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French

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Submitted By sinann
Words 2507
Pages 11
Victor Hugo
Claude Gueux
1834
Il y a sept ou huit ans, un homme nommé Claude Gueux, pauvre ouvrier, vivait à Paris. Il avait avec lui une fille qui était sa maîtresse, et un enfant de cette fille. Je dis les choses comme elles sont, laissant le lecteur ramasser les moralités à mesure que les faits les sèment sur leur chemin. L’ouvrier était capable, habile, intelligent, fort maltraité par l’éducation, fort bien traité par la nature, ne sachant pas lire et sachant penser. Un hiver, l’ouvrage manqua. Pas de feu ni de pain dans le galetas. L’homme, la fille et l’enfant eurent froid et faim. L’homme vola. Je ne sais ce qu’il vola, je ne sais où il vola. Ce que je sais, c’est que de ce vol il résulta trois jours de pain et de feu pour la femme et pour l’enfant, et cinq ans de prison pour l’homme.
’homme fut envoyé faire son temps à la maison centrale de Clairvaux. Clairvaux, abbaye dont on a fait une bastille, cellule dont on a fait un cabanon, autel dont on a fait un pilori. Quand nous parlons de progrès, c’est ainsi que certaines gens le comprennent et l’exécutent. Voilà la chose qu’ils mettent sous notre mot.
Poursuivons.
Arrivé là, on le mit dans un cachot pour la nuit, et dans un atelier pour le jour. Ce n’est pas l’atelier que je blâme.Claude Gueux, honnête ouvrier naguère, voleur désormais, était une figure digne et grave. Il avait le front haut, déjà ridé quoique jeune encore, quelques cheveux gris perdus dans les touffes noires, l’œil doux et fort puissamment enfoncé sous une arcade sourcilière bien modelée, les narines ouvertes, le menton avancé, la lèvre dédaigneuse. C’était une belle tête. On va voir ce que la société en a fait.
Il avait la parole rare, le geste peu fréquent, quelque chose d’impérieux dans toute sa personne et qui se faisait obéir, l’air pensif, sérieux plutôt que souffrant. Il avait pourtant bien souffert.
Dans le dépôt où Claude Gueux était enfermé, il y avait un directeur des ateliers, espèce de fonctionnaire propre aux prisons, qui tient tout ensemble du guichetier et du marchand, qui fait en même temps une commande à l’ouvrier et une menace au prisonnier, qui vous met l’outil aux mains et les fers aux pieds. Celui-là était lui-même une variété de l’espèce, un homme bref, tyrannique, obéissant à ses idées, toujours à courte bride sur son autorité ; d’ailleurs, dans l’occasion, bon compagnon, bon prince, jovial même et raillant avec grâce ; dur plutôt que ferme ; ne raisonnant avec personne, pas même avec lui ; bon père, bon mari sans doute, ce qui est devoir et non vertu ; en un mot, pas méchant, mauvais. C’était un de ces hommes qui n’ont rien de vibrant ni d’élastique, qui sont composés de molécules inertes, qui ne résonnent au choc d’aucune idée, au contact d’aucun sentiment, qui ont des colères glacées, des haines mornes, des emportements sans émotion, qui prennent feu sans s’échauffer, dont la capacité de calorique est nulle, et qu’on dirait souvent faits de bois ; ils flambent par un bout et sont froids par l’autre. La ligne principale, la ligne diagonale du caractère de cet homme, c’était la ténacité. Il était fier d’être tenace, et se comparait à Napoléon. Ceci n’est qu’une illusion d’optique. Il y a nombre de gens qui en sont dupes et qui, à certaine distance, prennent la ténacité pour de la volonté, et une chandelle pour une étoile. Quand cet homme donc avait une fois ajusté ce qu’il appelait sa volonté à une chose absurde, il allait tête haute et à travers toute broussaille jusqu’au bout de la chose absurde. L’entêtement sans l’intelligence, c’est la sottise soudée au bout de la bêtise et lui servant de rallonge. Cela va loin. En général, quand une catastrophe privée ou publique s’est écroulée sur nous, si nous examinons, d’après les décombres qui en gisent à terre, de quelle façon elle s’est échafaudée, nous trouvons presque toujours qu’elle a été aveuglément construite par un homme médiocre et obstiné qui avait foi en lui et qui s’admirait. Il y a par le monde beaucoup de ces petites fatalités têtues qui se croient des providences.
Voilà donc ce que c’était que le directeur des ateliers de la prison centrale de Clairvaux. Voilà de quoi était fait le briquet avec lequel la société frappait chaque jour sur les prisonniers pour en tirer des étincelles.
L’étincelle que de pareils briquets arrachent à de pareils cailloux allume souvent des incendies.
Nous avons dit qu’une fois arrivé à Clairvaux, Claude Gueux fut numéroté dans un atelier et rivé à une besogne. Le directeur de l’atelier fit connaissance avec lui, le reconnut bon ouvrier, et le traita bien. Il paraît même qu’un jour, étant de bonne. humeur, et voyant Claude Gueux fort triste, car cet homme pensait toujours à celle qu’il appelait sa femme, il lui conta, par manière de jovialité et de passe-temps, et aussi pour le consoler, que cette malheureuse s’était faite fille publique. Claude demanda froidement ce qu’était devenu l’enfant. On ne savait.
Au bout de quelques mois, Claude s’acclimata à l’air de la prison et parut ne plus songer à rien. Une certaine sérénité sévère, propre à son caractère, avait repris le dessus.
Au bout du même espace de temps à peu près, Claude avait acquis un ascendant singulier sur tous ses compagnons. Comme par une sorte de convention tacite, et sans que personne sût pourquoi, pas même lui, tous ces hommes le consultaient, l’écoutaient, l’admiraient et l’imitaient, ce qui est le dernier degré ascendant de l’admiration. Ce n’était pas une médiocre gloire d’être obéi par toutes ces natures désobéissantes. Cet empire lui était venu sans qu’il y songeât. Cela tenait au regard qu’il avait dans les yeux. L’œil de l’homme est une fenêtre par laquelle on voit les pensées qui vont et viennent dans sa tête.
Mettez un homme qui contient des idées parmi des hommes qui n’en contiennent pas, au bout d’un temps donné, et par une loi d’attraction irrésistible, tous les cerveaux ténébreux graviteront humblement et avec adoration autour du cerveau rayonnant. Il y a des hommes qui sont fer et des hommes qui sont aimant. Claude était aimant.
En moins de trois mois donc, Claude était devenu l’âme, la loi et l’ordre de l’atelier. Toutes ces aiguilles tournaient sur son cadran. Il devait douter lui-même par moments s’il était roi ou prisonnier. C’était une sorte de pape captif avec ses cardinaux.

