...|Name of Student: |Gina Garza | FINAL EXAM Please enter your name in the upper right cell. Read the directions carefully. Note that the exam is worth a maximum of 15 points (15% of your course grade). Some items are required, and some offer choices of which ones to complete. Responses must be in your own words (no copied content or quotations allowed) in the cells provided; the cells will expand downward as you type. You do not need to cite sources for this test, especially because no copied content is permitted. Be advised that any copied content will not earn points. Please leave the two right-hand scoring columns alone; the instructor will complete those during grading. NOTE: As your answers grow longer, the next item may scroll off the page. Make certain to continue until you reach the clearly marked “End of Exam” box. REQUIRED QUESTIONS: |Content |Points |Points | | |Earned |Available | |1. |Describe the hydrologic cycle. How does the hydrologic cycle help make oceans more acidic? What | |4.0 | | |role does pH play in the health of ocean ecosystems? ...
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...Problem Statement: Are food chains and food webs the same? How do organisms transfer energy? Background information: (Source: www.epa.gov) All organisms in an ecosystem need energy to survive. This energy is obtained through food. Producers obtain energy by making their own food whereas consumers must feed on other organisms for energy. This dependence on other organisms for food leads to feeding relationships that interconnect all living things in an ecosystem. A food chain illustrates the simplest kind of feeding relationship. For example, in a forest ecosystem, a grasshopper feeds on plants. The grasshopper is consumed by a spider and the spider is eaten by a bird. Finally, that bird is hunted by a hawk. A food chain clearly shows this pathway of food consumption. You could probably think of another food chain for a forest ecosystem. In fact, many different food chains exist in ecosystems. Although there are many different kinds of food chains, each food chain follows the same general pattern. A link in a food chain is called a trophic, or feeding level. The trophic levels are numbered as the first, second, third, and fourth levels, starting with the producers. Each of the trophic levels is occupied by a certain kind of organism. Producers are always in the first trophic level since they do not feed on another organism. Consumers occupy the rest of the trophic levels. The second trophic level is the first consumer in the food chain and is called a primary consumer...
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...of many species, like the tiger for instance which has been vastly reduced over the century and one of the contributing factors is poaching. When a significant number of a species is wiped out by poaching, the result is that the gene pool is reduced dramatically, and the species must repopulate itself with the alleles available, the genetic diversity is reduced, similarly to the genetic bottleneck effect although the reason for mass species reduction is not due to natural causes. So although poaching can lead to reduced diversity in one species, it can potentially increase in another. The reason being over hunting can lead to a trophic cascade, where the number of a top predator is increased/decreased – decreased in this case - from the food chain, as a result the abundance of the other trophic levels are effected e.g. if lions in the savannah are reduced, the antelope in the next trophic level is increased, and the grass in the next trophic level is reduced. In conclusion poaching can have a minor increase in the genetic diversity of some species; however the species that is directly affected has its genetic diversity vastly reduced....
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...properties | Solubility, magnetism, boiling & melting points, | | | Mixtures | Easily reversed, not chemically changed, no new sunstance, properties of componenets remain | | | Solutions | Solute, solvent, saturated solution | | | Separation techniques | | | | Chromatography | Solvent & solubility | | | Filtration | Size, dissolved substances | | | Distillation | Evaporation, boiling points, condensation | | | Classification | K,P,C,O,F,G,S – Species and scientific names | | | Dichotomous keys | Classification using characteristics | | | Adaptations | How adaptations benefit species living in their environment | | | Food chains / webs | Producers, Consumers, decomposers, energy | | | Ecology and human impact | Effect of human activity on species | | | Food pyramids (of numbers) | Pyramids of numbers only | | | Q1. Gravy powder contains: • a brown substance to make the gravy brown; • cornflour to make the gravy thick. Dan mixed some gravy powder with cold water in a beaker. An hour later, the contents of the beaker looked like this: (a) Use the words in the list below to fill the gaps in the following sentences. solvent solution soluble insoluble The brown substance dissolves in water to form a brown …………………… . The cornflour settles at the bottom of the beaker because it is ……………………… in water. Water is...
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...of multiple human activities that have led to environmental issues and concerns such as pollution, ozone layer thinning, global warming etc. Human impact is a serious threat to ecosystem and food chain of Antarctica. In the last few decades, various marine species of Antarctic ecosystem have been brought close to extinction because of human activities in various forms such as pollution from sewage and other contaminants, overfishing and other mixed activities and interference like global climate change caused by human emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, ozone layer depletion, global warming etc. This all leads to damage of food web and ecosystem of the Antarctica. Another serious impact of emission of carbon dioxide is ocean acidification, which is serious damage to the marine ecosystem of Antarctica. These activities are the main causes of disturbed environment of marine ecosystem of Antarctica. Another factor contributing to Antarctica's ecosystem disturbance is the commercial aspect of human activities. Human are harvesting krill to feed their animals and fishes which is negatively affecting the ecosystem of Antarctica. It is affecting the volume of krill and other fishes which are important source of food chain of Antarctica. Because of less krill, food chain of Antarctica is getting disturbed. Researches have shown that due to global warming, sea temperate is rising and cause less formation of ice packs during the winters. It is affecting the marine...
