...Approaches to Psychology Behaviourism The behaviourist approach: the basics What assumptions do behaviourists make? Behaviourists regard all behaviour as a response to a stimulus. They assume that what we do is determined by the environment we are in, which provides stimuli to which we respond, and the environments we have been in in the past, which caused us to learn to respond to stimuli in particular ways. Behaviourists are unique amongst psychologists in believing that it is unnecessary to speculate about internal mental processes when explaining behaviour: it is enough to know which stimuli elicit which responses. Behaviourists also believe that people are born with only a handful of innate reflexes (stimulus-response units that do not need to be learned) and that all of a person’s complex behaviours are the result of learning through interaction with the environment. They also assume that the processes of learning are common to all species and so humans learn in the same way as other animals. How do behaviourists explain human behaviour? Behaviourists explain behaviour in terms of (1) the stimuli that elicit it and (2) the events that caused the person to learn to respond to the stimulus that way. Behaviourists use two processes to explain how people learn: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In classical conditioning, people learn to associate two stimuli when they occur together, such that the response originally elicited by one stimulus is transferred to...
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...Explain the role of "self-concept" in Rogers' theory of personality. Rogers’ idea of self-concept falls under the umbrella of humanistic approach to personality. The humanistic approach focuses on the idea that the human entity has potential for growth. All humans are born as “good” people and growth in the human condition is imperative to this truth. The self is constantly growing and building upon itself. (Carver & Scheier, 2012) An actualized person is one who lives up to their optimum potential. They are “congruent”, which means that they are in balance with themselves. According to Rogers’, this balance is struck between your current self and the person you want to become, and a person has a sort of intuition within themselves called an “organismic valuing process” which will let you know if you are going in the right direction in meeting congruency. Self-concept is defined as” a set of qualities a person views as being part of himself of herself” (Carver & Scheier, 2012). Two sources that effect a person’s self-concept are childhood experiences and the way they believe others perceive them. This is the existential and categorical selves. The existential belief means that a person is a sole entity and is responsible for their own path in life based on the values that they adopt in order to be the most honest versions of themselves. The categorical self is when a person is aware of the characteristics that make them an individual that others may notice about...
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...The behaviourist approach was a dominant perspective in psychology from the 1920s to 1950. Behaviourists focus on the influence of the environment and study how humans are shaped through interactions with their environment. Behaviourism is a scientific approach in psychology that advocates the use of strict experimental methods in order to study only observable behaviour in relation to the environment. Internal processes that the brain is capable of such as thoughts, emotions and rationalisation are overlooked. This contrasts with the cognitive approach which looks at thought processes and other unobservable activities that occur in the brain such as memory, thinking, problem solving. This also conflicts with the psychodynamic approach, as by only focusing on external observational behaviour, the unconscious mind’s influence on behaviour is not taken into account. However behaviouristic psychologists consider inner experiences to be too subjective and difficult to measure, therefore they will only use objective, scientific procedures such as laboratory experiments. This is to allow researchers to control very precisely the conditions and establish empirical evidence, thus making behaviourism a very scientific approach to psychology. This is a strength to behaviourism, as experiments are measurable and can be replicated, producing reliable and consistent results. However a limitation of this aspect of behaviourism is that the methods and settings used in behaviourist research...
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...Describe the cognitive approach in psychology and evaluate the research methods used. In the cognitive approach, lab experiments are reductionist because it’s focusing on basic processes and compares human cognition to computer functioning; ignoring the complexity of the human mind. The cognitive approach often takes this narrow focus and ignores social and emotional factors which may impact on cognition. This is evident from studies such as Ebinghaus experiment where he investigated forgetting and how memory ‘decays’. Although there are some explanations that relate to the brain and how our brain deals with information to remember it, there is another explanation that supports the reductionist side. Humans are like computers and if we don’t recall the information to remind ourselves of something, like in a computer drive we will simply get overloaded with other information that will overshadow this one and simply make us forget. This therefore shows how lab experiments can be reductionist. Furthermore, because it was a lab experiment where Ebinghaus knew what to expect from his inference we can say it was unfair and invalid because he was appreciative. The use of case studies in the cognitive approach is longitudinal which is good as it allows information to be gathered over a period of time and can therefore show changes in behaviour or thoughts over the set period. The Ebinghaus study, where he collected data over several weeks to see if he was capable of remembering things...