Et, par une réaction toute naturelle, dont l’effet s'accomplit sur toutes les échelles, aimé des prisonniers, il était détesté des geôliers. Cela est toujours ainsi. La popularité ne va jamais sans la défaveur. L’amour des esclaves est toujours doublé de la haine des maîtres.
Claude Gueux était grand mangeur. C’était une particularité de son organisation. Il avait l’estomac fait de telle sorte que la nourriture de deux hommes ordinaires suffisait à peine à sa journée. M. de Cotadilla avait un de ces appétits-là, et en riait ; mais ce qui est une occasion de gaieté pour un duc, grand d'Espagne, qui a cinq cent mille moutons, est une charge pour un ouvrier et un malheur pour un prisonnier.

Claude Gueux, libre dans son grenier, travaillait tout le jour, gagnait son pain de quatre livres et le mangeait. Claude Gueux, en prison, travaillait tout le jour et recevait invariablement pour sa peine une livre et demie de pain et quatre onces de viande. La ration est inexorable. Claude avait donc habituellement faim dans la prison de Clairvaux.

Il avait faim, et c’était tout. Il n’en parlait pas. C’était sa nature ainsi.

Un jour, Claude venait de dévorer sa maigre pitance, et s’était remis à son métier, croyant tromper la faim par le travail. Les autres prisonniers mangeaient joyeusement. Un jeune homme, pâle, blanc, faible, vint se placer près de lui. Il tenait à la main sa ration, à laquelle il n’avait pas encore touché, et un couteau. Il restait là debout, près de Claude, ayant l’air de vouloir parler et de ne pas oser. Cet homme, et son pain, et sa viande, importunaient Claude.

