...Introduction: Defined by Keiser-Neilsen in 1970 [1] [2] forensic odontology, or forensic dentistry, is a branch of forensic medicine which in the interest of justice deals with the proper handling and examination of dental evidence and with the proper evaluation and presentation of the dental findings. Teeth are the most durable organs of vertebrates and mankind’s history of evolution depends hugely on remnants of dental evidence found on fossils. Teeth can persist long after other skeletal structures have succumbed to organic decay or destruction by some other agencies, such as fire [3] [4]. Rugoscopy (study of palatal rugae patterns), cheiloscopy (study of lip prints), tooth prints, radiographs, photographic study and molecular methods like Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are various methods used in the study of forensic odontology....
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...After the initial discovery of the bodies, they are processed and taken to the lab. Because of the lack of soft tissue won’t allow for a typical autopsy, Dr. Brennan must analyze the bones to determine the details of the case. In the lab, Dr. Brennan requests an x-ray of the head and macerates the bones by boiling it in water to remove the flesh. Dr. Brennan can determine the race because the victim has red hair, and the remaining skin appears to be Caucasian. To determine the sex, Dr. Brennan analyzes the facial features, and build of the body. Dr. Brennan notes that the facial features were “delicate” (Reichs 28), and then goes on to analyze the pelvis to confirm her hunch that the body was a female. I would agree with her assessment and...
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...Acquisitions Editor: Crystal Taylor Product Managers: Kelley A. Squazzo & Catherine A. Noonan Designer: Doug Smock Compositor: SPi Technologies First Edition © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the abovementioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via website at lww.com (products and services). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lambert, Harold Wayne, 1972– Lippincott’s illustrated Q&A review of anatomy and embryology / H. Wayne Lambert, Lawrence E. Wineski ; with special contributions from Jeffery P. Hogg, Pat Abramson, Bruce Palmer. — 1st ed. p. ; cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-60547-315-4 1. Human anatomy—Examinations, questions, etc. I. Wineski, Lawrence E. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Anatomy—Examination Questions...
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...Human Osteology study of human bones Forensic Anthros * Usually works with decomposed bodies because medical examiner can’t perform autopsy …Forensic Anthros * complete biological profile dental record, medical record, disease, trauma, etc. can get positive ID from dental work, previous x-rays Age at Death * Based on growth, development and degeneration of skeleton * Provide age range = biological age, not chronological age * Subadults = fetal to early 20s * Adults = 20+ Subadults * X axis = birth years * Y axis = length in mm 1. long bone length - works well for new born to 12 year olds 2. fusion of long bones: epiphyses to diaphysis diaphysis = shaft of the bone * works well for 12-25 years olds 3. Fusion of primary growth centers in skull * will work from fetal to about 6 years old 4. Dental development and eruption Adults 1. Pubic symphysis * middle picture young person (under 25 years old) * right picture surface is pitted, eroded (at least 60 years old) 2. Auricular surface * last picture smooth surface, outline is crisp (person no more than 35) * middle picture surface is wavy, outline is rigged (person about 50-60 years old) 3. Cranial suture closure * as you get older, the squiggly lines cannot be seen anymore 4. Palatal sutures * can be helpful for 25-50 year olds Sex Determination * females pelvis adapted for birth (95-97% accuracy) *...
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...Early one day on May 15th, the remains of an individual were found by a young woman who was walking her dog, Sparky on a mountain in Overland Park, Kansas. The skeleton of this individual was found off the trail of the mountain walk. The bones found included the skull, humerus, pelvis, and radius. With these bones the forensic anthropologist were able to make out the height, ethnicity, sex and age. Summary of Findings Sex The sex of the skeleton was analyzed by looking at the skull and the pelvis since both can show a significant difference between males and females. The evidence we acquired lead us in the direction of finding out the bones were from a male. The pelvis helped us acquire most of this information. The pelvis was heart-shaped, suggesting that it belonged to a male. In a male the pelvis is heart-shaped and shows the sacrum and the coccyx, while in a female the pelvis is typically...
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...Forensic science has been around for a long time now. the concept of it is to find evidence to solve a case. I am attracted to this because I like thinking at a new level. I like analyzing things to come up with an explanation. Forensics is a growing industry due to the amount of crimes that are taking place now a day. A forensic technician “…collect, identify, classify, and analyze physical evidence related to criminal investigation.” (Summary." U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics). they to this in order to find potential suspects in a murder scene or simply to find an explanation on what happened. There’s different fields you can take in forensic science, for example there’s forensic anthropology. Anthropologist have knowledge on the human...
