...springs in the woods. They are unable to be self-sufficient due to being unable to produce their own food independently with photosynthesis. They must absorb nutrients vital to sustain themselves that is most readily found in woods or forests with water sources in or near by them. The fallen leaves and flowing water bring many nutrients to them through the flow of the water as well as the decay of the leaves that contain some of the nutrients of the tree it once was a part of. They are also capable of living inside plants and animals. Also aiding in the decomposition and fertilization, fungi help decompose plant and animal materials (i.e. waste, flesh, etc.). My hypothesis: I hypothesize that fungi grow in dark areas with water sources and other miscellaneous animal traffic due to the independence from the sun and animal traffic leaving waste and other materials as they come and go. Experiment: The experiment is to first purchase fungi and split them into two equal amounts. Once separated take the first half and plant them next to the flowing water source leaving openly exposed to the sun. Next take the left over half of fungi, plant them in a dark closed in area with the flowing water, such as a wood box flipped upside down. Once that is done set a total trial time of a week, checking in each day to see how they have progressed over the elapsed time. Expected Results: I expect that in my test that I will come to the result of the sun’s heat causing the water to precipitate...
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...------------------------------------------------- Freshwater ecosystem From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Freshwater angelfish Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams, springs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. Freshwater habitats can be classified by different factors, including temperature, light penetration, and vegetation. Freshwater ecosystems can be divided into lentic ecosystems (still water) andlotic ecosystems (flowing water). Limnology (and its branch freshwater biology) is a study about freshwater ecosystems. It is a part of hydrobiology. Original efforts to understand and monitor freshwater ecosystems were spurred on by threats to human health (ex. Cholera outbreaks due to sewage contamination). Early monitoring focussed on chemical indicators, then bacteria, and finally algae, fungi and protozoa. A new type of monitoring involves differing groups of organisms (macroinvertebrates, macrophytes and fish) and the stream conditions associated with them. Current biomonitering techniques focus mainly on community structure or biochemical oxygen demand. Responses are measured by behavioural changes, altered rates of growth, reproduction or mortality. Macroinvertebrates are most often used in these models because of well known taxonomy, ease of collection, sensitivity to a range of stressors, and their overall value to the ecosystem...
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...The Arctic and subarctic regions Compared with other biomes, the tundra biome is relatively young, having its origin in the Pleistocene (1,600,000 to 10,000 years ago). Individual plant and animal species of the tundra, however, probably first appeared in the Late Miocene (11.2 to 5.3 million years ago) or Early Pliocene (5.3 to 3.4 million years ago). Coniferous forests were present on Ellesmere Island and in northern Greenland, the northernmost land areas, in the mid-Pliocene (2.5 million years ago). Most paleoecologists believe that tundra flora evolved from plants of the coniferous forests and alpine areas as continents drifted into higher and cooler latitudes during the Miocene (23.7 to 5.3 million years ago). The Antarctic region Antarctica has been isolated from other continental landmasses by broad expanses of ocean since early in the Tertiary Period, about 60 to 40 million years ago. Prior to its separation it existed, along with Australia, South America, peninsular India, and Africa, as part of the landmass known as Gondwanaland. This long separation has impeded the establishment and development of land-based flora and fauna in the Antarctic. Other significant factors that have hampered terrestrial biotic evolution are the harsh climate, the ice cover that completely engulfed the continent during the Pleistocene glaciations, and the present limited number of ice-free land areas, which are restricted primarily to the coastal fringes and nunataks (mountain peaks surrounded...
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...Balancing Ecosystems Shaneequa Wheatfall ENV/100 January 11, 2016 Rob Davie Balancing Ecosystems Dear City Council of Glimmerville, This letter is being written to assist you with effective options to help bring balance back into the ecosystem in Glimmerville in regards to the Grass Carp issue you are experiencing. I recently provided assistance to Sparksville and successfully restored the balance in their aquatic ecosystem and wanted to share a few suggestions with you. It appears that due to the Grass Carp issue, Glimmerville is experiencing an in-balance in the ecosystem. An ecosystem is “a community and its physical environment” (Berg & Hager, 2014, Chapter 5). Changes in the functionality of the ecosystem occur when we, as humans, increasingly alter the ecosystem for our use. As we did more research into the Grass Carp issue we found that the fertilizer that farmers were using caused a high growth in water supply which was backing up the waterways. To solve this problem, Grass Carp placed in the late to control this issue. Over the course of time, we found that this invasive species (Grass Carp) began to reproduce and overpopulate the lake, causing the native species (bass) to become fewer in numbers that result in laps in the energy flow of the ecosystem. The invasive species began to dominate the food chain of the native species. It is important that we, as humans, strive to restore and maintain a balance in the ecosystem. Every organism work together...