Лет семь или восемь тому назад в Париже жил бедный рабочий по имени
Клод Ге. Жил он вместе со своей возлюбленной, от которой имел ребенка. Я описываю только то, что было в действительности, пусть ход событий раскроет читателю нравоучительный смысл этой истории. Рабочий этот, умный, способный, дельный человек, был лишен образования, но щедро одарен природой; он не умел читать, но умел мыслить. Как-то зимой он очутился без работы. В его лачуге не было ни хлеба, ни огня. Мужчина, женщина и ребенок мерзли и голодали. И тогда он украл. Не знаю, что он украл, и не знаю, где он украл. Знаю лишь одно: после этой кражи женщина и ребенок три дня были сыты и жили в тепле, а он был приговорен к пяти годам тюрьмы. Отбывать наказание рабочего послали в Центральную тюрьму Клерво. Клерво
- это монастырь, превращенный в острог, келья, превращенная в темницу, алтарь, превращенный в позорный столб. Вот каким образом иные люди понимают прогресс и как претворяют его в жизнь. Вот какой смысл придают они этому слову. Однако продолжаю. В тюрьме его на ночь запирали в камеру, а на день переводили в мастерскую. Но, разумеется, не работу в мастерской я порицаю. Клод Ге, некогда честный рабочий, а ныне вор, обладал строгой, благородной внешностью. Он был еще молод, но морщины уже избороздили его высокий лоб, а в черных волосах проступала седина; у него были добрые, глубоко сидевшие глаза, красиво изогнутые брови, резко очерченные ноздри, решительный подбородок, презрительно сжатый рот. Словом, прекрасная голова.
Дальше мы увидим, что с ней сделало общество. Речь его была немногословна, движения сдержанны. Какая-то внутренняя сила заставляла людей ему повиноваться; выражение его лица было задумчивое и скорее серьезное, чем страдальческое. А ведь страдал он в жизни не мало. В тюрьме, куда заточили Клода Ге, был старший надзиратель, своего рода тюремный чиновник. Это сторож и подрядчик одновременно: он раздает заключенным заказы как рабочим и следит за ними как за арестантами, вручает им инструмент и заковывает их в кандалы. Старший надзиратель в Клерво, один из представителей такой породы людей, был резкий, жестокий, ограниченный человек, любивший проявлять свою власть; однако при случае он мог принять вид простака, доброго малого, даже благосклонно шутил и смеялся. Скорее упрямый, чем твердый, он не терпел никаких рассуждений и сам не любил рассуждать. Вероятно, он был неплохим отцом и супругом, но по обязанности, а не из добродетели; в общем - человек не злой, но и не хороший. Он был одним из тех, в ком нет ни чуткости, ни отзывчивости, кого не волнуют никакие мысли и переживания, кто испытывает холодную злобу, мрачную ненависть, кто подвержен вспышкам ярости без душевного волнения, кто горит, но не согревается, ибо не способен на теплые чувства. Таких людей можно сравнить с деревом, которое пылает с одного конца, оставаясь холодным с другого.
Главной и основной чертой характера этого человека было упорство. Он гордился своим упорством и сравнивал себя с Наполеоном. Но это был только обман. Тем не менее есть люди, которых это вводит в заблуждение и которые на известном расстоянии принимают упрямство за силу воли, а пламя свечи за звезду. Когда он утверждал или совершал какую-нибудь глупость, то, несмотря на все разумные доводы, он до конца отстаивал свое мнение, желая доказать этим силу своего характера. Безрассудное упрямство - это дурь, граничащая с глупостью и переходящая в нее. Такое упрямство может завести очень далеко. И в самом деле, когда происходит какая-либо общественная или личная катастрофа и мы по следам обломков пытаемся установить причины совершившегося несчастья, то мы почти всегда узнаем, что эта катастрофа произошла по вине какого-нибудь самодовольного, ничтожного и упрямого человека, заблуждающегося и уверенного в своей правоте. На свете много таких мелких самодуров, считающих свою волю роком, а себя - провидением. Вот таким-то и был старший надзиратель мастерских Центральной тюрьмы
Клерво. Таково было огниво, которым общество ежедневно высекало искры из заключенных. Искра, выбитая огнивом из кремней подобного рода, нередко вызывает пожары. Мы уже говорили, что по прибытии в Клерво Клод Ге был зачислен в мастерскую и прикреплен к определенной работе. Старший надзиратель мастерских, познакомившись с Клодом и убедившись, что этот рабочий знает свое дело, обращался с ним не плохо. Однажды, будучи в хорошем настроении и видя, что Клод Ге очень грустен и не перестает вспоминать ту, которую называл своей женою, надзиратель мимоходом, весело, как бы желая утешить его, сообщил, что эта несчастная сделалась продажной женщиной. Клод сдержанно спросил, что же сталось с ребенком. Но этого никто не знал. Прошло несколько месяцев, Клод свыкся с тюрьмой и, казалось, ни о чем больше не вспоминал. Суровое спокойствие, свойственное его натуре, снова овладело им. Приблизительно в это же время Клод стал пользоваться каким-то особым влиянием среди своих товарищей. Словно по некоему молчаливому уговору, причем никто, даже он сам, не знал почему, эти люди начали советоваться с ним, слушаться его, восхищаться им и подражать ему, что является уже высшей степенью восхищения. Немалая честь заставить повиноваться всех этих непокорных. Клод и не помышлял о такой чести. Причиной этой власти, по всей вероятности, было выражение его глаз. В глазах человека всегда отражаются его мысли. А если человек мыслящий попадает в среду людей не умеющих мыслить, то через некоторое время все темные умы благодаря непреодолимой силе притяжения начнут смиренно и с благоговением тянуться к уму более светлому. Есть люди, притягивающие к себе других людей, как магнит притягивает железо. Таким магнитом и был Клод Ге. Не прошло и трех месяцев, как Клод сделался законодателем, властелином и любимцем мастерской. Его слово было законом. Порою он сам даже недоумевал: кто же он - король или пленник? Он был словно папа, захваченный в плен вместе со своими кардиналами. Естественным следствием такого положения вещей, присущего всем слоям общества, явилось то, что Клода, столь сильно любимого заключенными, возненавидели тюремщики. Так бывает обычно. Популярность всегда сопровождается немилостью. Любовь рабов удваивает ненависть хозяев. Клод Ге много ел. Это было особенностью его организма. Желудок его был устроен так, что ему едва хватало пищи, достаточной для двух человек.
Господин де Котадилья обладал подобным аппетитом и очень этим забавлялся; но то, что веселит испанского гранда и герцога, обладателя пятисот тысяч баранов, крайне обременительно для простого рабочего, для арестанта же - сущая беда. Прежде, когда Клод Ге был свободен и трудился весь день у себя на чердаке, он зарабатывал достаточно для того, чтобы купить себе четыре фунта хлеба, которые и съедал. В тюрьме Клод Ге также трудился весь день, но уже получал за свой труд только полтора фунта хлеба и одиннадцать унций мяса.
Этот рацион не подлежал увеличению. Потому в тюрьме Клер во Клод Ге был постоянно голоден. Он был голоден, вот и все. Но он молчал об этом, ибо не в его характере было жаловаться. Как-то раз Клод, быстро покончив со своим скудным обедом, первым принялся за работу, надеясь хоть этим заглушить голод. Остальные арестанты еще продолжали весело есть. Вдруг какой-то молодой узник, бледный и слабый, подошел к Клоду. В руках он держал нож и свою порцию, до которой еще не дотрагивался. Он встал около Клода с таким видом, будто хочет, но не решается с ним заговорить. Вид этого человека, его хлеб и мясо - все было неприятно Клоду.

