. | Bond A | Bond B | Coupon | 8% | 9% | Yield to maturity | 8% | 8% | Maturity (years) | 2 | 5 | Par | $100.00 | $100.00 | Price | $100.00 | $104.055 | Produce an Excel...
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...Chapter 09 - Interest Rate Risk II Chapter Nine Interest Rate Risk II Chapter Outline Solutions for End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems 1. What is the difference between book value accounting and market value accounting? How do interest rate changes affect the value of bank assets and liabilities under the two methods? What is marking to market? Book value accounting reports assets and liabilities at the original issue values. Market value accounting reports assets and liabilities at their current market values. Current market values may be different from book values because they reflect current market conditions, such as current interest rates. FIs generally report their balance sheets using book value accounting methods. This is a problem if an asset or liability has to be liquidated immediately. If the asset or liability is held until maturity, then the reporting of book values does not pose a problem. For an FI, a major factor affecting asset and liability values is interest rate changes. If interest rates increase, the value of both loans (assets) and deposits and debt (liabilities) fall. If assets and liabilities are held until maturity, it does not affect the book valuation of the FI. However, if deposits or loans have to be refinanced, then market value accounting presents a better picture of the condition of the FI. The process by which changes in the economic value of assets and liabilities are accounted is called marking to market. The changes can be beneficial...
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...Bond Valuation By Anuj Joshi Note 1 Bond Valuation Fixed income paying securities. 1. Theoretical price or value of bond depends upon. i. Coupon Payment : Fixed amount of interest to be received after prescribed frequency. ii. Maturity Value [Unless otherwise given is exam, we should take face value] iii. Discount Rate : It should always be market interest rate 2. What is market interest rate Market interest rate is derived from comparable listed bond. The comparison is based on risk and life of the bond. E.g. If we are valuing a bond which is unlisted and have 5 years of life, then we should look for a bond which is similar in risk profile (i.e. same credit rating)and having similar life. The YTM (Yield to Maturity) of listed bond is called market interest rate The YTM of a bond is nothing but IRR of the bond. 3. Value of a bond = PV of Coupon Amount + PV of Maturity Value [Remember CF and discount rate are before tax] Concept Point: i. Coupon rate is a historical rate and should never be used as a discount rate. In exam, if no other information is available, then only we should assume coupon rate of interest as market rate of interest. ii. Remember, Cost of Capital or Discount Rate is a future concept and it represents opportunity cost on the date of valuation. iii. YTM of a similar bond (i.e. current market interest rate) is the appropriate discount rate for bond valuation. How to value a bond which pays interest at a frequency lower than annually (e...
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...1. INTRODUCTION The term "inflation" originally referred to an increase in the amount of money in circulation. Most economists today use the term "inflation" to refer to a rise in the price level. Rising in price and increase in money supply is two different meanings. The increases of money supply can also being called as monetary inflation while rising in price as price inflation. Economists generally agree that in the long run, inflation is caused by increases in the money supply. However, in the short and medium term, inflation is largely dependent on supply and demand pressures in the economy. In economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, inflation also reflects erosion in the purchasing power of money or in other word a loss of real value in the internal medium of exchange and unit of account in the economy. A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index (normally the Consumer Price Index) over time. 2.0 THE EXISTENCE OF INFLATION AND HOW IT MEASURED In order to know whether the existence of inflation, we must analyze the demand supply curve and see how it can relate to an increase in price. That is if we do believe that any increase in price somehow relates to inflation. An increase...
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...The income statements prepared under absorption costing and variable costing usually produce different net operating income figures. Under absorption costing if inventories increase then some of the fixed manufacturing costs of the current period will not appear on the income statement as part of cost of goods sold. Instead, these costs are deferred to a future period and are carried on the balance sheet as part of the inventory account. Such a deferral of cost is known as fixed manufacturing overhead deferred in inventory, as the accountant said that the July production was well below standard volume because of employee vacations this caused overhead to be under absorbed so as we can see in the income statement a large amount of overhead volume the amount 63,779 is deducted from gross margin and it cause less income however the sales are increased, but in variable costing because we don’t include this overhead volume and we have just a fix amount of fix cost for every month this problem is not visible. Income Statement June and July | EMBA 2016 - Managerial Accounting - Case Study 2 Landau Company Problem 1 Input Data Provided - Sales increased in July - Production decreased in July below standard because of employee vacations - As a result of vacations overhead costs have been under absorbed in July - Large unfavorable volume variance had been generated to offset gross margin Explanation Required On the Income Statements under Full costing and Variable costing some...
