...Laren Michel Due Date: November 6th 2014 Introduction: There are around 196 countries in the world and the cultures and values differ between the different countries. There are still similarities in some of the culture traits. In today’s world people are more willing to engage in global business and for this reason they need to be able to adapt to the different cultures. As the cultures vary from country to country, people around the world may face many difficulties during their communication. Many businesses have failed due to the fact that they failed to fully assess the market they were entering in. The paper will portray three different approaches that will aid in understanding cultural differences that can be utilized as effective tools in conducting global business. These approaches are known as the context approach, the cluster approach and the dimension approach. 1. Context Approach: This is one of the three main approaches to understand cultural differences. Context approach is considered as the most straightforward as it relies on a single dimension. In addition, there are two parts of the context approach, known as: (i) High context cultures and (ii) Low context cultures. The two types of contexts have different cultures, values, norms, and ways of thinking. In low-context cultures such as North American and Western European countries, communication usually takes place at face value whereas, in high-context cultures such as Asian and African countries, communication...
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...shown to differ in different cultures (24m) Relationships are a universal thing but differ depending on the different types of cultures in which they occur. Individualistic cultures value self-autonomy, leadership and self-fulfilment; more attention is paid to the individual’s attitudes and preferences than to group norms, examples of individualistic cultures include Western Europe, Australia and America. Conversely, members of collectivist cultures define themselves as interdependent and value group harmony, duty, obligation and security. In this type of culture more attention is paid to group norms rather than to an individual’s attitudes and behaviour, examples of collectivist cultures include China, Pakistan and India. As collectivist cultures are more focused on group gain than individual gain, family approval of the relationship would be a key determining factor in the relationship, for this reason marriages are usually arranged by family members and are non-voluntary. Also, in cases where the individual is not happy in the relationship, it may continue despite this as the relationship is more beneficial to the group - for this reason divorce may be difficult or impossible due to this pressure from the group. Whereas, individualistic cultures are more accepting and encouraging in allowing people to freely and voluntarily choose their partner on the basis of love and attraction as the individual’s happiness and pleasure is seen as being fundamentally important. If the costs...
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...nearly halt by 2050. By that time, the world’s population will have stabilized at 9.15B people. Global income will increase far more than population over the next four decades. Four historic shifts will fundamentally alter the world’s population over the next four decades: the relative demographic weight of the worlds developed countries will drop by nearly 25 percent, shifting economic power to the developing nations; the developed countries labor forces will substantially age and decline, constraining economic growth in the developed world and raising the demand for immigrant workers; most of the worlds expected population growth will increasingly be concentrated in today’s poorest and youngest countries; and for the first time in history, most of the worlds population will become urbanized. The West is experiencing a drastic decline in population growth, and its relative decline is even more dramatic if one also considers changes in income. The proportion of global GDP produced by Europe, the US and Canada fell from 68% in 1950 to 47% in 2003. This will decline even more steeply in the future, and in 2050, the global GDP produced by these countries will be <30%. This means that, the world’s GDP growth between 2003 and 2050 will occur outside Europe, the US and Canada. From now on, therefore, the main driver of global economic expansion will be the economic growth of newly-industrialized countries, such as Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Turkey and Mexico. Part of the reason...
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...nations have been regarded as East, while Australia, Canada, Europe, New Zealand, Latin America and the United States are regarded as West. Rudyard Kipling says in the Ballad of East and West: “East is East, and West is West; and never the twain shall meet.” Yet, he never expected that with the technological development in transportation and communication, the Westerners and Easterners that have quite different cultures respectively would meet so frequently nowadays in international settings. However, in a sense, Kipling is absolutely correct in that people with different cultural patterns (including beliefs, values, attitudes, norms, customs, and material aspects), especially those from East and West, do encounter communication difficulties, breakdowns, misunderstandings and even conflicts and confrontations just because they fail to understand each other in their intercultural communication. Therefore, understanding these cultural patterns or orientations which underlie most common behavior of the Easterners and Westerners helps us to see beneath the surface to find out why people from East and West act as they do. This discovery may lead us to appreciate the rich diversity and genius that exist in different parts of the globe, avoid potential intercultural problem and become successful communicators in the interaction between East and West. Cultural awareness becomes central when we have to interact with people from other cultures, so realizing the similarities and...