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...important, because I need freshwater to survive. If I find a lake, pond, or river that looks like a nice place to live, I’ll just burrow into a side bank to make my den, and forage on nearby plants. But, if I’m stuck in an area that isn’t perfect, like a meadow near a small stream, I’ll use my excellent engineering skills to shape my environment just the way I want it. In fact, unlike most animals, I can actually create my own habitat! Of course as a beaver, I can’t use human tools like shovels and saws, but that’s okay because I already have the perfect tool: my teeth. My teeth are so strong and my jaws are so powerful, I can gnaw right through wood and even fell whole trees! I collect these logs and other branches and bring them over to a stream. There I weave the sticks together, and plaster them with mud to build a dam that stops the flow of water. Because the water can’t get past my dam, it starts to back up and overflow, flooding the surrounding forest, field, or meadow, and eventually creating a nice big pond for me to live in. Many birds, fish, and amphibians also love the habitats I make. I don’t actually eat the all wood I chew through, but my favorite foods like young willows, aspen, pondweed, water lilies, and cattails all grow in the wetlands I help create. In winter, when many plants freeze and die, I strip the bark off of smaller branches and eat the softer inner tissue called cambium. My dam blocks the flow of water and floods the land, but my family and I don’t...
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...are often isolated from one another and from other water sources like rivers and oceans. Lakes and ponds are divided into three different zones, which are usually determined by depth and distance from the shoreline. Streams and rivers are also part of the fresh water ecosystem. These are bodies of flowing water moving in one direction. Streams and rivers can be found everywhere, they get their starts at headwaters, which may be springs, snowmelt or even lakes, and then travel all the way to their mouths, usually another water channel or the ocean. The type of a river or stream changes during the journey from the source to the mouth. The temperature is cooler at the source than it is at the mouth. The water is also clearer, has higher oxygen levels, and freshwater fish such as trout and bass can be found there. Towards the middle part of the stream or river, the width increases as does species, numerous aquatic green plants and algae can be found. Toward the mouth of the river or stream, the water becomes murky from all the sediments that it has picked up upstream, decreasing the amount of light that can penetrate through the water. Since there is less light, there is less types of plants, and because of the lower oxygen levels, fish that require less oxygen, such as catfish and carp, can be found. Wetlands are areas of standing...
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...that in order to be considered a living organism, it must have eight characteristics: 1. They need to be able to reproduce 2. Pass along their traits through DNA 3. Consume energy and expel waste products to maintain homeostasis 4. Be able to respond to their environment 5. Respond to stimulus 6. Change over time 7. Can differ as individuals while being part of a species 8. Consist of bio molecules arranged into cells, which have definite internal structures and functions and in the more complicated like forms, are organized into tissues and organs that also have definite structures and functions. (Biology, 2012) They have to be able to take in some kind of oxygen for example, the way that trees and plants do. Plants and trees are able to reproduce themselves and absorb and respond to the environment around them and reproduce; they absorb the moisture from the grown and the heat from the sun around them and grow bigger and stronger. If you look at sand or a piece of wood, these are not classified as a living thing because they do not respond to their environment; they’re not able to reproduce. However, they do change over time. Looking at some other things to compare; a snail for example, contains large amounts of carbon and changes overtime. A rock, just like a piece of wood for example can be weathered down by its environment but doesn’t respond to stimuli. Another example is if there is a predator nearby, a rock remains unharmed but the snail’s...