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...The French revolution, a complex series of events that occurred between the years1789 to 1799, had three stages. The first stage involved a relatively peaceful constitutional struggle; the second was one crisis and consolidation where the government spent a lot of resources fighting vestiges of the Old Regime; while the third phase entailed military rule under Napoleon as the government drifted into corruption. Judging by the events that took place and the impacts that came forthwith, I feel the second phase was the most ‘important’ in terms of the transitions that occurred during this period. During these four incidental years, we notice the formation of a republic that elected a national convention. The king was also executed in the second French revolution and war between Britain , Holland , Spain , and France arose. (Coffins, 706) There were a number of causes for the second revolutionary period that proved to be more radical than the previous stage. One of the most relevant causes was the toppling of moderate leaders who were replaced by radicals claiming to rule on behalf of the common people. The revolution in this era produced a remarkable politicization of the common people, especially in cities. Political awareness was heightened by shortages and fluctuating prices as well as demonstrations that tool place to air the demands of cheaper bread (Coffins, 698). Prevalent, was a lack of effective national leadership since Louis XVI remained a weak, vacillating...

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French Revolution

...True the ideas that were promoted by the philosophies were a contributor to The French Revolution but they were not the cause. The cause was the economic and social problems that faced France in those years of turmoil. I believe that The French Revolution was caused by The Social and Economic woes of the days. The rule of the aristocracy lasts as long as the rural population continues to ignore or neglect the crafts, and the ownership of land continues to be the soul basis of wealth. When handicrafts and commerce take hold among the people and create a new source of wealth benefiting a new class of working people, this paves the way for a revolution in political structure. A new distribution of wealth opens the way to a new distribution of power. In the same way that the possession of land creates an aristocracy, industrial property increases the power of the people; it provides the means to achieve its freedom. Antoine P. J. M. Barnave also believed that without the economic tribulations that were pending in France there would have been no need for change. The third estate could be broken down into three parts: the rich, bourgeoisie; the middle, lawyers, doctors, businessmen; and the poor, the peasant, farmer. There was much change in the economic world of the third estate. For instance the bourgeois were gaining land and therefore making money. 35% of the land was left to the 22 to 23 million peasants, the bourgeoisie held about 30% of the land, the 350 000 members of the nobility...

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