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...Describe and evaluate the behaviourist approach in psychology. Refer to evidence in the answer. [10 Marks] The behaviorist approach works on the assumption that behaviour is learned through experience and that we are born with no experience. The approach suggests that behaviours are learned through reinforcement that strengthens a behaviour and that all learning links to responding to a stimulus. It also assumes that the environment is the sole determining factor in behaviour. There are two main theories that fall under the behaviourist approach: classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning was developed by psychologist, Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov adopted the idea of stimulus response and learning through association. Pavlov used a dog to show his theory. He noticed when the dog saw food it would salivate. He began giving the dog food ,the unconditioned stimulus, with a ringing bell, the conditioned stimulus. Eventually Pavlov was able to get a response from the dog when only ringing the bell which shows how the dog learnt to associate the bell with food. Operant conditioning was adopted by Fredric Skinner. His theory worked on the basis of reinforcing behaviors. The 3 main types of reinforcement are positive and negative reinforcement and punishment. Skinner used his ‘Skinner Box’ to show this theory. The Box consisted of a hungry rat and a lever.In positive reinforcement the rat is given food when it presses the lever. In negative reinforcement the rat is given an...
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...R. (2014). Health Psychology: A Biopsychosocial Approach. (4th ed). New York, New York: Worth Smart Recovery (2015). Stages of Change. Retrieved from: http://www.smartrecovery.org/resources/library/Articles_and_Essays/Stages_of_Change/Stages_of_Change.pdf Family Doctor (2004). Mind/Body Connection: How Your Emotions Affect Your Health. Retrieved from: http://familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/prevention-wellness/emotional-wellbeing/mental-health/mind-body-connection-how-your-emotions-affect-your-health.html Burke, D. (2015). Health Line. Alcoholic Hepatitis. Retrieved from: http://www.healthline.com/health/alcoholic-hepatitis#Overview1 Heuman, D. (2016). Medscape. Alcoholic Hepatitis Treatment & Management. Retrieved from:...
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...In order for psychology to be considered as a science, the true meaning of a science needs to be considered. It is widely believed that for a subject to be a science, it must have the following; a common agreement of the subject matter that is being studied; theories constructed from hypotheses; empirical, objective methods of data collection and general laws. A paradigm is “a set of theoretical assumptions that are agreed upon by scientists which provide a means of making sense of the world in which we live”. This is according to Kuhn who is a philosopher in science who stated that to be a science there must be a unified and agreed upon subject matter. This should consist of three main factors; a set of theoretical assumptions that provide a model of the subject matter; a set of metaphors that compare the subject matter in a simple and understandable way and a set of methods for empirical enquiry that are agreed upon by scientists working within the paradigm. Physics, for example, meets the criteria of a paradigm because forces are measured using laboratory experiments in the simplest of ways. Kuhn believed that there were three stages to developing a paradigm. The first stage is a pre-science where there is no common understanding of the subject criteria, or there are too many different approaches, with too many alternative research methods. The next stage is a normal science where there is a unified set of beliefs and values which are commonly agreed on by all and researchers...
