...End? Trauma affects everyone differently, but the one thing that unites all victims of scarring events is the recovery process. Although each person’s process may slightly differ they all possess similar symptoms: repression, denial, displacement, projection, regression, and sublimation. In the novel A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway, Frederic Henry suffers from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; Henry’s honest narration of the novel reveals his struggle with the different stages of defense mechanisms with his completion of the novel itself being the ‘final’ stage in order to show how recovery is a never ending process. The initial reactions to deal with trauma are repression and denial. Furnham defines repression as “the...
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...Even after years of debate, the vast number of critics has never been able to agree on the controversial issue of love in regard to one simple question: Was Frederic Henry actually in love with Catherine Barkley? Though numerous critical analyses are available as evidence to argue either side of the issue, it is my belief that the most compelling arguments are made by those critics who support the idea that Frederic Henry was in fact in love with Catherine Barkley. Throughout the whole of A Farewell to Arms, it is never made perfectly clear to the reader whether or not Frederic Henry is actually in love with Catherine Barkley. What in the end becomes such a passionate relationship starts off very different so the reader is never able to decide exactly where Henry stands. One critic, Melissa Howard, sees this in what is only their second encounter when Henry “...attempts to kiss her and she slaps him, however, rather than being dismayed he feels that it gives him the advantage. Clearly, Henry views their relationship as a game” (Howard). This last line is the point that critics repeatedly argue in an attempt to prove that Henry’s feelings toward Catherine are based on pure lust, with the idea of love playing no role in his actions. These ideas are reinforced by some of the text in the novel itself, but at the same time Henry’s narrations of...
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...his novel, A Farewell to Arms, makes a statement about the relation of religious beliefs to the war. Catherine tells Frederic, “You’re my religion. You’re all I’ve got.” (Chapter 18). Henry implies that he has no religion. The priest advocates religion under very difficult conditions and admits he is hopeless. Through the characters of the novel a portrait of religion is provided. Frederic Henry, the narrator of the story, describes his experience in the war. Henry portrays himself as a man of duty. He attaches to this understanding of himself no sense of honor, nor does he expect any praise for his service. Even after Henry was severely wounded, he discourages Rinaldi from pursuing medals of distinction for him. Time and time again, through conversations with the priest, Henry distances himself from abstract notions of faith. Faith means nothing to him beside such concrete facts of war as the...
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...A Farewell to Arms By Ernest Hemingway Book Summary Next About A Farewell to Arms A Farewell to Arms begins in the Alps around the frontier between Italy and present-day Slovenia. Allied with Britain, France, and Russia against the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Germany, Italy is responsible for preventing the Austro-Hungarian forces from assisting the Germans on the war's western front, and Russia in the east. The novel's narrator and protagonist is eventually identified as Lieutenant Frederic Henry, an American who has volunteered for the Italian army because the United States has not yet entered the war. Henry supervises a group of Italian ambulance drivers. After a wintertime leave spent touring the country, Lieutenant Henry returns to the captured town at the front where his unit lives. One evening his roommate, a surgeon and lieutenant in the Italian army named Rinaldi, introduces Henry to two British nurses: Catherine Barkley and her friend Helen Ferguson. Catherine and Henry talk of the war and of her fiancé, killed in combat the year before; clearly she has been traumatized by the experience. On his second visit to the British hospital, they kiss. When Henry again visits Catherine, she tells him that she loves him and asks whether he loves her. He responds that he does. One night, Lieutenant Henry and his fellow ambulance-drivers settle into a dugout across the river from the enemy troops. While the drivers are eating, the Austrian bombardment wounds Henry in the leg...
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...2. Frederic did not feel any actual love for Catherine until he started to grow closer and closer to her. First of all, Frederic loved Catherine for what she looked like and saw their relationship as a silly love game when they first met. He told Catherine that he loved her but did not mean it and compared their relationship to a bridge game. Next, as Frederic started to get to know her more, he gained actual feelings for her. For example, he thought of her when he went out on the field and felt lonely and hollow without her. Lastly, Frederic came to accept that he was in love with Catherine when she visited him in the hospital in Milan. The quote, “God knows I had not wanted to fall in love with her. I had not wanted to fall in love with any one. But God knows I had” (Hemingway 93), shows that he saw that their game was turning into an actual passion. 3....