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...used in a variety of industries in Western world; at home and in factories (6-7) * Natural rubber trees only grew in warm, wet climates – not ideal for Canada, had to import from many foreign regions (7-8) * Usage of rubber grew within Canada exponentially (8-9) * Rubber manufacturing began after First World War, mainly footwear + clothing (9) * Experienced rapid growth within the industry in first two decades (10) * Consolidated Rubber Company (1906) founded by Max Aitken, combining six leading rubber plants amalgamation (10) * American rubber companies moved into Canada – accounted for 2/3 (11) * Tariffs played vital role in market – limited imports and were aimed to increase national levels or production + promote self sufficiency (11) * Americans built subsidiaries in Canada to avoid tariff (11) * Rubber industry increasingly centralized, foreign-owned + controlled (11) * Canadian rubber industry expanded significantly prior to second world war (12) * Prewar period (WWII) + consumption of cars made rubber industry a necessity (12) * Dunlop invented air + rubber tire (1849) – very successful (13) * Rubber still imported from overseas – created very high expenses (13) * Massive scientific advancements worldwide during WWII (14-20) * Huge attempts at creating a domestic supply of rubber (15) * Had many minor successes – nothing that levelled up to natural rubber (20) * Canada still 100% dependent on foreign forms...
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...psychology relates to the ‘European Migration Crisis’ of the summer 2015 using the two news articles provided.” ‘’Migrants and refugees streaming into Europe from Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia have presented European leaders and policymakers with their greatest challenge since the debt crisis, ’’ Jeanne Parker, Deputy Director Council of Foreign Relations (September, 2015). It has been estimated by the IOM that within the first few months of this year, over 464,000 migrants have crossed into Europe, 150 per hour in Germany (Express), with the majority constituting Syrians escaping civil war. With the recent terrorist attacks on France and threats of ISIS across Europe and Western countries imminent, it has caused much concern among settling nations of the threat of facilitated entry for terrorist groups disguised as asylum seekers. As well as how the massive influx of migrants will further affect their standard of living and the relative depravity with the impending strain on the economy and resources. Social psychologists have theorized over the different behavioural response’ and attitudes of migration on receiving countries, with four main inter-connected concepts applicable to European communities involved in the humanitarian crisis of 2015: the dynamics of in-group/out-group processes and prejudice from unwelcoming communities to pro-social behavior and altruism shown by welcoming sectors of society. A major field of psychology is how people define themselves...
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...debates concerns the effectiveness of these approaches and the degree of continuity between the premodern and modern police models. Around 1800 a small number of distinctively different types of police institution emerged. The French, under Napoleon, instituted the Gendarmerie, a state military police model. It evolved from the “Marechaussee,” which had had a dual military and civil function since the 16th century. The model was exported across Europe by Napoleon. The British developed two models. The first, set up to answer similar challenges to the Gendarmerie in France, was the Royal Irish Constabulary model. It was close to the state military model, but distinctively styled as part of the civil power of the state and subordinated to the Magistracy. The Irish model was subsequently exported to Britain’s colonies and became the basis of forces such as the Indian Police Service. The Metropolitan Police was consciously created as a local force with a uniform that was deliberately different from the military and a mission that focused on prevention of crime rather than the repression of disorder. This state civilian model became the basis for all UK forces on the mainland and the principal influence on the development of East Coast US policing in the 1840s. As the three models have developed and evolved in different political systems over the years since 1800, they have both diverged and converged in various ways....
