...Food sanitation is the practice of following certain rules and procedures to prevent the contamination of food, keeping it safe to eat. Many jurisdictions around the world have specificfood sanitation laws, along with lists of regulations created by public health agencies. The practice of food sanitation is recommended at every step of the supply chain within the food industry, from workers in crop fields to waiters at restaurants. The term "food sanitation" typically refers to rules and procedures within the food industry, whether during production, packaging, transporting or serving. At the consumer level, such as in a home kitchen, practices designed to ensure that food is uncontaminated and safe to eat are often referred to using the term "food hygiene." 1 Food Safety Issues From the moment that food is produced or harvested to the time that it is eaten, it is vulnerable to contamination from bacteria and other substances that could be harmful. The key to food sanitation is keeping food safe and clean, with all of its handlers complying with the necessary rules and recommendations. These rules concern things such as safe holding temperatures for the food; safe cooking temperatures; sterilization of cutting boards and other implements; proper attire for handlers, such as gloves and breathing masks; and times or dates by which the food should be eaten, served or sold. AdChoices |Food Packing Machine |Source Supplier of Food Packing Machine...
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...defecation and try using indoor facilities, along with other hygienic practices (e.g., washing of hands, safe preparation of food). A combination of factors traps them into this practice, including tradition, lack of awareness about the importance of sanitation, and misconceptions about the costs involved.34 In addition, communities must learn that technologies, even simple ones, are not the monopoly of engineers and technocrats, before they have the confidence to use and manage their sanitation problems.35 For policymakers and program implementers, experience has shown that information, education, and communication (IEC) campaigns involving communities and grassroots organizations can accelerate the process of change and hasten the adoption of sanitary practices. These efforts must include addressing sociocultural attitudes toward owning a household toilet. In many cases, this will require educating SCs and STs, many of whom are illiterate, about the need to use latrines and the importance of hygiene. In this effort, it is important to understand that much of the demand for latrines comes from women, as they are the worst sufferers due to non-availability of these facilities. Women have, by far, the most important influence in determining household hygiene practices and in forming habits of their children.36 Thus, the social marketing of many sanitation programs often start with making house-to-house contact to educate and motivate women in target communities. Messages that appeal...
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...SURFACE SANITATION VERIFICATION PURPOSE: The primary purpose of this information paper is to provide guidance on the use and implementation of the Charm PocketSwab( for surface sanitation verification in commissaries located throughout EUCOM. BACKGROUND: ATP (adenosine triphosphate) bioluminescence has been used in the food industry for over 10 years to quickly assess and monitor microbial contamination on surfaces. ATP is an excellent means of identifying “hot spots” or areas with organic material that could possibly support and accelerate microbial growth. The technology of ATP bioluminescence for hygiene monitoring has become increasingly useful because of it real-time capabilities, ease of use and affordability. It cannot replace microbiological testing but it is easier, faster and the results indicate cleanliness, (defined as the absence of organic material), rather than counting colony forming units of microorganisms. SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLE: It is important to understand the basic principles of ATP bioluminescence. ATP is a molecule that is essential and common to all plant, animal and microbial cells. This compound combines and reacts with an enzyme (luciferase) resulting in the release of light. The light emitted is measured by using the Charm LUM-T. This output of light is proportional to the amount of ATP present on a given surface. The measurement of biological contamination is approximated by determining the amount of ATP contained within or on the material...
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...Title of the action / project: Sensitization and well being for the Urban Extreme Poor (SWBUEP) Location of the action (country, region): 15 Slums areas in Dinajpur town, Bangladesh. Short project description focusing on the expected outcomes Situation Analysis: (Bangladesh Context): Bangladesh is a small country in South Asia with a total land area of 147.6 thousand square km. The populations of the cities in Bangladesh are growing at more than 8 percent per year and they will be double in size in less than 10 years (IFPRI, 2002). Rapid inflow of poor migrants, mostly poverty ridden and environmentally induced, and growing urban population are creating continual pressure on health and livelihoods in urban areas. Around 40 percent of the total population nationally and 43 percent of population in urban areas consume less than 2122 kilocalorie per capita per day which is defined as absolute poverty. On the other hand, 24.4 percent of urban poor populations live on less than 1805 kilocalorie are referred as hard-core poverty (BBS, 2011). Reproductive health: Access to health care facilities is a constitutional right of citizens of Bangladesh. According to World Bank health statistics, there were 0.4 hospital beds and 0.3 registered physicians per thousand persons in Bangladesh in 2005. In comparison to other developing countries, these statistics of health services are lower. For instance, in India there were almost 1 bed and 0.58 physicians per thousand persons in 2003. Similarly...
