...sources of happiness to determine whether or not man’s happiness consists in these sources. Aquinas asks if any created good could consist of man’s happiness. St. Thomas says it could seem as if happiness consists of created goods because “man is made happy by that which lulls his natural desire”(1). Created goods satisfy us because they are what we crave, so when we attain them we could achieve happiness. Aquinas argues that while this is so, created goods cannot possibly be the source of man’s happiness. This is mainly due to the fact that created goods are “less than the goods of which he is capable, as of an object, and which is infinite. And the participated good which is in an angel, and in the whole universe, is a finite and restricted good” (2). What this means is that it does not make sense for man to solely derive his happiness from created goods because they are finite; there is only a set amount of these things in existence. Man would always have to worry about whatever good that is fueling his happiness from running out, because it is not eternal. For Aquinas, this means that our happiness cannot possibly consist of created goods because by definition, happiness is that state in which nothing is left to be desired. One is completely satisfied and at peace in a true state of happiness, yet with created goods one is always stressed and worried about them running out. Aquinas then goes on to question whether or not man’s happiness consists of honors. The argument that...
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...------------------------------------------------- What is Psychology? Psychology is derived from the Greek words Psyche and logos, meaning soul and study. To Greeks, Psychology is simply a study of the soul. Different authors define Psychology in different ways but in 1990, Feldman defines Psychology as the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. Scientific because it uses the steps in a scientific method in its quest to understand why a person behaves in a certain manner. It is systematic and empirical and it is dependent upon measurements. A scientific method generally follows the ff. steps: 1.) Identification of the Problem 2.) Formulation of Hypothesis 3.) Gathering of Data 4.) Interpretation and Analysis of Data 5: Generalization of Conclusion Behavior includes everything that we do – thinking, feeling, writing, reading, imagining, etc. Kinds of Behavior a. Overt -> behavior that is observable by others and can be seen readily (ex. Laughing, shouting, talking, etc.) b. Covert -> behavior that is internal therefore not observable and cannot be seen. This comes in the forms of feelings, thoughts, and motives (ex. Happy, angry, imaginations, etc.) Sigmund Freud, a Psychoanalyst classified behavior according to a person’s awareness of his behavior, to wit: a. Conscious Behavior -> any behavior that the person is aware of (ex. walking, eating, etc.) b. Unconscious Behavior -> any behavior that the person is not aware of (ex. mannerisms...
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...In The Jungle, Jurgis Rudkis is a man who leaves his homeland of Lithuania to pursue the American Dream and all it might offer him, his fiancé Ona and her family. Along the way he and his immigrant family face horrendous living and working conditions, cruelty and unimaginable heartache. Jurgis values and morals are in direct opposition with the capitalist society he encounters. These oppositions and the harsh living and working conditions change him and cloud his judgment, but the cruelest irony is that life in America robs him of his most treasured possession: Ona’s love. To better understand why Jurgis is challenged by living in America, we need to look at his past and history with his intended bride, Ona. He was a big, strong country boy with broad shoulders and giant hands. Jurgis was raised in “the midst of the wilderness” (Sinclair 30) in Lithuania, a decedent from generations of peasant class. When he saw tiny,...
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...What is Love? A Conceptual Analysis of "Love", focusing on the Love Theories of Plato, St. Augustine and Freud Nico Nuyens GRIPh Working Papers No. 0901 This paper can be downloaded without charge from the GRIPh Working Paper Series website: http//www.rug.nl/filosofie/GRIPh/workingpapers What is love? A Conceptual Analysis of “Love”, focusing on the Love Theories of Plato, St. Augustine and Freud CONTENTS INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1 1. FORMAL ANALYSIS OF LOVE............................................................................... 3 2. SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF LOVE........................................................................... 6 3. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF LOVE....................................................................... 9 3.1 ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHY: PLATO ..................................................................... 11 3.2 CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY: SAINT AUGUSTINE............................................................ 18 3.3 MODERN PHILOSOPHY: FREUD ................................................................................. 27 4. COMPARATIVE EVALUATION............................................................................ 37 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................. 40 REFERENCES....................................................................
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...University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Senior Honors Projects Honors Program at the University of Rhode Island 5-2011 Love: A Biological, Psychological and Philosophical Study Heather M. Chapman heather_chapman@my.uri.edu Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog Part of the Biology Commons, Philosophy Commons, and the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Chapman, Heather M., "Love: A Biological, Psychological and Philosophical Study" (2011). Senior Honors Projects. Paper 254. http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog/254 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors Program at the University of Rhode Island at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@etal.uri.edu. 1 Running head: LOVE Love: A biological, psychological and philosophical study. Heather Chapman University of Rhode Island 2 LOVE Dedication This paper is dedicated to the love of my life Jason Matthew Nye October 4,1973 - January 26, 2011 3 LOVE Abstract The concept of love has been an eternally elusive subject. It is a definition and meaning that philosophers, psychologists, and biologists have been seeking since the beginning of time. Wars have been waged and fought over it, while friendships have been initiated and have ended because of...