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...WEEK 1- INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC SCIENCE Quote "Every contact leaves a trace." - Edmond Locard (1877 - 1966) Learning Objective(s) At the end of this topic, you should be able to: 1. Define 'Forensic Science'; 2. Explain the limits of Forensic Science; 3. Identify the types of forensic work; 4. Describe Locard's Exchange Principle; 5. Differentiate Reconstruction & Re-enactment. Synopsis To illustrate the scope and diversity of Forensic Science, place it in its legal context, and describe the various types of forensic work. There will also be a discussion of Comparison leading to Association, Reconstruction versus Re-enactment, Locard's Exchange Principle, and the limits of Forensic Science. Various case studies will also be analysed throughout the lecture. Case Studies Felicia Lee; Walter Dinivan; Madam Jetkor Miang Singh; Roberto Calvi; Buck Ruxton & the Jigsaw Murders; Acid Bath Haigh; 2005 London Bombings; "Brides in the Bath"; Gareth Williams; The Woodchipper Murder WEEK 2- CHEMICAL ANALYSIS IN FORENSIC SCIENCE Quote "Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea" The act is not culpable unless the mind is also guilty. Learning Objective(s) At the end of this topic, you should be able to: 2A. Atomic Structure & Spectroscopy 1. Explain the structure of the atom and Bohr's model; 2. Differentiate between emission and absorption spectroscopy; 3. Explain the chemistry behind EDX and SEM-EDX; 4. Explain the chemistry in NAA; 2B. Molecular...
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...Forensic Anthropology lecture On Friday the 23rd I attended the forensic anthropology lecture and they discussed a lot of interesting information. They discussed how the “Bones” and “NCIS” shows used methods that were not approved yet or way to expensive. The research forensic anthropologists do is mostly done in a lab and not outside in crime scenes. There are 10 questions that they follow, and each question has its own unique way of finding the answer. Forensic anthropologists don’t say what caused the death, well they find out and observe what happened to an individual, but at the end they are not the ones who “certify” the cause of death. The anthropologists can easily tell what bones are human and which ones are not. A thing I learned is that in California there are a lot of Native American bones that are not of a forensic value as well as the medical specimens. The Native American bones have to stay where they were at and they have an act known as NAGPRA. The anthropologists observe what kind of knifes or saws they use when there is an amputation which I find really scary. Also they have to find out how dead an individual has been and there are many ways to find that out, for example algor mortis is the temperature and rigor mortis is the position they died in, these ways can tell you how long a person has been dead. The age determination has also many ways to find out through the teeth and the cranial structure. The anthropologists also receive “trophy skulls” which...
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...A GUIDE IN FORENSIC CHEMISTRY Forensic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the application of chemical knowledge, principles, and procedures to matters involving civil or criminal law and to all questions where control of chemical compounds, products, or processes is involved. Forensic Chemistry is an interdisciplinary field of Chemistry tasked to solve cases that can only be explained or resolved by applying analytical methods of investigation and instrumentation with chemistry as the main core of discussion. Forensic chemistry is a broad and diversified field of science. It includes all branches of chemistry and the application of its principles to solve crimes when it arise in the administration of justice. Significantly, Forensic chemistry is vital in crime detection when the components or chemical composition, structure of physical evidence/s collected from the scene of the crime are needed to support in the speedy solution of crime. Application of forensic chemistry is legally applied to the following: 1. Primarily, Forensic Chemistry deals in the recognition, identification, preservation, packaging & transportation of physical evidence collected at the crime scene. 2. In crime detection, it is applied in the identification of poisons, blood, semen, feces, urine, saliva, and other body fluids whether fresh or dried. It also include other stains of interests from ob-gynecological origin, mineral stains, fruits and/or vegetable stains. 3. It is...
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...Mathematics and Forensics 8 March, 2015 Math History - 109 In a world filled with technology, accountability, and a desire for higher quality of living; the world owes it all to math. As children grow up and are taught mathematics in countries all over the world; they are all being taught the same language. Math is the universal language of the world and math has changed the world from the time of the Egyptians to the present day era of technology. Mathematicians like Nicolaus Copernicus gave the world the truth of the universe with heliocentrism, while Isaac Newton gave the world the modern laws of physics. Mathematics has even paved its way into music with each beat of music being timed by numbers. Math is everywhere and people with brilliant minds can use mathematics to contribute to the world in very positive ways. One such way is the science of forensics. Without math, forensics could not exist. As population growth increases at an alarming rate, people have to find ways of holding people accountable for unlawful behavior. Forensic science has allowed civilization to evolve and become less barbaric and move towards factual based evidence when solving crimes against nature. Forensic science measures facts involving a crime and figure out the truth behind those measurements. Whether it is the skid marks from a vehicle collision or blood splatter analysis; mathematics is the reason why this can be done. Forensics have paved the way to a better justice system providing...