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...mproving Sanitation in Coastal Communities with Special Reference to Puerto Princesa, Palawan Province, Philippines Table of Contents Acknowledgments (see below) Abstract (see below) Resumé (see below) Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Thesis Rationale 1.2 Goals and Objectives of the Thesis 1.3 Research Methodology 1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Study 1.5 Organization of the Thesis Chapter 2 General Scenario of Sanitation Problems in Coastal and Waterfront Communities--A Literature Review 2.1 Reasons for Settling on Coastal, Waterfront and Low-lying Areas 2.2 Sanitation Problems 2.3 Health and Environmental Conditions Chapter 3 Low-Cost Sanitation Systems used in Coastal and Waterfront Communities--A Literature Review 3.1 Available Low-Cost Sanitation Technologies 3.2 Sanitation Systems Used in Coastal and Waterfront Communities Chapter 4 The Case Study 4.1 Community Background 4.2 * Chapter 5 Results of Field Survey-- Analysis of Existing Sanitation in the Coastal Communities of Puerto Princesa 5.1 Basis of Analysis 5.2 Existing Environmental Sanitation 5.3 Health Condition and Observed Hygienic Practices related to Sanitation and Water Supply Chapter 6 Essential Factors for the Provision of Sanitation Systems in Coastal Communities 6.1 Considerations in the Provision of Sanitation Systems 6.2 Sanitation Systems Options Chapter 7 Conclusions and Recommendations 7.1 Summary of Existing sanitation Problems 7.2 Key Considerations in the Provision of...
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...unit 1 Water cycle The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. Since the water cycle is truly a "cycle," there is no beginning or end. Water can change states among liquid, vapor, and ice at various places in the water cycle. Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come and go. Contents Description The sun, which drives the water cycle, heats water in the oceans. Water evaporates as vapor into the air. Ice and snow can sublimate directly into water vapor. Evapotranspiration is water transpired from plants and evaporated from the soil. Rising air currents take the vapor up into the atmosphere where cooler temperatures cause it to condense into clouds. Air currents move clouds around the globe, cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the sky as precipitation. Some precipitation falls as snow and can accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. Snowpacks can thaw and melt, and the melted water flows over land as snowmelt. Most precipitation falls back into the oceans or onto land, where the precipitation flows over the ground as surface runoff. A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in the landscape, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans. Runoff and groundwater are stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into rivers. Much of it soaks...
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...At least 80% of humanity lives on less than $10 a day.Source 1 More than 80 percent of the world’s population lives in countries where income differentials are widening.Source 2 The poorest 40 percent of the world’s population accounts for 5 percent of global income. The richest 20 percent accounts for three-quarters of world income.Source 3 According to UNICEF, 22,000 children die each day due to poverty. And they “die quietly in some of the poorest villages on earth, far removed from the scrutiny and the conscience of the world. Being meek and weak in life makes these dying multitudes even more invisible in death.”Source 4 Around 27-28 percent of all children in developing countries are estimated to be underweight or stunted. The two regions that account for the bulk of the deficit are South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. If current trends continue, the Millennium Development Goals target of halving the proportion of underweight children will be missed by 30 million children, largely because of slow progress in Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.Source 5 Based on enrollment data, about 72 million children of primary school age in the developing world were not in school in 2005; 57 per cent of them were girls. And these are regarded as optimistic numbers.Source 6 Nearly a billion people entered the 21st century unable to read a book or sign their names.Source 7 Less than one per cent of what the world spent every year on weapons was needed...
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...* Operations * Purchasing subsystem * Methods used and purchasing procedures * Suppliers * PFG: food, paper storage, cleaners * Capital city: local * Can get whatever they need the same day because it is local * Unifirst: towels, aprons, soap * Cintas: floor mats * Emerald cutlery comes to sharpen knives twice a month * Mockler and Baton Rouge beer provide beer * Republic provides liquor * Vendors are selected franchise wide * All fuzzy’s use same vendors in general * Do not change vendors often * But when they do its because of cost * Technically only two full time employees * Assistant and general manager * Dry and refrigerated storage facilities * Pictures * Inventory management procedures * Take inventory once a month at the beginning of the month * Count all food and paper goods * Where they are located * By case size unless sold by the pound (example: meats) * Estimate percent of inventory purchased with no processing, some processing and totally processed * The only meat that is processed is ground beef * All vegetables are received whole and fresh so is not processed * Very small percent is...
