Chapter 1: Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis
True False Questions
25. Freud eventually abandoned hypnosis altogether, preferring instead to encourage his patients to speak freely by reporting whatever thoughts came to mind.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 17
26. Like Ferenczi, Freud became an adherent of making the analytic situation one in which affection might be more freely expressed.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 17
27. Both Freud and Nietzsche believed that moral convictions arose from internalized aggression. Answer: TRUE Page ref: 18
28. It was clear to Freud that hysteria was a disorder whose genesis required a physiological explanation. Answer: FALSE Page ref: 18
29. Freud discovered the unconscious. Answer: FALSE Page ref: 19
30. Underlying all of Freud’s thinking is the assumption that the body is the sole source of all mental experience.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 19
31. According to Freud, the conscious constitutes a large portion of the mind.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 19
32. When decades-old unconscious material is released into consciousness, the emotional force of the material will have diminished over the passage of time.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 20
33. The number of solutions open to an individual is a summation of biological urges, conscious or unconscious wishes, and a host of prior ideas, habits, and available options.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 20
34. Libido is characterized by a lack of “mobility” or ease of passage from one area of attention to another.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 21
35. In his wish to appeal to the predominant European scientific mindset of his time, Freud chose deliberately obscure terms for his theory.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 21
36. The id is modified by experience as the individual grows and changes. Answer: FALSE Page ref: 22
37. The contents of the id include primitive thoughts that have never been conscious, as well as material which has been found unacceptable to consciousness.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 22
38. The ego originally develops out of the id, as the infant attempts to serve and placate the id’s repeated demands.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 22
39. The id, the ego, and the superego are only partly unconscious.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 23
40. The late oral stage—after teeth have appeared—includes the gratification of the aggressive instincts.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 24
41. Adult characteristics associated with partial fixation at the anal stage include orderliness, parsimoniousness, and obstinacy.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 24
42. Freud believed that every male child reenacts a similar inner drama to the one depicted in the Greek myth Oedipus.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 25
43. The stage in which boys and girls are made aware of their separate sexual indentities and begin to look for ways to fulfil their erotic and interpersonal needs is called the phallic stage.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 25
44. Freud’s ideas about women were based heavily on biological differences between men and women.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 27
45. According to Freud, a woman’s superego is more developed and internalized than a man’s.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 27
46. The major problem for the psyche is how to cope with anxiety.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 28
47. Hysterical symptoms are often found to have originated in earlier regression.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 29
48. Rationalization is the process of finding unacceptable reasons for acceptable thoughts or actions.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 30
49. Sublimation is the process whereby energy originally directed toward sexual or aggressive goals is redirected toward new aims—often artistic, intellectual, or cultural. Answer: TRUE Page ref: 32
50. Using the defense-mechanism of isolation, individuals separate the anxiety-arousing parts of situations from the rest of their psyches. Answer: TRUE Page ref: 33
51. Freud used the term psychoanalysis to refer to the therapy, but not the theory.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 34
52. Freud believed that unconscious material remains unconscious only with considerable and continual expenditure of libido.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 34
53. Freud maintained that it is necessary to free blocked or displaced energy through the resolution of anxieties rooted in early childhood, in order to achieve greater gratification of one’s needs.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 34
54. Freud had a passion for truth and an uncompromising faith in reason.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 38
55. Freud believed it was unnecessary for analysts themselves to have undergone analysis.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 39
56. Empirical research on Freud’s defense mechanism has found evidence for reaction formation, but it may be a by-product of other defenses.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 40
57. In the measurement of the effectiveness of psychoanalysis, generation two research focused on formal and systematic outcome measures and improved on the methodological simplicity of the preceding generation.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 40
58. More works are published about Freud and his ideas each year than on all the other Western theorists in this book combined.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 42
59. The Freudian “revolution” produced the idea that pure rationality is more important to well-being than the power of emotional intelligence alone.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 43
Essay Questions
60. Discuss how Freud’s work can be viewed as “part of the common heritage of the West.” Include mention of evidence for the impact Freud has had on the West, along with a description of some of his specific influences. Page ref: 16-19, 41-43
61. Discuss the similarities and differences between the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious. Page ref: 19-20
62. What is the aim of psychoanalysis? Page ref: 34, 38-39
63. Following the instructions exactly, complete one of the exercises from the Freud chapter. After doing the exercise, write it up as instructed. On the basis of your own self-examination, critically anaylze the validity of that portion of Freud’s conceptual framework. Page ref: 26, 31, 32, 35, 37, 39
64. Although Freud is generally thought of as a negative rather than positive growth theorist, discuss in detail what you consider to be one major positive aspect of his theory. Page ref: 16-47
Short Answer Questions
65. Freud’s view of the human condition offers a complex and compelling way to understand normal and abnormal ___________ functioning.
Answer: mental
Page ref: 16
66. The superego develops from the ___________ and serves as a judge or censor over the activities and thoughts of the ego.
Answer: ego
Page ref: 22
67. When a person does not progress normally from stage to stage, he or she is said to be ___________ at a certain stage.
Answer: fixated
Page ref: 23
68. Typically associated with Freud, but actually coined by Carl Jung, the ___________ ___________ is a psychoanalytic term used to describe a girl’s romatic feelings toward her father and anger toward her mother.
Answer: Electra complex
Page ref: 25
69. In order to decrease anxiety, we either solve problems directly or we defend against them by using ___________ ___________.
Answer: defense mechanisms
Page ref: 28
70. Consensus is growing that the analyst’s emotional response to the patient, called ___________, is not only inevitable, but a necessary source of insight into the patient’s subjectivity.
Answer: countertransference
Page ref: 43

