...FM Broadcasting began in Alpine, New Jersey right on the top of the New Jersey Palisades. This was where Major Edwin Howard Armstrong, the inventor of FM radio built Alpine Tower, also known as “Armstrong Tower” in 1937. As the discoverer of frequency modulation “FM” in 1933, Armstrong spent many years experimenting on this discovery while working for RCA. Armstrong went through several legal battles throughout his thirteen years of FM discovery and research (and following his death). On April 10, 1938 Armstrong broadcasted for the first time on FM radio, from his experimental call sign W2XMN. The FM radio was discovered after RCA’s former president David Sarnoff asked Armstrong to provide “a little black box” that could eliminate the static that plagued AM (amplitude modulation) broadcasting (FYBush). Ten years later, Armstrong discovered how to change the radio waves frequency. After Armstrong’s discovery and when David Sarnoff realized how great his discovery was. “This is not an ordinary invention," Sarnoff declared, “This is a revolution." (Amplifier) Sarnoff gave Armstrong RCA’s experimental television laboratory on top of the Empire State Building. Eventually, Sarnoff felt threatened by this discovery. RCA was slowly working on commercial television, and they did not want to spend extra money replacing radio equipment once Armstrong’s FM technology was accepted by the FCC (Federal Communications Commission). Armstrong was asked to remove his equipment from the laboratory...
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...Research Article FM RADIO REVOLUTION IN PAKISTAN A case study - By Dr. Ahsan Akhtar Naz* Abstract Introduction Pakistani society is shifting towards change. Media is playing a vital role in this social change. In this regard, FM channels are being considered as more effective medium. These channels are running under the control of Pakistani Government. Now, these are spreading far and wide from metropolitans to towns. Due to this mass acceptance, these channels are acting as leverage of media revolution. The government regulatory authority PEMRA is regulating these channels. PEMRA has issued many licenses to cross media groups, businessmen, advertising agencies, public universities, etc. This analysis is about the popularity of these channels and examines the quality of different programs. This covers maximally the quality of different programs. Covering maximum aspects of FM radio channels in Pakistan as well as focusing on the freedom of information and public right to know. Some details of PEMRA's efficiency in four years have also been discussed. The relevant bodies can improve the role of these FM channels. A task is also added for previous, about FM channels in Lahore . Introduction Social scientists are feeling that Pakistani society is converting into information society, gradually. The majority of Pakistani population is economically poor .The governments have not paid proper attention towards education. As a result, they can't gain education properly. Despite...
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...Rising from the ashes- FM Radio When all advertisers & media planners had written off radio, small change in government of India guidelines put it back into the picture. With latest songs and fresh radio presenters, it became the next big thing. One can say that FM Radio in India rose from its ashes. But soon this wave passed away & it became just another media available on the block. This article is written in the view to analyse what went wrong, and how radio companies can make a come-back in the world of advertising by focussing on its strengths and lastly tips for advertisers on how to use this medium to its fullest. Various inputs from primary & secondary research have been compiled to address the issues in detail. Because rural & semi-urban consumers are very different in India, we would like to focus on the FM radio in major metros in this article. Why are we talking about FM radio? * FM Radio in India has the highest reach ranging ~ 90% & outnumbers the no. of TV sets in the country by 3:1. But only account for a very small pie of the 9000cr market of advertising spends. It is only about 3% according to an Arthur Anderson’s survey. While globally, spends on radio ranges from 4% to 12%, with United States & Canada at high end of 12%. So it makes us believe that there is some merit in the medium that we are not utilizing to the best of its potential. * Also, it is to be noted that this vast reach is not just because vast rural...
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...AN EMPRICAL STUDY ON FM RADIO ADVERSITING Advertising of products and services is the route to rope in more customers and improve a company’s image. Radio is an effective, low-cost medium for advertising a company’s products. FM radio has today enabled advertisers to reach out to the audiences cost-effectively. In July 2005, the union cabinet approved the second phase of FM broadcasting in private sector, in which more emphasis was given to the growth of services than generating revenue for the government. The government has allowed foreign companies to venture into setting up of private FM stations within in the present ceiling of 20% foreign capital. Now the Government expects to take a final view in two to three months on the third phase of expansion of FM radio and about 806 radio licences are expected to be issued and the Government plans to take FM radio to about 283 towns. (News from business line New Delhi, March 28 by Mr. Rajiv Takru, Additional Secretary, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting) Currently, as for as advertising is concerned only one –and – a- half % of total advertising spending can be attributed to radio. In other countries around the world, the average ranges from 5-15%.In srilanka, for example, 21% of total advertising expenditure is spent on radio. This shows the vast potential of the radio as a medium of advertising it is said that radio covers almost 89% of country in terms of area and 97% in terms of population. However, this medium...