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...From Manuscript to Bound Book: How the Printing Press Revolutionized 15th Century Literature “The invention of printing broadcast the printed language and gave to print a degree of authority that it has never lost.”- A. Lloyd James Before the days of automated printers and wireless communication, manuscripts represented the primary but inefficient and costly way to record, obtain and share knowledge. It was not until the 15th century when Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press revolutionized the way information was stored and disseminated. The printing press quickly changed the way in which written works were manufactured and which works could be produced by allowing private citizens to publish books and other written texts at a marketable rate. Illustrated through the invention of Gutenberg’s machine, society as a whole was impacted by the way in which information was produced, and through the press’ impact on academia and on the political and religious groups of the 15th and 16th centuries. Exemplified by the restricted writing methods at the time and the constraints transcription raised on the production of manuscripts, the printing press had a significant impact on universities and the methods of medieval education. Through readily available literature, the resulting increase of literacy had a large effect on the scientific community and a shift in power for the ruling parties of the time. Ultimately, the easy dissemination of political ideas in medieval Europe led to upheavals...
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...Polar areas. Every one of the ten of the World's tallest mountains are a piece of this great icy locale so for our rundown of the main 10 tallest mountains On the planet will take a gander at things a little in an unexpected way. Topographic noticeable quality considers the tallness between a mountains summit and the stature of its base, fundamentally it's a measure of how much any pinnacle ascends from the encompassing scene. It's a framework that takes a gander at the free rise and unmistakable...
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...Joshua Goode: 21148871 Question 1 All legal systems are conceived with the idea of providing a body of laws that are to be adhered to by nations and the individuals residing in them so that a sense of social order and growth can be achieved in a way that may ultimately lead to prosperity for the nation (Kritzer 2003) . Different countries employ many varied legal systems in an effort to ensure this stability and growth. Two such legal systems used by a great number of countries today are the Common Law and Civil law systems (DFAT 2012) . The origins of Common Law extend back almost a thousand years to the Middle Ages in England, and has slowly developed to become a widely used legal system all over the world, implemented in first world western nations such as Australia, America and Canada as well as developing economic powerhouses such as India (Kritzer 2003). The roots of Civil Law can be traced back even further to the accumulation of Roman law in the 6 th century CE. Much of Europe still uses the Civil law system as it has for hundreds of years. (Dainow 1996 ). As with all legal systems both Civil and Common law systems have their differences, which in turn makes up what you could call their strengths and weaknesses. The main difference between the two is how cases are decided within the system. The use of Common law sees cases decided mainly on the precedent of cases that have come before as will further be demonstrated whereas Civil law relies on the use...
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...Balance Case Study Ed Williams Introduction New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc. (New Balance) is an organization that offers and makes athletic shoes, attire and extras for men, ladies and youngsters. It is the fourth biggest shoe maker on the planet. The organization was established by William Riley and was formerly known as New Balance Arch Company. In 1972, James S. Davis acquired the organization and renamed it The New Balance Athletic Shoe Company. The New Balance Company is a secretly held organization central command is situated in Brighton, Massachusetts and the organization utilizes 4,100 individuals all through the world. New Balance items are sold universally through their working divisions in the United Kingdom, Europe, Asia and Canada. James S. Davis is current executive and Robot DeMartini is the present President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of New Balance. (Business Line. 2014) In this New Balance Case study, I will examine the organization's CSR system by utilizing the Corporate Citizenship administration structure (CCMF), examination of the qualities and shortcomings of some procedures and how the New Balance Company is executing their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) method. Qualities and Weaknesses So, as to comprehend the organization's corporate citizenship, New Balance Company uses corporate citizenship administration structure (CCMF) to comprehend the organization's qualities and shortcomings. It incorporates four interrelated spaces...