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...Wharton1 David Wharton Dr. Northcutt ENG 1020-04 April 10, 2012 “What a Beautiful Bridge” In the writing of A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway employs symbolism in many forms. Hemingway uses water in various states throughout the progression of the novel such as the use of rain and rivers to symbolize life and love as well as death and danger. Hemingway uses symbols to allude to the events that will occur in the coming chapters of the novel if the reader is keen to heed them. Hemingway’s use of the “bridge” and the rivers they cross, represent the lives of people and the hazards people encounter when they approach and cross a bridge in an effort to reach what is waiting on the other side. The novel opens with a beautiful description of life and of living our lives. “In the late summer of that year we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the mountains. In the bed of the river there were pebbles and boulders, dry and white in the sun, and the water was clear and swiftly moving and blue in the channels”(3). Life’s river bottom is littered with small problems and with large problems. When things are going well, our lives are blue skies and sunshine and we are eager to have life pass rapidly. Hemingway is making a stand on the political atmosphere that was prevalent in America in the late 1920’s and one which can be applied in contemporary America as well. I must Wharton2 disagree with Thomas P. McDonnell, who wrote in an article for the...
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...Lieutenant Frederic Henry The narrator, Henry is a young American ambulance driver working for the Italian army. However, he does not feel strongly about the cause, and is not out for glory. He turns from the horrors of war to a passionate love affair with Catherine Barkley, and the new love helps distract him from the cruelty around him. Still, he is good at his job, a cool-headed, unselfish man. He makes his "separate peace" when he decides that he no longer has any obligation to the army and that his loyalty is to Catherine. Catherine Barkley A British Voluntary Aid Detachment (a nurse), Catherine is in grief over her fiancé's recent death at the start of the novel. Henry offers a rebound, and she dives into this new love. She later admits that she was a little out of her mind when she first met Henry, and her behavior backs this up: she gives herself so readily to a near stranger, and her games of flirtation... However, she gains some measure of independence later on. Like Henry, she believes the world is out to destroy people's happiness....
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...21st, 1899 to July 2nd, 1961, and published many novels, short story collections, and nonfiction books during his lifetime. Along with A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway is most well-known for his works For Whom the Bell Tolls, The Old Man and the Sea, and The Sun also Rises. He got inspiration to write A Farewell to Arms after he served in the Italian Army in World War 1, and many of the things experienced by Frederic Henry, the main character, are taken straight from Hemingway’s past. It is written in a first person “stream of consciousness” style, along with Hemingway’s classic brief and journalistic approach to writing. The story itself takes place in the early 1900’s during World War 1, and centers around Frederic Henry, an American ambulance driver enlisted in the Italian Army. After he is injured by a mortar bomb, he begins a relationship with his nurse Catherine Barkley, and they (eventually) fall in love. Just before Henry must go back to front, Catherine reveals she is pregnant: Unfortunately, tragedy ensues. Henry is believed to be a traitor, and to avoid certain death, he must flee the military and head...
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...wanted James to give up the right to feudal dues, such as wardship and purveyance, in exchange for a fixed sum per annum to be raised in taxation. They offered him £200,000 after a lot of argument. They didn’t want to give him too much money because he wouldn’t need to call parliament. James didn’t like this idea as he thought that £200,000 wouldn’t be enough. The contract was finally sunk when James made a demand for another £200,000 lump sum. The House of Commons refused this outright so James dismissed Parliament without any solution to the crown’s financial problem in sight. James’ second parliament was also known was the ‘addled’ parliament. It lasted only a few weeks and was only called so he could ask for money to cover the costs of Henry’s (his eldest son) funeral, and the marriage of his daughter Elizabeth. No...
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... 22943721 March 3, 2013 Introduction The book of Job is written as a dramatic poem, that deals with several age old questions, among them are the question of why the righteous suffer. The book of Job takes its name from the main character in the poem, the patriarch Job. Because Job deals with a number of universal questions, it is classified as one of the Wisdom Books of the Old Testament. Other books of this type are Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Solomon.1 The book of Job is a very complex book in that is seems to contradict the wisdom theology found in other books like Psalms, Proverbs, and James, in that scripture seems to show that righteousness is rewarded with blessings, while a life of foolishness can result in death. Then comes the confusing book of Job that contradicts God’s previous messages of wisdom theology and shows the righteous being punished while those who do evil prosper. In this paper I will seek to show, through Job and his friends, that there are expectations to the rules established in wisdom theology and that through job and his friends we find the process to these exceptions, and that is God’s Sovereign Freedom. ------------------------------------------------- In this paper I will attempt to specifically identify, and address and evaluate each of Job’s friends and their communication with Job and his replies with the effort to see the progression to their conversation that seems to start with compassion and speedily deteriorates...