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...University FM Futures Facilities Management Workshop: 6th June 2008 Facilities Management Services in Hong Kong 1 ◦ IFMA: “Facility management is a profession that encompasses multiple disciplines to ensure functionality of the built environment by integrating people, place, process and technology.” ◦ European Committee for Standardization: “FM is the integration of processes within an organization to maintain and develop the agreed services which support and improve the effectiveness of its primary activities.” /CEN/TC 348 ◦ Prof. Bev Nutt: “The primary function of FM is resource management, at a strategic and operational level of support1.” 1: “Four Competing Futures for FM” (2000) by Prof. Bev Nut, Facilities, Volume 18, Number 3-4, pp 124 - 132 ”Defence” mode ◦ Preserve ◦ Maintain ◦ Reduce risks ◦ Cut costs ”Attack” mode ◦ Proactive ◦ Create opportunities ◦ Add value ◦ Be flexible Hardy Nilsson – Swedish national coach has two strategies in ice hockey: 1. ”Never lose” – excell at defense, benefit from mistakes by the ’enemy’ 2. ”Always win”- be proactive & creative Current practice ◦ Property consolidation ◦ Downsizing ◦ Cost cutting ◦ Disinvesting ◦ Disposal Short term advantages for investors and shareholders Balance sheet improvements Potential to damage the operation it aims to support in the long run Future potential ◦ Long term FM operation in focus ◦ Design and construction phase only a means to an end ◦ Operational FM brief...
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...A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is a type of industrial process that allows equipment to be used for more than one purpose, though they may be somewhat related. The equipment is often used to make customized parts, or make different parts for different models of product. This type of flexible manufacturing system may be changed by hand, but is more likely to be controlled by a computer, and changed through an entirely automated process. The main goal of a flexible manufacturing system is to offer the speed needed to change with market conditions quickly, but not sacrifice any quality. Equipment that does this most effectively is likely designed for two or more purposes. While it may be possible to modify or retrofit some types of industrial equipment to do a job adequately, most flexible manufacturing systems are designed for more than one purpose from the very outset. Though the equipment for a flexible manufacturing system may initially be more expensive than traditional equipment, the overall goal is to reduce expenses. Manufacturers can save money by using the same equipment to essentially perform two or more functions. With traditional equipment, manufacturing two different products may not only require different pieces of equipment, but also two different lines and perhaps two different facilities. Therefore, a flexible manufacturing system may reduce overhead, despite higher start-up costs initially. One of the most common examples of a flexible manufacturing...
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...Reflective Journal Psychology seems a very profound subject but I am studying it. Through the lectures I had attended, I have more ideas about psychology. In my mind, there are many theories used to describe human’s behaviors, thoughts and emotions. In fact, we may find that people even ourselves have different personalities over time. What make our personality change? In this essay, I will put forward to the idea of Albert Bandura’s reciprocal determinism and the factors that influence our personality There are many influences affecting our personality and behavior such as the social environment, people’s education level, cognitive skills and attitudes. At the same time, people’s behaviors can also change the environment. The aspects of individual and the aspects of situation are interacted. These are what Albert Bandura’s reciprocal determinism advocate. Nowadays, it is not uncommon to see that citizens parade the streets. They fight for their own needs and the community needs. They are changing our living environment and the social culture. Why are people being more and more active in pursuing their needs? Thanks to 12-year free education, more and more citizens can enjoy the benefits of education. Citizens broaden their horizons and have the ability to understand more difficult social issues like social justice. They started to distinguish between right and wrong on community and concern about the development of the community. Also, economic factors...
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...Increasing Brand Value: A Masterclass from the World's Strongest Brands By Anastasia Kourovskaia, Vice President of Millward Brown Optimor A brand is an intangible yet powerful corporate asset. Merlin Entertainment’s recent flotation and Twitter’s IPO have both highlighted the impact of strong branding and marketing on a successful listing and a share price that soars. Like any asset, a brand needs to be understood, maintained and invested in – and by measuring a brand’s value a company can quantify exactly how much it contributes to revenues and growth, and develop strategies to manage it better. Looking at the strongest brands in the BrandZ™ Top 100 Most Valuable Global Brands ranking across the last eight years, Anastasia Kourovskaia, Vice President of Millward Brown Optimor, shares the common factors that have enabled them to build long-term brand value. It is widely acknowledged that strong brands enable businesses to generate a sales volume and price premium that improves revenues and margins, attract and retain the best employees and facilitate expansion into new products and markets. Analysis by Millward Brown Optimor shows that investment in strong brands lead to consistently higher share prices. Companies with strong brands also lose value less precipitously in a recession, and emerge with a sustainable competitive advantage. This makes understanding how much business value is driven by a brand critical for marketers. Brand valuation quantifies the financial value...