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...Jillian Morris Mrs. Flowers Criminalistics CH300-01 April 17, 2015 Journey through Forensic botany of the Casey Anthony trial Forensic science is a vital tool in the search for the truth in any legal proceeding. “Regardless of the type of legal proceeding or which side uses scientific evidence, the forensic scientist must be able to write a report and testify under oath about, what facts or items of evidence were analyzed or tested; what tests or analyses were used; how valid or reliable those tests or analyses have been found to be by other courts; why and how the forensic scientist was qualified to conduct those tests or analyses; and, what the results of the tests or analyses were and how those results are relevant to the issues in dispute.”(Coyle 2005). One analysis done during the Casey Anthony trial was forensic botany, which will be discussed later in this paper. In 2008, the case of Casey Anthony became a public obsession, when she was charged with the murder of her two year old daughter Caylee. Casey was a 22-year-old single mother; she and her daughter lived with Casey’s parents in their Orlando home, but soon after Casey took her daughter and left her parents home. Casey waited an entire month before revealing to her family and authorities that her child was missing. She claimed her nanny a woman no one could prove existed had kidnapped Caylee. Casey’s car was in the tow yard, and her father George, picked up the car, and smelt a strong odor coming from the...
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...incorporating a narration voice over for dramatic effect. Other shows that are even more popular that are helping the media to blur the fine line between reality and fiction, even further, are the forensic dramas like: CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Cold Case and Bones. These shows however, are not reality and create what is commonly known as “the CSI effect” and in my opinion have caused jurors to wrongly acquit guilty offenders when no scientific evidence has been presented to the jury by the prosecutors. The CSI effect is a phenomenon brought about by popular television shows such as: CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Cold Case and Bones. and other forensic shows that are raising crime victims' and jury members' real-world expectations of the field of forensic science and type of forensic evidence that is presented by the prosecution. Much of these concerns come from the writers of forensic science television glamorizing the field, overstating the accuracy of forensic techniques, and exaggerating the abilities of forensic science. The CSI effect seems to skew public perceptions of real-world forensic science, as well as the behavior of criminal justice system actors; this is of particular concern in the courtroom setting, where many prosecutors feel pressured to deliver more forensic evidence, in order to convince the jury that the defendant is guilty. For example, 48 Hours Mystery filmed for months to capture all pretrial hearings as well as the 2-week trial on a case...
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...does not treat the immediate issue of getting a knee evaluated for total joint replacement or arthroplasty. The main causes of body breakdown are poor diet, lack of exercise and not getting treatment early enough for minor injuries, which leads to early onset of arthritis. Screening is available to assess bone loss but this test is only available with an order from a physician. Poor diet and attention to the amounts of food people are consuming is a hot topic in the media and in public schools. The volume of food consumed has risen and people waistlines have expanded as a result. Schools are changing the foods they offer and the number of calories children can eat at lunch. Removing vending machines and extra snacks from their daily choices of food is happening in schools too. There is a diet option that not many people know about that when implemented into children’s diets and an early age and continued throughout life can help with obesity that has a direct link to orthopedic health. Super foods give other nutrients the body needs in addition to calcium to maintain a healthy body. According to The Joint Pain Institute, “Generally, the best foods for healthy bones are fresh fruits and vegetables and other whole foods, organically grown. Foods...
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...Microfracture surgery is not a perfect solution to repairing torn or damage cartilage but it is the preferred method to repair knee cartilage. It has been performed on many professional athletes who have seen their careers continued on with the advancements of medicine. Microfracture is used as a surgical option for a patient who is diagnosed with damaged cartilage and is in need of treatment to correct the deformity. Microfracture is performed in an attempt to stimulate new growth by the cartilage. When it was first used, “Microfracture was originally developed for the treatment of acute traumatic cartilage defects. It is generally indicated for traumatic and degenerative focal high-grade chondral lesions of the weight-bearing femoral condyles, trochlea, patella, and tibia” (Mithoefer, K., & Steadman, R. J. (2006). The Microfracture Technique . Chestnut Hill, MA). There are many factors to assess before a decision is to be made to have microfracture surgery or not. Some of the factors to attribute to the decision but are not limited to whether a patient has limited areas of cartilage, pain or swelling caused by damage to the cartilage and patients who are active participants in sports or activities but are not limited due to their symptoms. Patients who are not active in sports or activities, unwilling to participate with rehabilitation following surgery or have widespread arthritis in joints. It is very important to ensure that a person is thoroughly evaluated and given...
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...N N 19 G I G A N T I S M Across Down 1 A hormone involved in promoting uterine lining growth 2 Produced in response to decreased blood sugar levels 4 A myofibril consisting of repeating units 3 Endocrine gland that is referred to as the “master gland” 5 Produced in response to increased blood sugar levels 4 Type of hormone that can bind to an intracellular receptor 7 A hormone involved in the “fight-or-flight” response 6 Fibrous tissue used to hold together bones at joints 9 Endocrine gland that produces sex hormones 8 Stimulates milk production 12 Stimulates contraction of uterus 10 The body’s natural painkiller 13 Another name for epinephrine 11 Produced in response to increased blood calcium levels 15 Unit of the human skeleton that is made up of the bones of the limbs, shoulders, and pelvis 14 Endocrine gland that produces hormones involved in blood sugar level regulation 17 Type of dietary hypothyroidism 16 Fibrous tissue used to hold muscle to bone 18 A disease characterized by thinning and...
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