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...tone and making sure to use a reader-centered perspective that utilizes a "you" approach and positive wording. In addition to a reader-centered perspective, however, you also should consider the difference between what is called a direct and an indirect approach when organizing letters, memos, and e-mail messages, especially ones that convey bad news. DIRECT APPROACH The direct approach anticipates no resistance to its message--for instance, "you've been hired," "your order is being shipped today," or even "the project will be done in one week." In this case, organizing your message is simple. Searle’s mentions that memos and letters should have some kind of brief introduction, sometimes as its own paragraph. If you're using the direct approach, this introduction is simply a straightforward statement of the main point of the message. For instance, if you are writing a letter to confirm an order, simply begin by stating, "We have received your order for part #23-B-4439 and are shipping it today." Then the rest of the letter can provide details like shipping time, cost, etc. Whenever possible, use the direct approach. Most readers are in a hurry and want the main point up front. And if there's no reason for them to respond negatively, there's no reason to delay that main point.Keep in mind that the direct approach applies equally to letters, memos, and e-mail messages. INDIRECT APPROACH Sometimes, your letter, memo, or e-mail message contains "bad news" of some type--a...
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...of what they might think. | In the table below, categorize different leadership approaches that could be used in the work environment you have described. Provide different suggestions for each of the four approaches to leadership. Directive approach | Supportive approach | By using a directive approach, you are providing guidance and training. This can be anything from work scheduling to maintaining clear work performance standards. Linking incentives directly to performance is also an approach worth trying to boost employee morale. Developing clear work rules and procedures can be essential for making any work environment successful. | Being friendly and approachable can be a hard thing to do on an everyday basis. There can be problems that affect a person attitude on a particular day. Showing concern for well being and needs of employees will show that you empathize with their situation and you will strive to better whatever situation that is troubling them. Treating workers as equals and acting in a nonthreatening way can show that you are in the same situation and no one person is more valuable because of their position. | Participative approach | Achievement-oriented approach | By giving a participative approach you can show your employees that you understand...
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...I believe all persuasive approaches will be different depending on who I will be approaching in the audience. I order to have an effective approach I must know who I am approaching and how I will approach them. Considering that a message can be directed to a boss, a peer, a challenging person, or an open-minded person I must be able to construct or tailor my approach according to each person in order to get to the see my point of view and gain their support. Each person will develop their opinions differently not only because each person has their own mind but because each plays a different role. For example, if I am approaching my boss in discussion I must consider the fact that he or she has worked extremely hard to obtain a position where they can lead others and is person who is respected because of their position who goals are in line with that of company’s vision. Therefore, my approach would be to follow the same order of directing my approach to line up with the company’s goals. If I were speaking with a peer, this approach would be probably be the easiest considering that we have established grounds of comfort and our views and goals would be easier. When approaching a peer there is no or very little preparation involved. Usually, peers see things eye to eye and very rarely does someone have to work hard in order to make a good impression or get them to see my point of view. In the case of the challenging person, this would be the complete opposite of a peer...
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...message? We still wish to continue business with them and appreciate the business we’ve had already. • Who is your primary audience? Marble Rivera • What is the audience’s background? Former speaker/ technology company. • What are the audience’s reactions likely to be to your message? Disappointment • Gather Information • What information does your audience need to receive? The email explaining why she won’t be key speaker. • What facts must you gather in order to create an effective message? Our reasons behind why we’re going with Dr. Binter. • Organize the Information • What is your main idea? Keeping her happy and evolving our company at the same time. • Will you use the direct or indirect approach? indirect • Why are you using the approach you chose? I feel she will appreciate us being honest right up front. • Write • Adapt to Your Audience • How will you show sensitivity to your audience's needs? Explaining how we love what she brings to our company and its more of a friendship then a business transaction. • How much credibility...