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...Specimen Papers and Mark Schemes for English Literature For first AS Examination in 2009 For first A2 Examination in 2010 Subject Code: 5110 Contents Specimen Papers Assessment Unit AS 2 Assessment Unit A2 1 Resource Booklet Assessment Unit A2 2 1 3 9 15 25 Mark Schemes Assessment Unit AS 2 Assessment Unit A2 1 Assessment Unit A2 2 29 31 61 95 Subject Code QAN QAN 5110 500/2493/0 500/2421/8 A CCEA Publication © 2007 Further copies of this publication may be downloaded from www.ccea.org.uk Specimen Papers 1 2 ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY (AS) General Certificate of Education 2009 English Literature Assessment Unit AS 2 assessing The Study of Poetry Written after 1800 and the Study of Prose 1800-1945 SPECIMEN PAPER TIME 2 hours INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your Centre number and Candidate Number on the Answer Booklet provided. Answer two questions. Answer one question from Section A and one question from Section B. Section A is open book. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The total mark for this paper is 120. All questions carry equal marks, ie 60 marks for each question. Quality of written communication will be assessed in all questions. 3 Section A: The Study of Poetry Written after 1800 Answer one question on your chosen pairing of poets. Heaney: Opened Ground Montague: New Selected Poems 1 John Montague and Seamus Heaney both write about the Irish past. Compare and contrast the two poets’...
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...A, THE BRITISH ACADEMY SOMERSET HISTORICAL ESSAYS SOMERSET HISTORICAL ESSAYS By J. Armitage Robinson, D.D, Fellow of the British Academy Dean of Wells 1921 London: Published for the British Academy By Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press Amen Corner, E.C. PRINTED IN ENGLAND AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS BY FREDERICK HALI, 76$ J 9 2/ PREFACE The writer of these pages makes no claim to be a historian, but he is concerned with the materials which go to the construction of true history. Occasionally he is led to revise the verdicts of historians on the ground of a renewed investigation of some isolated problem, or in the light of fuller information which has but lately become available. He hopes that he has done this with sufficient modesty. As a rule he has avoided direct controversy and has preferred a positive presentation of the revised position. He is well aware that when offered thus silently the corrections he desires to make are less likely to attract immediate attention than if he directly challenged fallacies which shelter under honoured names. But he writes from mere love of the subjects to which he has been drawn by the circumstances of his position and by local patriotism ; and he has experienced more than once the temporary blindness pro- duced by the dust of conflict. On the other hand he asks for criticism, ...
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...A618C90F-C2C6-4FD6-BDDB-9D35FE504CB3 First American paperback edition published in 2006 by Enchanted Lion Books, 45 Main Street, Suite 519, Brooklyn, NY 11201 Copyright © 2002 Philip Stokes/Arcturus Publishing Limted 26/27 Bickels Yard, 151-153 Bermondsey Street, London SE1 3HA Glossary © 2003 Enchanted Lion Books All Rights Reserved. The Library of Congress has cataloged an earlier hardcover edtion of this title for which a CIP record is on file. ISBN-13: 978-1-59270-046-2 ISBN-10: 1-59270-046-2 Printed in China Edited by Paul Whittle Cover and book design by Alex Ingr A618C90F-C2C6-4FD6-BDDB-9D35FE504CB3 Philip Stokes A618C90F-C2C6-4FD6-BDDB-9D35FE504CB3 ENCHANTED LION BOOKS New York Contents The Presocratics Thales of Miletus . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Pythagoras of Samos . . . . . 10 Xenophanes of Colophon 12 Heraclitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 The Scholastics St Anselm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 St Thomas Aquinas . . . . . . . 50 John Duns Scotus . . . . . . . . . 52 William of Occam . . . . . . . . . 54 The Liberals Adam Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Mary Wollstonecraft . . . . 108 Thomas Paine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Jeremy Bentham . . . . . . . . . 112 John Stuart Mill . . . . . . . . . . 114 Auguste Comte . . . . . . . . . . . 116 The Eleatics Parmenides of Elea . . . . . . . 16 Zeno of Elea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 The Age of Science Nicolaus Copernicus . . . . . . 56 Niccolò Machiavelli...
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...Rastafari This page intentionally left blank Rastafari From Outcasts to Culture Bearers Ennis Barrington Edmonds 2003 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi São Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Copyright © 2003 by Ennis Barrington Edmonds The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Edmonds...
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...Media History Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Mass media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5 1.1.6 1.1.7 1.1.8 1.1.9 Issues with definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forms of mass media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professions involving mass media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Influence and sociology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ethical issues and criticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 2 6 6 7 8 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 12 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 19 20 21 21 21 1.1.10 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.12 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.13 External links . . . . . . . . ....
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