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...parent rocks into small particles. Air and water enter the spaces between the particles and chemical changes take pace which resut in the production of chemical substances. Bacteria and plant life soon appear. When plant and animal organisms die, they decay and produce a substance called humus. This is very important to so fertility. Bacteria play a vital role into the decomposition of plants and animals remains. The end product of these mechanical, chemical, and biological processes is called soil which is one of the world’s most important natural resources. B. Composition of Soil All soil contain mineral matter, organic matter, air, water and living organisms, especially bacteria. If any one of these is seriously reduced in amount, or removed frm a soil, ten the soil deteriorates. Soil is an important component of the physical environment of many ecosystem. The main components of a typical soild can be divided into two: Organic components and Inorganic components. Organic Components - include include living organism such as baceteria and fungi which serve as the decomposers;a very important parts of the recycling and decay processes. It also include many invertebrates animal such as insects and worms. Finally, there are many plants or parts and worms. Finally, there are many plants or parts of palnts such as roots and seeds. Inorganic compoents – Inorganic components include mineral, water and air. Soil particles are form from rock by weathering. The rock is broken...
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...1. Moose are large herbivorous animals. (a) In a study of one population of moose, 72 animals were trapped and marked with ear tags. They were then released. One month later, fieldworkers examined 120 moose and found that 14 of these had ear tags. Use these figures to calculate the size of the moose population. Show your working. Answer:............................ (2) (b) Isle Royale is a large island in Lake Superior. Moose first colonised this island in 1900. At the time they had no predators on the island. Wolves, which are predators of moose, were introduced to the island in 1950. The graph shows the moose population from 1900. (i) Suggest an explanation for the changes in the moose population before the introduction of the wolves. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (2) ...
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...BOTANICAL PEST CONTROL The Philippines is rich in various varieties and species of plants that can be used to regulate and control pests and diseases. Theses plant species are endangered because they are not known, or the local farmers do not know their uses. Farmers by clearing and burning continually destroy them, as they are considered weeds and a hindrance to their crop production. Here is a short list of plants that can be effective against a wide range of insect pest including those attacking the mango. 1. GOAT WEED (Aegaratum conisoides) Leaves- Extract juice and spray against diamond black moth and cotton Steiner. 2. DAMONG MARIA (Artemesia vulgaris) Leaves – Pound, extract juice and spray at the rate of 2 to 4 tbs. per 16 litters of water wit detergent or AZ41 and spray against cotton borer and mango tip borer. 3. LANTANA (Lantana camara) Flowers – Pound and store around the grains to serve as repellant against weevils. 4. DITA (Derris philippinensis) Roots – Pound and extract juice. Spray at the rate of 1 cup per gallon of water or powder, mix with detergent or AZ41 and spray at the rate of 120 grams powder + 250 to 300 grams detergent per 4 35 gallons of water against diamond black moth and other insect pests. 5. WILD SUNFLOWER (Tethornia diversifolia) Leaves – Pound and extract juice and use as spray at the rate of 1 to 2 kg. Fruit per litter of water against cotton Steiner, black armyworm and diamond black moth. 6. MARIGOLD (Targetes erecta)...
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...Since deciding to landscape your backyard, you have realized there are many things to consider, such as budget, time, and space. Application Practice Answer the following questions. Use Equation Editor to write mathematical expressions and equations. First, save this file to your hard drive by selecting Save As from the File menu. Click the white space below each question to maintain proper formatting. Please highlight your answers. 1. You are planning to spend no less than $5,000 and no more than $9,000 on your landscaping project. a) Write an inequality that demonstrates how much money you will be willing to spend on the project. $5,000 ≤ $9,000 b) Suppose you want to cover the backyard with decorative rock and plant some trees as the first phase of the project. You need 20 tons of rock to cover the area. If each ton cost $50 and each tree is $85, what is the maximum number of trees you can buy with a budget for rock and trees of $3,000? Write an inequality that illustrates the problem and solve. Express your answer as an inequality and explain how you arrived at your answer. 20 x $50 = $1,000 $3,000 - $1,000 = $2,000 left for trees $2,000/$85 = 23 trees can be purchased c) Would 15 trees be a solution to the inequality in part b? Justify your answer. No, because 15 trees is less than 23 trees....