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...Introduction Zimbabwe is a country in the south of africa. It was endepentend since 1980. A lot of things have of late been happening in Zimbabwe that has led to deterioration of infrasturactural development in both urban and rural areas. Mbire Rural District Council Mbire Rural Council is one of the largest councils in Mashonaland Central province, with a population of 114909.The major ethnic groups residing in Korekore. There is a traditional structure of leadership that has remained intact and that continues to be influential. The population consists mostly of subsistence farmers whose fields are distant from the main village. Crops grown include sorghum, millet, corn, peanuts, sweet potatoes and pumpkins. * Problem Statement * The majority of rural households in Mbire Rural district council do not have access to potable drinking water. While many rural towns once had piped water, these systems have fallen into disrepair due to lack of maintenance. Similarly, a few villages had drilled wells with hand pumps near schools and clinics but have lost this infrastructure. Therefore, rural populations draw their water from unprotected springs or rivers located from 300 to 600 meters from the villages or from hand-dug wells, locally known as matsime. The matsime are primitive wells with an average depth of six meters, with a diameter of 1.2 meters and uncovered at the top. The water collected from rivers and matsime is used for bathing, washing clothes, cooking and drinking...
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...The importance of Personal Hygiene and Field Sanitation Staying Clean and conducting personal hygiene is a vital role in a Soldiers life. Soldiers may spend weeks in an environment where proper facailities are not established and it is vital that one stay clean to prevent illness because military units are unable to carry out their missions when the soldiers are weakened by disease. In all US conflicts three times as many soldiers have been lost to illnesses/diseases rather than battle wounds. The most common injuries that soldiers may face are heat, cold injuries and communicable diseases. Personal Hygeine and cleanliness are an extremley important role in a soldiers life and it is important to know when one is getting sick and how to prevent it. Heat injury is one of the most common among soldiers who have lived in a temperate climate their entire life. When they go to another country to fight a war, most people arnt'e used to the dramatic changes in temperature and are unaware of the signs of heat injury. Hydration is key to staying in the battle when in extreme heat. Being thirsty is already an early sign of dehydration and should be avoided. Three meals a day should be standard to help replace the lost electrolytes and salts in the body. An example of extreme heat during a battle would be during the 1967 Arab Israeli battle where almost 20,000 egyptian soldiers died. It is crucial that a soldier pay attention to the signs of heat exhaustion, heat stroke and heat...
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...Deficits & Foreseeable Crisis A. Health Threats – conditions conducive to disease, accident or failure to realize one’s health potential, Ex.1. Health history of specific disease/condition (like family history of diabetes) 2. Threat of cross infection from a communicable disease case 3. Family size beyond what family resources can adequately provide 4. Accident hazards – ex. broken stairs, fire & fall hazards, pointed/ sharp objects, poisons & medicines improperly kept 5. Nutritional •Inadequate food intake both in quantity & in quality •Excessive intake of certain nutrients •Faulty eating habits 6. Stress provoking factor •Strained marital relationship •Strained parent-sibling relationship •Interpersonal conflicts between family members 7. Poor environmental sanitation •Inadequate personal belongings/utensils •Lack of food storage facilities •Polluted water supply •Unsanitary waste disposal •Improper drainage system 8. Unsanitary food handling & preparation 9. Personal habits/practices •Frequent drinking of alcohol •Excessive smoking……………………. •Walking barefoot •Poor personal hygiene •Self medication 10. Inherent personal characteristics (like short temper) 11. Health history which precipitate/induce the occurrence of a health deficit ex. previous history of difficult labor 12. Inappropriate role assumption ex. Child assuming mother’s role 13. Lack of immunization / inadequate immunization status of children 14. Family disunity ...