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...Required Textbooks and Equipment Instrument Commercial Manual, Jeppesen (current edition). ICM Airman’s Information Manual, FAA (current edition). AIM Federal Aviation Regulations, FAA (current edition). FAR Airport Facilities Directory, NOAA (current edition). AFD FAA Instrument Pilot Exam Questions/Answers (Gleim). FAA IFR ENROUTE LOW ALTITUDE charts – U.S. L-23/24 US Terminal Procedures (Approach plate) – SE-3 Optional- Jeppesen Chart Subscription, (current Florida coverage). Aviation Weather Services, NOAA, AC 00-45C (current edition). AWS Course Description This course develops aeronautical knowledge required for addition of an Instrument Airplane rating to a Private Pilot certificate. Topics include instrument flying regulations, safety, operations, navigation systems, chart use, weather, flight planning, decision-making, and crew resource management. Prerequisites AS 121. Course Goals This course provides the aeronautical knowledge to continue the development of a professional pilot through practical application of basic aerodynamics, aircraft performance, regulations, and flight planning in a single-pilot, IFR environment. This course also continues to build the understanding of those essential elements of crew resource management, such as crew communication, crew coordination, and teamwork required by the aviation industry. Performance Objectives During this course the student will, to the...
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...development approach is from the theory of Sen which says that development comes about only when capabilities expand. The idea generated from the theory is that the core reason for development is to ensure that human lives are improved. This can only be achieved if there is expansion in what they can be or do. It could include things such as the being well nourished and healthy, participating in the activities of the community and being knowledgeable. Hence, development can only occur once the obstacles that were present preventing an individual from doing something are removed. The obstacles might be in the form of ill health, illiteracy, lack of resources or lack of freedom- both political and civil. When these obstacles are removed one is said to be capable; hence the origin of the concept of capability Sen, 160). Purpose Statement The purpose of this paper is to analyze the concept of capabilities approach that was developed by Amartya Sen, a Nobel Prize winner, and M. Nussban. Amartya has enabled the measurement of human development by the United Development Program (UNDP). He helped invent the capabilities approach, which is the foundation of indices used by UNDP in their measurements. Through these indices the achievement in education and health can be measured in addition to income (Nussbaum, 67). Objectives The main aim of this paper is to establish whether the Human Development Reports (HDRs) have their base relying on the concept of capabilities approach and establish...
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...INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING Bioinsp. Biomim. 1 (2006) P1–P12 BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS doi:10.1088/1748-3182/1/1/P01 PERSPECTIVE Biomimetics—using nature to inspire human innovation Yoseph Bar-Cohen Jet Propulsion Lab, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099, USA E-mail: yosi@jpl.nasa.gov Received 7 November 2005 Accepted for publication 7 March 2006 Published 27 April 2006 Online at stacks.iop.org/BB/1/P1 Abstract Evolution has resolved many of nature’s challenges leading to lasting solutions. Nature has always inspired human achievements and has led to effective materials, structures, tools, mechanisms, processes, algorithms, methods, systems, and many other benefits (Bar-Cohen Y (ed) 2005 Biomimetics—Biologically Inspired Technologies (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press) pp 1–552). This field, which is known as biomimetics, offers enormous potential for inspiring new capabilities for exciting future technologies. There are numerous examples of biomimetic successes that involve making simple copies, such as the use of fins for swimming. Others examples involved greater mimicking complexity including the mastery of flying that became possible only after the principles of aerodynamics were better understood. Some commercial implementations of biomimetics, including robotic toys and movie subjects, are increasingly appearing and behaving like living creatures. More substantial benefits of biomimetics include the development of prosthetics...
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...and the task force members needs to determined followed by predictions on how the first week of the task force went. The meeting with Dixon is crucial for Larry to establish clear and concise goals for himself and his future team. Through this meeting, Larry must also determine Dixon's position on the manner and assess to what extent she will be involved with the team. From the information provided in the case, it is clear that Dixon is essentially "dumping" this task on Larry and that she will not even be present for the first two weeks of the task force. From this, Larry has limited options on how to approach Dixon. Larry needs to identify from Dixon what the possible rewards are for success and consequences for failure are. From the additional information provided, Larry correctly approached Dixon in a manner that lead to the ability for Larry to use the upward appeal approach in influence tactics [Ch....
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