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...Theology Revision Plato Plato lived in Athens in the 5th and 4th Centuries BC He was the student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle He was a dualist- believed in the body and the soul He believed the soul was more perfect than the body He believed that societies should be run by philosophers He believed the physical world is a pale imitation of the world of the forms The allegory of the cave The prisoners- normal people of society The prisoner who escapes- philosophers, people that thirst to know the real truth The people casting the shadows- the leaders of society- shaping the world without knowing the truth The shadows/statues- what people believe is reality, what they are told to believe, things people deem to be important The cave- a world without knowledge, the physical world/the body The fire- controlled, dim light- limited knowledge. An imitation of the form of the good The journey outside- a difficult journey, acquisition of knowledge The sun- illuminates the true world- form of the good The journey back into the cave- the desire to educate and inform others of the truth The world of the Forms Forms Plato uses the word ‘form’ to describe the true essence of material objects in the world This idea of the ‘form’ exists in a non physical (yet more real) realm that can only be understood by the mind. This is called the world of the forms Plato believed that the forms were interrelated and hierarchical The highest form The ultimate principle...
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...diatonic scale, and relies on dissonant harmonies instead of consonant triads. Schoenberg composed Verklärte Nacht (Transfigured Night) in three weeks in September 1899. He originally wrote it for string sextet; in 1917, however, he reconceived it for string orchestra, softening the broodiness of the original. The music is a response of sorts to a poem by Richard Dehmel from a collection called Weib und Welt (The Woman and the World). It was first published in 1896, but republished as part of Dehmel’s 1903 verse novel Zwei Menschen (Two People). The poem was modern for the time in which it was written, especially in regard to its realistic, rather lurid subject matter, in which a woman reveals to her lover that she is pregnant with another man’s child. The five stanzas are of uneven length, the silence between the third and fourth stanzas marking the moment in which the woman’s lover decides whether or not to forgive her (he...
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...Chapter 1: Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis True False Questions 25. Freud eventually abandoned hypnosis altogether, preferring instead to encourage his patients to speak freely by reporting whatever thoughts came to mind. Answer: TRUE Page ref: 17 26. Like Ferenczi, Freud became an adherent of making the analytic situation one in which affection might be more freely expressed. Answer: FALSE Page ref: 17 27. Both Freud and Nietzsche believed that moral convictions arose from internalized aggression. Answer: TRUE Page ref: 18 28. It was clear to Freud that hysteria was a disorder whose genesis required a physiological explanation. Answer: FALSE Page ref: 18 29. Freud discovered the unconscious. Answer: FALSE Page ref: 19 30. Underlying all of Freud’s thinking is the assumption that the body is the sole source of all mental experience. Answer: TRUE Page ref: 19 31. According to Freud, the conscious constitutes a large portion of the mind. Answer: FALSE Page ref: 19 32. When decades-old unconscious material is released into consciousness, the emotional force of the material will have diminished over the passage of time. Answer: FALSE Page ref: 20 33. The number of solutions open to an individual is a summation of biological urges, conscious or unconscious wishes, and a host of prior ideas, habits, and available options. Answer: TRUE Page ref: 20 34. Libido is characterized by a lack of “mobility” or ease of passage from...
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...Definitions of Poetry by Poets and Writers… Poetry is just the evidence of life. If your life is burning well, poetry is just the ash. ~Leonard Cohen Poetry is a deal of joy and pain and wonder, with a dash of the dictionary. ~Kahlil Gibran Ink runs from the corners of my mouth There is no happiness like mine. I have been eating poetry. ~Mark Strand, "Eating Poetry," Reasons for Moving, 1968 There's no money in poetry, but then there's no poetry in money, either. ~Robert Graves, 1962 interview on BBC-TV, based on a very similar statement he overheard around 1955 Poetry is what gets lost in translation. ~Robert Frost Imaginary gardens with real toads in them. ~Marianne Moore's definition of poetry, "Poetry," Collected Poems, 1951 A poem is never finished, only abandoned. ~Paul Valéry He who draws noble delights from sentiments of poetry is a true poet, though he has never written a line in all his life. ~George Sand, 1851 Always be a poet, even in prose. ~Charles Baudelaire, "My Heart Laid Bare," Intimate Journals, 1864 Poets are soldiers that liberate words from the steadfast possession of definition. ~Eli Khamarov, The Shadow Zone Poetry is the journal of the sea animal living on land, wanting to fly in the air. Poetry is a search for syllables to shoot at the barriers of the unknown and the unknowable. Poetry is a phantom script telling how rainbows are made and why they go away. ~Carl Sandburg, Poetry Considered Poetry is a mirror which makes...
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...feeling dimension includes such things as the desire to believe in some religion, the fear of not being religious, the sense of physical, psychological, and spiritual well-being that derives from belief and like. Religious knowledge (the intellectual dimension) the religious knowledge dimension refers to the information one has about one’s faith, as compared to belief in the faith. Religious effects (the consequential dimension)-the effects dimension refers to behavior, but not behavior that is formal part of religious practice itself. Rather, the reference here is to the effect one’s religion has on the other “nonreligious” facets of the person’s life. 2. Define Psychological according to the text Psychology means the understanding of the soul 3. List and Define the 5 psychological locations for looking at the bases of religion Location 1: Unconscious mental processes and personality. - Perhaps...