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...David Yanich English 202 February 12, 2014 After doing research and realizing how much power and control major companies have in our world, I have come to this main question. How much choice do we really have when we want to purchase goods? Choice is something most people just assume they have when they are picking their cable company, choosing a bank, or even walking through your local food mart. The goal of this essay is to show that while at first glance choices may seem endless, but when you do a small amount of research you can quickly realize that most brands link back to the same parent company. The majority of foods, drinks, and health products we buy trace their way back to 10 major corporations. Society today has this false idea that they have a choice in what they buy at the grocery store. For example you may not like large soda companies and decide to not buy their products. But if you buy bottled water, sports drinks, energy drinks, or fruit juice chances are you are buying a brand from a soda producing parent company. Most retailers charge a fee to get products on the most visible shelves which keeps small companies away from your line of sight. This is because large consumer good companies have a special relationship with retailers. Like an “I’ll scratch your back if you scratch mine ideology”. Many of the products that you see on store shelves are direct competitors that are linked to the same company. “ConAgra sells six varieties of popcorn” (http://www.alternet...
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...replacing the radio with a television. Sadly today the radio is mainly used in vehicles. The radio is a great tool for drivers to keep from falling asleep behind the wheel or some radios in new models of cars; they can communicate through their radio speakers. The advances that the radio had during the twentieth century been very important and life changing. When the radio was first invented it was a great success and it did the job it entailed. During the 20th Century the radio made some very important advances, they are advances ranging from transmute radio signals to amplifier levels, and FM radio to HD radio. All these advances made the radio what it is today. Transmatic radio signals are when a wireless receiver can transmit sound from over 2000 miles; this is a new way to send Morse code. FM Radio and HD radio advances came in the late twentieth century yet they were just as important; the FM radio came to solve the static problem that the AM radio was having. Rather than increasing...
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...Mr. Timothy F. Kahn serves as President and Chief Executive Officer of Dreyer's Grand Ice Cream Holdings Inc. Mr. Kahn served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Dreyer's Grand Ice Cream Holdings Inc. since June 26, 2003. He also served as Vice President of Finance & Administration and Chief Financial Officer of Dreyer's Grand Ice Cream Holdings Inc. since March 1998 until June 26, 2003. Mr. Kahn began his career with Unilever in 1978. In 1980, he joined PepsiCo, Inc., and held a variety of financial management positions, both in the U.S. and in international operations. From 1994 to October 1997, Mr. Kahn served as Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Vice President for several divisions of PepsiCo, Inc., including Pizza Hut, Inc., and from November 1997 to February 1998, he served at Tricon, Inc., following PepsiCo’s spin-off of Pizza Hut to Tricon, Inc. He served as Vice President of Corporate Strategic Planning since 1991, and served as Chief Financial Officer of Pizza Hut, Inc., prior to joining Dreyer's. Mr. Kahn serves as Vice Chairman of the International Ice Cream Association. He serves as Director of Niman Ranch, Inc. Mr. Kahn earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Dartmouth College in 1975, and an MBA from the Amos Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College in 1978. Mr. Steve Barbour has been Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President of Dreyer's Grand Ice Cream Holdings Inc., since March 2007. A 20-year...
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...SOUND | Alert types | Vibration; Downloadable polyphonic, MP3 ringtones | | Loudspeaker | Yes | | 3.5mm jack | No | | | - DNSe (Digital Natural Sound Engine) | MEMORY | Card slot | microSD, up to 8 GB, buy memory | | Phonebook | 1000 contacts, Photocall | | Call records | Yes | | Internal | 50 MB | DATA | GPRS | Class 10 (4+1/3+2 slots), 32 - 48 kbps | | EDGE | Class 10, 236.8 kbps | | Speed | No | | WLAN | No | | Bluetooth | Yes, v2.1 with A2DP | | USB | Yes, v2.0 | CAMERA | Primary | 2 MP, 1600x1200 pixels | | Features | Smile detection | | Video | Yes, QVGA@15fps | | Secondary | No | FEATURES | Messaging | SMS, MMS, Email | | Browser | WAP 2.0/xHTML, HTML | | Radio | Stereo FM radio with RDS | | Games | Yes + downloadable | | GPS | No | | Java | Yes, MIDP 2.0 | | Colors | Jamaican Yellow, Cupid Pink, Minimal White, and Festival Orange; 2 Fashion Jackets | | | - Social networking integration with live updates - MP3/WMA/eAAC+ player - Find Music recognition service - H.263/H.264/MP4/WMV player - Organizer - Voice memo - Predictive text input | BATTERY | | Standard battery, Li-Ion 960 mAh | | Stand-by | Up to 730 h | | Talk time | Up to 9 h | MISC | SAR US | 0.72 W/kg (head) 0.37 W/kg (body) | | SAR EU | 0.75 W/kg (head) | | Price group |...