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...Pollan gives up meat for a while, inspired by an argument of Peter Singer: "No one in the habit of eating an animal can be completely without bias in judging whether the conditions in which that animal is reared cause suffering" (312). Yet he identifies himself as "a reluctant and, I fervently hoped, temporary vegetarian" (313), so it's not at all clear that the experiment does anything to lessen his bias. As a vegetarian, Pollan struggles with the social ramifications of eating differently. He points out that "my new dietary restrictions throw a big wrench into the basic host-guest relationship" (313) and decides, "I'm inclined to agree with the French, who gaze upon any personal dietary prohibition as bad manners" (313). Yet he'll find himself able to justify only a very limited kind of meat-eating, which likewise represents a "personal dietary prohibition." He then proceeds to discuss his alienation from traditions like the Passover brisket, apparently not allowing for the possibility that traditions might evolve over time. This rigid view of tradition is an odd one considering his plans to hunt an unkosher pig. Pollan then moves on to a discussion of animal rights philosophy. He claims to be debating Peter Singer, but he'll quote Matthew Scully when it better suits his point, never acknowledging any significant difference between the writers. Other times, he'll just quote Singer out of context. Pollan eventually argues for meat-eating on the grounds that it serves the...
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...Opening their first store in 1986 in their home town of Arlington, VA, the Murrells were set to take a competitive market by storm (Boone & Kurtz, pg.78). One would think that opening a burger joint with the likes of mega chains (e.g. McDonalds, Burger King), was out right crazy but determined to tap into this common market these classical entrepreneurs using $70,000 (Burke, pg. 95) as a start-up began their venture. Philosophy Jerry Murrell believed in two simple philosophies “Sell a really good, juicy burger on a fresh bun. Make perfect fries. Don’t cut corners” and “Treat that person right, he’ll walk out the door and sell for you”. These mindsets are what have propelled the company into what it is today. Without the customer or their employees Five Guys may not have been able to survive the recent downturn of the economy. Values Five Guys main focus is to provide customers with great service and great food. They believed that by making a quality burger and fries they would make the customer love them so much they would not have to pay for advertising because the customer will advertise for them. Word of mouth advertising is the oldest form of advertising and with the quality of their food this form of advertising has brought the food chain mass success and admiration (White, pg. 57). They believe that keeping the customers happy, the menu simple and their employees happy their best assets. Factors of Success Money Concepts The way the business handles money made...
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...Biology – Module 1 – A Local Ecosystem The distribution, diversity and numbers of plants and animals found in ecosystems are determined by biotic and abiotic factors. Compare the abiotic characteristics of aquatic and terrestrial environments. An aquatic environment is one that consists in water. The abiotic characteristics of an aquatic environment include: Buoyancy – This refers to the upward pressure (or thrust) that is applied on the organism by its medium. Buoyancy is determined by the density of the medium and determines the floating ability of an organism. Water provides sufficient buoyancy for many organisms, e.g., the jellyfish. If a jellyfish is taken out of water and placed on land it will disintegrate by spreading apart. Thus, the water provides enough buoyancy (pressure) in order to keep the shape of the jellyfish. Pressure – This is the downward force that is applied on an organism by its medium. In water, the pressure is dependent on the depth. Organisms that live at the bottom of the ocean experience the effects of extreme pressure and they must have specific adaptations that enable them to survive in such harsh environments. Temperature Variations – Usually in an aquatic environment there are minimal temperature variations to that compared with terrestrial environments. The temperature variations also depend on the size of the body of water; a large body of water will experience much less temperature variations than a smaller body...
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...population density that a habitat can support. Community All the organisms that live within a given area. Consumer An organism that obtains food from other living organisms. Ecological succession Changes in the species composition of an ecosystem following a disturbance. Ecology The study of how organisms interact with their environments. Ecosystem All the organisms that live within a given area and all the abiotic features of their environment. Exponential growth A model of population growth in which a population grows at a rate proportional to its size. Life history strategy The position a population of organisms occupies on the continuum between producing a large number of “inexpensive” offspring and a small number of “expensive” offspring. Logistic growth A model of population growth in which growth slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity of its habitat. Niche The total set of biotic and abiotic resources a species uses within a community. Population A group of individuals of a single species that occupies a given area. Producer An organism that makes organic molecules from inorganic materials and energy. Symbiosis A situation in which individuals of two species live in close association with one another. Trophic level One of the feeding levels in a food chain, including producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and so forth. Review Questions 21.1 Organisms and Their Environment ...