Matching Questions
71. Unconscious mental processes
72. Impulses
73. Libido
74. Besetzung
75. Conscious
76. Id
77. Ego
78. Superego
79. Fixation
80. Oedipus complex
81. Preconscious
82. Anal stage
83. Dreams
84. Phallic stage

A. Alternative pathway to satisfy the desires of the id B. Part of the unconscious that can easily be made conscious C. Leads to simpler or more childlike gratification strategies D. The repository of those constructs that form the inhibitions for the personality E. Mental aspects are called wishes, physical aspects are needs F. Energy available to the life instincts, mobile G. When people first become aware of sexual differences H. Timeless I. Occurs between 2 and 4 years old J. Includes everything we are aware of in any given moment K. The original core out of which the rest of the personality emerges L. To occupy and invest M. Protects the id but also draws energy from it N. A young boy’s desire to possess his mother and to kill his father

71) H 72)E 73) F 74) L 75) J 76) K 77) M 78) D 79) C 80) N 81) B 82) I
83) A 84) G

Chapter 2

24. Two powerful early experiences strongly influenced Jung’s attitude toward religion and brought him closer to the “conventional piety” of his father and his pastoral relatives.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 53
25. Despite strong criticism leveled at Freud, Jung deeply valued Freud’s work.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 54
26. Jung and Freud remained in close friendship throughout their lives.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 54
27. The collective unconscious is also known as the impersonal or transpersonal unconscious.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 56
28. Only after Jung familiarized himself with gnosticism did he realize that the unconscious is a process.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 56
29. Jung concluded that the path of individuation is essentially the same in Eastern and Western thought.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 57
30. Jung found that people could be characterized as either primarily introverted or primarily extraverted.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 57