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...comprehensive areas: One understands individual differences in particular personality characteristics, such as sociability or irritability. The other understands how the various parts of a person come together as a whole. Some scientists think that your personality is based on genetic predispositions or nature. Other scientists think the way you act stems from life experience, the way you were taught, and the environment in which you grew up or nurture. Personality can best be described as personal qualities of an individual. There are no two people have the same personality, however, all the different personalities in the world can be characterized into four main theories. The four psychologists that thought up the four theories are Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, and Abraham Maslow. Each man based his theory on a different part of a person’s personality development. The study of personality traits is beneficial in identifying the many variables that exist from human to human; the combinations of these variables provide us with a true level of individuality and uniqueness. Personality is the collection of characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make up a person. Personality is who we are. Each person has one or more personalities that determine how we act and react,...
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...In her essay, “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema,” Laura Mulvey argues that Classical Hollywood cinema encourages spectators to look at women and identify with men. Female stars receive the look, while male stars control the narrative and dominate space. She writes, “In a world ordered by sexual imbalance, pleasure in looking has been split between active/male and passive/female. The determining male gaze projects its fantasy onto the female figure, which is styled accordingly. In their traditional exhibitionist role women are looked at and displayed, with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact so that they can be said to connote to-be-looked-at-ness,” (205). What kind of looks, gazes, or points of identification structure (or destabilize) The Passion of Joan of Arc (Carl Th. Dreyer, 1928)? Your response should engage Mulvey’s claims. The Passion of Joan of Arc is a silent film directed by Carl Th. Dreyer made in France in 1928. In Laura Mulvey's essay, “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema,” she argues that the female stars receive the look, while male stars take control of film space. She also points out that the women’s role in the Classical Hollywood cinema is to satisfy the viewer and to be a passive character, i.e. being pleasant to look at. This essay will argue Mulvey's analysis such as: active/man and passive/female, a woman/actress being looked at as an attractive object and the female role in the cinema industry depicted by The Passion...
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...We've all been there -- fast asleep, caught up in the middle of a cinematic dream that feels so real you think you've actually experienced it. Sometimes even after waking up you question if it was real. Or maybe it was a nightmare that left you in a cold sweat, heart pounding. But what are dreams? Sigmund Freud believed that dreams are a window into our unconscious. Other researchers also discovered that dreams are our brains’ attempt to make sense of the meaningless stimuli. But regardless of which theory they agree with, all dream specialists conclude that all people dream. No matter what age a person is, it has been proven that every person dreams. In Bless me, Ultima by Rudolfo Anaya the main character, Tony, has many dreams which offer...
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...A time-line of transgender identities. © 1999 Drs. Arianne van der Ven Contents Summery 2 Introduction: The development of gender as we know it How does history relate to us? 3 From a one-gender system to a two-gender system, and on to ‘third sex’ categories. 3 Some specifics of gender transitions. 5 Part I: Sexology begins. Transgender Identities before the 19th century 7 The early 19th century: Enters forensic psychiatry 7 The late nineteenth century: Inverts turn to Experts. Enters sexology and the empirical case history. 8 Part II: Early 20th century The rise of Psychoanalysis and it's denial of transgender identities Developments in Medical technology. 10 Psycho-analysis’ erasure of transgender 11 The sixties and seventies: routine treatment of the empty transsexual 12 Part III: Transgender becomes Real. The emergence of transgender. 15 De-constructing gender, from gender identity to “freedom of gender expression”. 15 Changes in transgender care. 17 The lack of transgender in Continental Europe. 18 References 19 Summery This paper was originally written for the “Sex, Gender and Identity” program of The School for International Training (SIT) in Amsterdam. SIT is an US university and specializes in study abroad programs for students from American universities. This paper discusses transgender identities during the last...
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...AS Religious Studies [pic] PHILOSOPHY & ETHICS Revision Summary Notes Revision Notes Foundation for the Study of Religion Part One: Philosophy of Religion Plato and the Forms Influence of Socrates • Socrates said that virtue is knowledge – to know what is right is to do what is right. • All wrongdoing is the result of ignorance – nobody chooses to do wrong deliberately. • Therefore, to be moral you must have true knowledge. The problem of the One and the Many Plato was trying to find a solution to the problem that although there is underlying stability in the world (sun comes up every morning), it is constantly changing (you never step into the same river twice). 1. An old theory about this problem is that we gain all knowledge from our senses – empirically. 2. Plato disagreed with this. He said that because the world is constantly changing, our senses cannot be trusted. Plato illustrated his idea in the dialogue, ‘Meno’: Socrates sets a slave boy a mathematical problem. The slave boy knows the answer, yet he has not been taught maths. Plato suggests that the slave boy remembers the answer to the problem, which has been in his mind all along. So, according to Plato, we don't learn new things, we remember them. In other words, knowledge is innate. Plato’s Theory of the Forms Plato believed that the world was divided into: 1. Reality and; 2. Appearance |REALITY ...
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