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...Energy Summary SCI/362 January 18, 2012 The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge source of energy is oil. The oil drilling is harming or kills so many animal species. It is taking up the land they are living on and the ground they find food on. They closed the oil drilling in 1989 due to the oil spill in the Prudhoe Bay. A lot of animals were killing with the oil spilled. They are to help the animals in the Prudhoe Bay area. The Yucca Mountain was the first commercial power plant it gives off nuclear waste. They have done many of studies on Yucca Mountain to make sure the site is safe. With the earthquakes and volcanic it can make the nuclear waste come out. The Three Gorges Dam was needed to be done to save people’s lives. People have drought and floods from the waters. The toxic in the water is what will make it hard to make the Dam. The waterborne diseases and human and animals wastes in the water. They will have to move from the area the build it. The one thing is we could save money by doing our own oil. The thing is when we have oil spill it hurts the animal and gets in our water. We would have to find away the make it work to not do that. We make more jobs too. We would not have to spend so much on gas and oil if you would drill the oil in the US. We have enough in the US to have. The Yucca Mountain with the nuclear waste in it will cause people to die from cancer and other illnesses. If they take the nuclear waste out of the mountain it can cause earthquakes...
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...CASE # 1: BUILDING A DAM Central Problem: Whether to construct the proposed dam that would bring most benefit to the community and to lose a certain species of small fish only found in that river. Minor problem: A reasonable decision to not build the dam should the fish be edible and with commercial use. Alternative Courses of Action: 1. To continue in the construction the proposed dam so that the community will be benefited in terms of having hydroelectric power and creating recreational activities such as boating, swimming and water-skiing, however the river will lose that certain species of small fish. Applying the principle of utilitarianism which to sacrifice something for a greater good. 2. To transfer the small fish with the help of a government sector like the DENR, or government agency concerning aquatic life forms/ resources to a fish sanctuary or a new habitat before building the dam/ project so that this certain species of small fish will not become extinct. 3. To reject the proposed construction of the dam and preserve the existence of the small fish. Recommendation/Ethical Solution: The group recommends the second alternative course of action. The members of the group believe that although there will be additional costs in the transfer of the small fish; still we took into consideration of the possible extinction of the species. And in the very first place the ones responsible may it be the government or a private group for the proposal of the dam should...
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...back memories. One summer night, I was walking and was attracted to a smell like a magnet. The perfume reminded me of my mother. I tried to find the smell, but it was too dark for me to find it. I just felt the perfume and walked alongside the smell. The fragrance was intoxicating and I walked for a long time. Just then I saw faint something. There were some people who looked after plants in the garden. They preferred working at night rather than daytime because during the day it was very hot. While I was looking at the people who were working, I felt the smell strong more and more. One of the people looked after the plant which gives out the scent in the garden. The name of the plant is Angel’s morning glory, one of the flowers. My mom has lots of talents. She is a nimble-fingered person. When I was young, my mom made me pretty dolls and clothes. I liked playing with them. She gave me a celebrated painting which is cross-stitched by her as a gift. It is really amazing and fantastic! She has great dexterity. Also she is interested in her very beautiful garden and takes good care of plants. She takes care of them sincerely like when she brought us up. Our garden has lots of gorgeous and fancy flowers. One of the flowers is my mom’s favorite, called Angel’s morning glory. The flower has a lovely sweet scent, but it smells only at night! Every summer night, my family used to enjoy spending time at our garden. We took a walk around the garden together looking at the adorable...
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...two different ecosystems by collecting qualitative and quantitative data about the biotic and abiotic factors that exist in them. The two ecosystems in which the biodiversity will be assessed are the DCVI soccer field and Sparling Bush. The independent variables that will be examined are temperature, moisture, amount of light, and soil. The dependent variable in this inquiry is the level of biodiversity. Hypothesis (What do you think will happen?) Temperature I hypothesize that it will be warmer at Sparling Bush because creatures, plants, cells, etc, are able to grow and live in a warmer climate much more easily. The temperature will be warmer at Sparling Bush because there will be many trees around creating a higher density which will help keep the heat in better. Wind will be able to pass through the soccer field much more easily compared to Sparling Bush therefore the soccer field will not be able to maintain the heat. For example, plants have a tougher time trying to grow in colder conditions making it harder for the organism to survive. This means that the living organisms at Sparling Bush should have a greater level of biodiversity compared to an open soccer field because trees protect the biotic and abiotic organisms. Moisture / Humidity I hypothesize that the humidity level at Sparling Bush will be higher compared to the soccer field. I believe this because, if the morning dew soaks up into the air, then the humidity level will stay high because the trees at Sparling...
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