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...Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION: GLOBALIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE We live in a world that is highly interconnected by a bewildering array of complex economic transactions, social and environmental problems, and international political collaborations and conflicts. Examples from global economics are found in the news everyday. A decision by American policymakers to subsidize the production of ethanol, a form of gasoline containing an additive produced from corn, is seen by many as a key reason that grain prices are high around the world. The spectacular emergence of China as a major exporter of manufactured goods has affected wages in both rich and poor countries. As large corporations, such as Microsoft, Intel, Toyota, General Electric, and Siemens have expanded their investments in affiliates in many nations around the world, they have built global production networks that share technological knowledge across locations to produce increasingly complex goods that could be sold anywhere. Today, a major cultural product, such as a Hollywood movie or a jazz band’s latest compact disk, is likely to employ creative personnel from around the world, with various components of the product recorded, mixed or edited in different locations. The importance of international connections in trade, investment, and skilled services can be illustrated by considering the apparently simple act of making and bringing to market an item of apparel, say a fashionable woolen men’s suit. The initial task is to...
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...1 The Globalization of Thai Cuisine Sirijit Sunanta University of British Columbia, sirijit@interchange.ubc.ca Paper presented at the Canadian Council for Southeast Asian Studies Conference, York University, Toronto, October 14-16, 2005 Introduction Globalization literature underscores the flows of people, information, technologies, capital and ideas across national borders (Appadurai 1996). The contact between cultures following these transnational flows has resulted in the widespread exchange and transformation of cultural forms (Appadurai 1996, Featherstone 1995). Responding to the call from some transnationalism and globalization writers, such as Cook and Crang, for the need to ground globalization theory in specific empirical materials, this paper seeks to analyze globalization through the mundane, everyday consumption of food and drink, and by following a form of cultural commodity – Thai food, or Thai cuisine – on its transnational routes. I start by giving a historical overview of how Thai food has become internationalized and has reached a global audience in cosmopolitan cities around the globe. Based on empirical observation of Thai restaurants in Vancouver, I explore the processes Thai cuisine has undergone when it enters transnational space and serves a global clientele. My field research reveals that Thai restaurants in a North American city highlight the authenticity of the Thai taste while at the same time adapting to local food customs. 2 Although creative...
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...My opinion 13 Recommendations 14 List of references 15 Introduction A term globalization was used in 1983 for the first time in a history. Globalization as we know it today started at the beginning of the 20th century. It has an impact on everything and it has changed everything from its core. Economic environment, political environment and regarding to this subject – cultural environment. As everything, it brought both advantages and disadvantages. Looking back in time when this globalization started intensifies rapidly. It evokes a basic question: why did the globalization intensify rapidly? We can consider many reasons, for example lower travel cost, free movement of people, development of technologies, faster data exchange etc. These answers lead me to another possible answer - mass media. Globalization, Americanization or westernization are closely related to the popular culture. As stated in the book ‘There are two things we can say with some confidence about the United States and popular culture. First, as Andrew Ross (1989) has pointed out, ‘popular culture has been socially and institutionally central in America for longer and in a more significant way than in Europe’ (7). Second, although the availability of American culture worldwide is undoubted, how what is available is consumed is at the very least contradictory (see Chapter 9). What is true is that in the 1950s (one of the key periods of Americanization), for many young people in Britain,...
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...unilever SUBMITTED TO: MS.ERAJ GROUP MEMBERS: ERUM FAROOQUI 12 KANWAL TAHIR 21 QURRAT.UL.AIN IRSHAD 75 CONTENT: * Background. * Head Office * Vision. * Mission. * Unilever Key Facts. * Unilever Portfolio. * Product and Service Analysis. * Unilever’s Marketing Strategy. * Unilever’s Operational And Distributional Strategy. com BACK GROUND In the 1890s, William Hesketh Lever, founder of Lever Bros and later Lord Leverhulme, wrote down his ideas for Sunlight Soap – his revolutionary new product that helped popularize cleanliness and hygiene in Victorian England. “It was toward make cleanliness commonplace; to lessen work...
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