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...300 staff members and students will participate in this massive cleaning drive. Director B.S. Sahay will flag off the campaign with an oath taking ceremony. The ceremony will also witness the official launch of the Eco-club of IIM Raipur. The cleaning activities will continue till midday. The event which coincides with the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi has a lot of significance, as the Father of nation used to stress on the importance of cleanliness and personal hygiene and sought to promote it in his surroundings in every possible way. Our nation is facing a lot of problems due to poor standards of cleanliness and lack of proper sanitation facilities. According to a United Nations report released this year, India continues to have the largest number of people in the world defecating in the open."The standards of hygiene and sanitation are very poor in even urban areas. Garbage disposal and hygiene standards in many commercial establishments leave much to be desired. This initiative by IIM Raipur is an effort to spread the message of cleanliness and encourage the citizens of India to keep the nation clean and beautiful", said Prof. B.S. Sahay, Director , IIM Raipur. The 'Swachh Bharat Campaign', an ambitious project of Prime minister Narendra Modi, that will be launched tomorrow is one of the biggest nationwide cleanliness campaigns. The objective of the five-year campaign, which the prime minister...
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...In order to keep everyone safe indoors and outdoors, I look for hazards in the area where the children will be playing, learning, and exploring. Before entering students should know the proper rules and procedures ahead of time in case of an emergency. Which means procedures and rules should be practiced at least once a week for a month or until there is no need for assistance. Staff should be fully trained and well equipped given an emergency during any time. Even if no assistance is needed supervision is always required, as well as supplies, materials, and equipment at hand or is known to be in a close range. To keep everyone healthy indoors and outdoors, I make sure sanitary procedures are stated and present. When entering or exiting an area students, staff, and classroom equipment should be well sanitized daily. For example hand washing before and after eating along with when children are playing indoors and outdoors. Staff should sanitize before and after dealing with each child to prevent the transferring of germs. Rest and nutrition are also a very important role in a child’s everyday life. Students should be immediately tended to when dealing with allergy emergencies no matter how severe. Naps are required in a child care center, children should have a chance to rest during the day specifically children ages new born to five. To ensure I create an active learning environment indoors and outdoors, I keep activities active and very communicative. I like for the kids...
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...WATER and SANITATION in Developing Countries: Including Health in the Equation Millions suffer from preventable illnesses and die every year. M AGGIE A. MONTGOMERY MENACHEM ELIMELECH YALE UNIV ERSIT Y WORLD BANK I mproving global access to clean drinking water and safe sanitation is one of the least expensive and most effective means to improve public health and save lives. The concept of clean water and safe sanitation as essential to health is not a novel idea. In 350 B.C., Hippocrates recommended boiling water to inactivate “impurities”. The U.S. and Central Europe, where water and sanitation services are nearly universal, significantly reduced water-, sanitation-, and hygiene-related diseases by the start of the 20th century by protecting water sources and installing sewage systems. However, in developing countries, water and sanitation services are still severely lacking. As a result, millions suffer from preventable illnesses and die every year (1). Many obstacles must be overcome to improve these statistics. The integration of public health into engineering problem solving is critical, but current efforts are insufficient. Through partnerships with local communities to implement water and sanitation solutions that consider environmental, cultural, and economic conditions, progress toward achieving and sustaining global coverage of water and sanitation services will be greatly enhanced. In this article, we discuss three main themes about...
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...Amartea Sen’s theory of welfare and its application to Kenya’s attainment of millennium development goals Amartea Sen is an Indian economists credited for the development of welfare theory in economics. He established various guidelines to act as a benchmark for the realization of better welfare in the society, which he termed as the main aim of development in the country. He believed that freedom rather than the functioning’s themselves, is the primary goal of development in any country. Through this, Sen is able to make the conclusion that the person’s standards of living should not only focus on the goods, its characteristics or the utility it provides but the capability of the person. In his case, the capability refers to the freedom the person has in terms of choice of functioning. He attaches a lot of weight on the range of choice the person rather than the choice of the best, which is the mainstay of welfare economics. According to Sen, there are four notions about goods, the notion of a good, characteristic of a good, functioning of a person and the utility of a good. For instance, Utilitarian’s view goods as having the value to the extent of satisfying human needs and wants. Enlightenment theorists view goods as only having value if they come from legitimate means. Egalitarians value goods to have an essential value; hence, distribution is paramount to them. The functioning of the person focuses mainly on the user and not the resources. In Sen’s view, the capabilities...
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