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...Penny Thomas is planning to open Marble Slab Creamery’s 37th franchisee in southern Ontario. Marble Slab is known for its fresh daily ice cream, imported high-quality toppings/mixins, and the final blending procedure that is done on a marble granite slab. Her main goal includes achieving fiscal year end revenue of $400000, maximizing product awareness and ensuring a loyal consumer base. The market for ice cream remains strong despite the economy collapsing into a recession. Ice cream is viewed by many as an affordable treat and more prime locations are opening up for new franchise units. The society is moving towards a healthy, wholesome lifestyle that fit directly to Marble Slab’s promotional campaign. The freshness, customization, premium quality and long shelf life differentiate Marble Slab from its competitors and stand competitive in the market. Marble Slab targets young adults aged 15 to 24 years since this demographic values quality, individuality, health and are brand conscious, trend followers. They are usually affluent, pleasure seeking, easily influenced by media, and more prone to impulsive purchasing. In order to increase product awareness and consumer base, it is suggested that Marble Slab take on the following recommendations: Locate in the Thornhill outdoor outlet in Vaughn and open a drive-through for convenience. Open a retail line for product exposure Change catering prices but remain consistent with other franchisees Continue differentiating...
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...Noise 1. Calculate for the noise power if the temperature of the conductor is 290 K, the bandwidth is 200kHz. PN=kTB PN=1.38x10-23290(200kHz) PN=8.004x10-16 W 2. With a resistance of 200k ohms, a bandwidth of 500khz and a temperature of 500 K calculate for the noise voltage. VN=4kTBR VN=41.38x10-23500(500k) VN=1.17x10-7 V 3. Given a noise power of 3000kW and a bandwidth of 2.5Mhz. Compute for the noise density No=PNB No=3000kW2.5Mhz No=1.2 WHz 4. Given a noise temperature of 350K calculate for the noise factor. Teq=ToF-1 F=TeqTo+1 F=350290+1 F=2.2 5. With a bandwidth of 450 hz and a current of 50mA. Compute for the shot noise. IN=2BIq IN=(2(450)(50mA)(1.6x10-19) IN=2.68 nA 6. Calculate for the Bandwidth if the noise power is 500kW and the temperature is 279K PN=kTB B=PNkT B=500kW1.38x10-23279 B=1.3x1026Hz 7. If the noise voltage is 20V and the resistance and temperature is 200 ohms and 273 K respectively, calculate for the bandwidth. VN=4kTBR B=Vn24TR B=2024200(273) B=1.83x10-3Hz 8. Given a signal voltage of 55V and a noise voltage of 35 V calculate for the signal-to-noise ratio in decibel form. SNdB=20logVsVN SNdB=20log5535 SNdB=3.93 dB 9. Given a signal power 60W and a noise power of 43W. Calculate for the signal-to-noise ratio in decibel form. SNdB=10logPsPN SNdB=10log6043 SNdB=1.45 dB 10. Given a signal power 80W and a noise power of 33W. Calculate for...
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...Usage & Attitudes Category | Description | How used | Frequently | Usage Occasion | Everyday | Perceived Attributes | Makes you cool and remove the warmth | Usage reason | Refreshment, chilling mood, hot weather | Brand Communication Brand media history * Polar was 2nd choice in ice-cream in young generation in recent years. * Polar’s mostly communication in the past was TVC, Newspaper ads, Sponsor of renowned of any exibihition or school program etc * Polar is well known for sponsoring school campaigning program. * Besides, Polar gives newspaper ads in renowned newspapers & billboards in all around the country * Polar recently started to give ads in FM radio channels as the listening radio culture emerging in Bangladesh * Polar frequently gives new product offers, promotion of new products. Brand Communication Keya’s initial Promotional campaigns are made by Litmus communications limited. Some of the examples of TVCs are, Polar fresco ice-cream Year: 2011 Agency: Litmus Communications Limited Artist: Pinky Direction: Mahmud Vai Voice: Elita Karim Music: Ripondon a kinofilms production "Utshabay Saradin Polar Ice-cream “Company: Dhaka Ice-cream Industries limited Year: 2010 Agency: Litmus Communications Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh Concept: Wazir Sattar Polar Ice-Cream (SKU Based) TVC Year : 2009 Agency: Litmus Director: Aadnan Rahaman Music: Fuad Al Muqtadir Models: Bipasha Kabir, Mirazul Islam, Fiton...
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