31. Jung’s concept of the collective unconscious is similar to the unconscious in Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 60
32. Like psychologist B. F. Skinner, Jung assumed that everyone is born a tabula rasa, or blank slate.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 60
33. Jung believed that each individual is born with a collective unconscious.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 60
34. According to Jung, the archetypes—structure-forming elements within the unconscious—give rise to the essential images in both individual fantasy life and to the mythologies of entire cultures.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 61
35. Archetypes always appear as mythological images.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 61
36. Jung described archetypes as forms that serve to organize or channel psychological material.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 61
37. In Jungian psychology, the ego consists of unconscious elements, as well as conscious contents, derived from personal experience.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 63
38. Although it can never be eliminated, the more the shadow material is made conscious, the less it can dominate.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 65
39. A woman’s animus mediates or assumes the role of liason between her unconscious and conscious processes.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 67
40. The self is depicted in dreams or images impersonally.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 67
41. Active imagination refers to any unconscious effort to produce material directly related to conscious processes.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 68
42. During Jungian dream analysis, although the analyst may be vitally helpful, in the end, only the dreamer can know what the dream means.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 69
43. Jung believed that the psyche’s innate urge toward wholeness would need to be coaxed out.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 70
44. Jung found that those who came to him in the first half of their lives tended to be concerned primarily with external achievement, whereas older analysands tended to enter therapy concerned with integrating their inner experiences.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 70
45. Psychological growth is achieved through confronting the shadow, but leaving the anima or animus alone to mature on its own timetable.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 71
46. The content of anima and animus is the complement of our conscious conceptions of ourselves as masculine or feminine.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 73
47. Jung stressed that individuation is essentially a personal endeavor.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 74
48. Although he discussed the feeling function in detail, interestingly, Jung left “emotion” out of his writings and lectures on personality formation.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 75
49. Jung distinguished intellect from intuition because intuition draws strongly on unconscious material, while intellect does not.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 75
50. In Jungian analysis, the analyst’s unconscious interacts with the unconscious of the patient.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 75
51. Modern researchers have suggested that Jung’s archetypes arise from the basic cognitive and emotional structures of the brain.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 76
52. Jung’s Typology, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, is the second most widely used popular psychology test.
Answer: FALSE
Page ref: 76
53. Research has shown a significant relationship between the MBTI and personality disorders.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 76
54. Jung stressed the practical importance of spirituality.
Answer: TRUE
Page ref: 77
Essay Questions 55. What effect would conscious development of our inferior functions have on ourselves and our relationships? Explain. Page ref: 58-59
56. Create some arguments for and against the existence of the collective unconscious. List the evidence that supports your arguments. Page ref: 60
57. Explain the significance of symbols in Jungian psychology. Page ref: 68-69

58. Outline and evaluate the Jungian process of individuation. Describe the stages of individuation and the obstacles to growth individuals may encounter at each stage. Page ref: 71-73
59. See the “RESEARCH” section on page 76. Choose a set of findings to discuss. How does this data extend our understanding of personality? Where should the research in this area go next? Page ref: 76
Short Answer Questions
60. Jung’s analysis of ___________ ___________ includes investigations of religion, alchemy, parapsychology, and mythology.
Answer: human nature
Page ref: 53
61. Also called archetypes, the ___________ ___________ are representations of the instinctual energies of the collective unconscious.
Answer: primordial images
Page ref: 60
62. The character we assume, through which we relate to others, is known as the ___________.
Answer: persona
Page ref: 63
63. According to Jung, the ___________ expresses itself primarily through symbols.
Answer: unconscious
Page ref: 68
64. Three literature reviews have concluded that the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is both a reliable and ___________ measure.
Answer: valid
Page ref: 76
65. The publication of Jung’s ___________ has been a major event in Jungian psychology.
Answer: Red Book
Page ref: 78

Matching Question
66. Collective unconscious
67. Mandala
68. Introverts
69. Anima/Animus
70. Personal unconscious
71. Feeling
72. Sensation
73. Intuition
74. Extraverts
75. Thinking
76. Ego
77. Persona
78. Shadow
79. Self
80. Individuation

A. Mask B. Similar to the unconscious in psychoanalytic theory C. Symbolizes the process of individuation D. “Soul image” E. Concerned with the truth F. Process of developing wholeness G. Archetypes H. Way of comprehending information in terms of past experience, future goals, and unconscious processes I. Central archetype J. Direct experience K. Making decisions according to one’s value judgements L. Need to guard against becoming dominated by external events and alienated from internal processes M. The center of consciousness N. Center of personal unconscious O. Energy flows more naturally to their inner worlds

66) G 67) C 68) O 69) D 70) B 71) K 72) J 73) H 74) L 75) E 76) M 77) A 78) N

79) I 80) F