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...organizing, directing and controlling the financial activities such as procurement and utilization of funds of the enterprise. It means applying general management principles to financial resources of the enterprise. Nature Scope/Elements 1. Investment decisions includes investment in fixed assets (called as capital budgeting).Investment in current assets are also a part of investment decisions called as working capital decisions. 2. Financial decisions - They relate to the raising of finance from various resources which will depend upon decision on type of source, period of financing, cost of financing and the returns thereby. 3. Dividend decision - The finance manager has to take decision with regards to the net profit distribution. Net profits are generally divided into two: a. Dividend for shareholders- Dividend and the rate of it has to be decided. b. Retained profits- Amount of retained profits has to be finalized which will depend upon expansion and diversification plans of the enterprise. Get MBA study materials, articles, order business templates and stock market updates from or http://www.easymbaguide.in/ or www.easymbaguide.jimdo.com or www.easymbaguide.blogspot.com. Give your valuable feedback easymbaguide@gmail.com. Join easymbaguide@yahoogroups.com to get updates Objectives of Financial Management The financial management is generally concerned with procurement, allocation and control of financial resources of a concern. The objectives can be1. To ensure regular...
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...information of the three product lines: a) Sales Assumption: Assume sales prices and quanties (sales mix) per each product as invarible and b) Costs Assumptions: Assume variable cost and fixed cost remain the same por each product line, the same prime costs for variable costs and the same plant capacity for fixed cost. 2) After I review the information provided for you the next year will look like: a) Break-even point: Sales – Variable Cost – Fixed Cost = Net Income 0 Production Weight * X * A Unit Contribution Margin + B Production Weight * x * B Unit Contribution Margin + C Production Weight * X* C Unit Contribution Margin – Total Fixed Costs =0 0.22* X* ($0.42) +0.25*X*($0.88)+ 0.53*X*($0.55)-$640,000=0 $0.09*x+$0.22*X+$0.29*X-$640,000=0 $0.602*X =$640,000 X=($640,000/0.602) = 1,062,486 Units BEP in Sales = BEP in Units* Aggregate Units Sales Prices BEP in Sales = 1,062,486 units * 1.17US$/Units BEP in Sales = $1,241,337 b) The level of operations that the company must to achieved to pay the extra dividend Ignoring union demands. Consider that the net income will be US$200,000 composed by: US$50,000 tostockholers, US$25,000 hold for business, dividend extra US$25,000 and extra US$50,000 to hit $100,000 after the cost of beign governed. Sales – Variable Cost – Fixed Cost = Net Income $0.09*x+$0.22*X+$0.29*X-$640,000=$200,000 $0.602*X = $840,000 X =1,395,348 units. c) The level of operations mus to be achieved to meet the union demands, ignoring ...
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...Part of income that is invested monthly or yearly in some well managed plans to generate some additional income is called investment. Money can be invested in number of ways. For proper investment of money one should have detailed knowledge of the schemes. Following are the main means of investment: Bank Bank is an organised institution which deals with money matters. A person can deposit his savings in the bank and can with-draw when he requires it. Bank pays inter at a fixed rate on the deposits. There are two main functions of a bank: (i) Deposits the money of people (ii) Gives back the demanded money cheque, draft, etc. Advantages of bank account Following are the advantages of a bank account: 1. There is no possibility of theft of t money kept in a bank. 2. Bank pays interest on deposits where the money kept at home fetches no interest. 3. A person spends economically in ord to deposit maximum amount in the bar 4. One can avail the facility of bank lock by having a bank account. Valuables jewellery, share certificates, other important documents, etc. can be kept safe in the locker. 5. Transaction of money from different places is possible through bank. 6. Small amount deposited at regular intervals becomes a considerable amount after sometime. This money can be invested in business, etc. Depositing money in a bank There are three main types of bank]' accounts for depositing money: 1. Fixed Deposit Account 2. Savings Account ...
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