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...Figure 3 shows a food web made up of many levels. The first, the producer, absorbs the most energy from the sun (around 10% of sun’s total energy output- this is the highest amount of energy received in the whole chain). Without the producers energy would not be obtained and the whole web would terminate. The second trophic level consists of primary consumers. These can only be herbivores, such as rabbits and worms, they will only eat the plants. Trophic level 3 of the food web comprises of secondary consumers, which stereotypically consume other animals. An example of this is the owls, which consume small birds. In figure 3 the final trophic level is the tertiary consumers, which consists of the top predators that often prey upon most of the other animals in the food chain, figure 3 shows how an owl will prey on both beetles and larger animals such as mice and voles. At each trophic level, 10% of the energy consumed by the predecessor is passed on, meaning that animal must consume lots of food in order to gain the correct amounts of energy for basic functions such as respiration, digestion and excretion. Dead organic matter is highest near the bottom of the food web as the nutrients released from the decomposing plants and animals releases lots of nutrients which helps the plant to grow. This is resulting from decomposers such as bacteria and algae. Studland bay in Dorset contains a classic psammosere (dynamic vegetation succession, which characteristically increases inland)...
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...Figure 4-10, "Flow of energy and biomass through a food chain" in Ch. 4 of Environmental Science. Describe the trophic levels presented in the diagram. Explain what is meant by a producer, first-order consumer, and second-order consumer. * The trophic level is the feeding level on the food chain. The producers are at the base of the food chain. The first order consumers are the second trophic level, these are grazers. The third trophic level is the carnivores that feed on grazers. * Review Figure 4-12, "Energy pyramids in two food chains" in Ch. 4 of Environmental Science. The figure description states, “...more food is available to those societies that eat lower on the food chain". Explain what this means by comparing pyramids (a) and (b). Do the benefits of eating lower on the food chain inspire you to make changes in your diet? Why or why not? * From both pyramids it is shown that the amount of grains is greater and if our diets were focused on consuming more grain more than it can possibly feed more people. It is like eating primarily vegetarian diet, where ten people can consume the recommended daily caloric intake of 2,000. Also, by adding another trophic level involving a cow as the herbivore instead of ten people, they can only feed one person. The benefits of eating lower on the food chain is something I have been doing. While meat is rarely part of my daily caloric intake to eating much healthier food. Once in a while, I still eat meat. * Review...
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...Food Web Case Study Explain theory in your own words based on the case study Food web is an essential ecological concept. A food web commonly used for Basically, food web represents feeding relationships within a community (Smith and Smith 2009). Food webs are essentially used as an ecological concept that models the predator-prey relationship. Based on the case study, each food web is a descriptive diagram including a series of lines connecting one species to another, representing the flow of food energy from one feeding group of organisms to another. The feeding It also implies the transfer of food energy from its source in plants through herbivores to carnivores (Krebs 2009). Normally, food webs consist of a number of food chains meshed together. Each food chain is a descriptive diagram including a series of arrows, each pointing from one species to another, representing the flow of food energy from one feeding group of organisms to another. Food web offers an important tool for investigating the ecological interactions that define energy flows and predator-prey relationship (Cain et al. 2008). The fundamental purpose of food webs is to describe feeding relationship among species in a community. Food webs can be constructed to describe the species interactions. All species in the food webs can be distinguished into basal species (autotrophs, such as plants), intermediate species (herbivores and intermediate level carnivores, such as grasshopper and...
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...* In the Lake Michigan food web, is it possible to identify the most important producer? Why or why not? It is not possible to identify the most important producer. There are multiple consumers which are consumed by several different primary consumers. The image was blurry so it was difficult to determine what everything was in the food web. * What would happen if there was a change in the population size for any one of the producers (either an increase or a decrease)? How could these changes impact other producers and organisms on other trophic levels? If there were an increase in population in any one of the producers, they would begin to dominate the other producers and therefore would increase the number of consumers which feed on the producer. If there were a decrease in one of the producers then there may be a decrease in consumers that are reliant on the producer for food or the consumer could choose a different producer. If the consumer chose a different producer for food, the result would be a depletion of this producer. It could end up like a snowball effect by one affecting the other. * Provide at least two types of impacts that humans could have on this food web. Burning of coal can cause air pollution which can cause acid rain and change the ecosystem of the lake. http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/coalvswind/c02b.html Dumping of toxins into the lake which could disrupt producers and have an effect on producers. * Read the description of the sea...
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...draws deer into the woods b) during these years, small plants and seedlings grow particularly fast c) gypsy moth larvae are eaten by mice d) there are “bumper years” of lyme disease e) ticks like to feed on human blood Answer: a 5) The Environmental Science textbook outlines the relatively simple food chain that exists in hot springs such as in Yellowstone National Park, including the following organisms: (A) herbivorous flies (B) carnivorous flies (C) decomposers (D) photosynthetic bacteria What would be the correct order of these organisms from lowest trophic level to highest trophic level: a) C, A, B, D b) B, A, D, C c) D, A, B, C d) B, A, C, D e) C, D, A, B Answer: c 6) Which of the following is an example of three different species on three different trophic levels, listed from lowest level to highest: a) shrubs, trees, giraffes b) humans, cows, grass c) sharks, herbivorous fish, carnivorous fish d) moss, reindeer, wolves e) dirt, corn, humans Answer: d 7) The most basic processes in an ecosystem are: a) photosynthesis and respiration b) transport and storage of food c) trophic chains and storage of food d) flow of energy and cycling of chemical elements e) waste decomposition and cycling of energy...
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...Food web A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide. These chemical reactions require energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and...
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