...Cognitive Personality Approach Introduction Psychology definition is the study of the human mind and human behaviors. It is an theoretical discipline and is applied science in which seeks the understanding of individuals and groups by establishing overall principles, along with researching specific form of cases. There are many different approaches to psychology such as humanist, behavioral, and cognitive. One must understand the cognitive approach before truly understand the cognitive personality approach. Cognitive psychology “is the scientific investigation of human cognition, that is, all our mental abilities – perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, reasoning, and understanding”(Lu & Dosher, 2007, p. 1). As the term ‘cognition’ comes from the Latin word “cognoscere”. Cognitive psychology is the study in which how people obtain and apply knowledge or information to their everyday lives. It is a modern form that includes a set of new technologies in the field of psychological science. The study of human cognitive is traced back to Aristotle De Memoria in Hothersall in 1984. The overall concept of cognitive psychology began with the cognitive approaches to psychological issues in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s with the work of Wundt, Cattell, and William James. It claimed the first half of the approach during the 20th century with the behaviorism approach in cognitive psychology. Within this dissertation it will be covering different aspects of cognitive personality...
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...TEACHING FUNDAMENTAL MORAL PRINCIPLES TO Page 2 STUDENTS AT DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS Introduction Educational psychology is a branch of psychology concerned with developing effective educational techniques and dealing with psychological problems in schools. It’s a study of methods of training, teaching and their effectiveness. Also, the problems experienced in learning formal material; in particular, the study of how to help people, especial school children, with their learning problems to overcome their difficulties. (Definition) Fundamental moral principles are the principles of right and wrong that are accepted by an individual or a social group. (Definition) Moral education is an increasingly popular topic in the fields of psychology and education. It’s been constantly debated in our daily lives. For instance, increased suicide cases, juvenile crimes such as: drug abuse, gang fights, theft and also teen pregnancy and inclining abortion rates have caused many to question the morals of the upcoming generation. This is not only faced in Singapore, but many other nations are also facing serious moral issues with the children these days. Therefore, for today’s programme, I will be focusing on different age groups; children between the age 3 and 5, Primary 5 students (10-11 years old) and High School Seniors/Junior College students (16-17 years old), and teach these students about right or wrong of fundamental moral principles. To learn about cognitive development...
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...Forensic Psychology Jason Evans Brandman University Table of contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Literature review 4 Discussion 7 Personal interest in the topic 10 References 11 Abstract The utilisation of psychological concepts has been extended in many fields in seeking to enhance understanding of human behaviours. Forensic psychology is one of the various psychological filed which have developed out of the necessity to apply psychology in different fields. This article discusses the element of forensic psychology in relation to the various issues arising within the field. A discussion of the various issues highlights ethical aspects as the main causes of many challenges faced in the field. The complexity of the setting under which the psychological practice is conducted makes the topic become one of the interesting psychological segments that can be studied. Introduction Forensic psychology can be defined as the utilisation of psychological concepts, skills, and insights in seeking to enhance the understanding of various elements of legal and criminal justice systems. Within the context of the subject various psychological and legal aspects become combined in seeking to understand the functioning and operations of criminal systems (Davies & Beech, 2012). This approach to criminal justice involves various activities involved in the delivery of justice, ranging from the enforcement to treatment of suspects and law breakers. The fundamental elements...
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...Foundations of Psychology Melisa Kimmerling PSY/300 January 25, 2014 Ashley Dolecki Foundations of Psychology The major schools of thought in psychology are: Behaviorism, Gestalt, Humanistic, Psychoanalytic, Cognitive, Structuralism and Functionalism. The early schools of thought are Structuralism and Functionalism which were developed by Edward Titchener. Edward Titchener was a student of Wilhelm Wundt who was known as the father of psychology. (Westen, 2011) Structuralism uses a method called introspection to uncover elements of the consciousness and how they form ideas. Structuralism is both a science and ideaology. As a science Structuralism tells about the fundamental nature of the World. (calstatela.edu) One of the founders of functioalism was William James, he wrote the first textbook in psychology. Functionalism focuses on the function of psychological processes and how individuals adapt to their enviroment. (Westen, 2011) An assumption of Functionalism is that human beings are caring and coorperative toward each other. (wmich.edu) Behaviorism, also refered to as behavioral perspective or behaviorist, focuses on how enviroment controls learning behavior. The most well know experiment of Behaviorism is Pavlov’s dog. Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov did an experiment with his dogs and found out by accident that when he rang a bell his dogs would salavate thinking it was time to eat. Some behaviorist believe that everything we do is by behavior not mind...
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...Cognitive Psychology Definition ZabrynSamar Data 360 September 24, 2012 Terry Hancock Cognitive Psychology Definition What is cognitive psychology? Why is it important? Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the mind and how a person perceives things (Willingham, 2007). It also deals with how a person acquires, utilizes, organizes, and retrieves information (Halpern, n.d.) and studies recollection, decision making, problem identification and solving, critical thinking, and logic. It is important as it aids in knowing how a person perceives things and allows one to make changes in one's behavior. It is interesting to know that cognitive psychology was not the first scientific approach to studying the mind, but that is came about in response to defects in other systems (Willingham, 2007). This paper will describe the milestones that were important in the development of cognitive psychology and.. Key Milestones in Cognitive Psychology Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary of embracing philosophy, psychology, linguistics, and artificial intelligence (Thagard, 2012). These are key milestones in the field that would be cognitive science. Its intellectual origins are in the mid 1950's when researchers in several fields began to develop theories of mind based on complex representations and computational procedures (Thagard, 2012). In the beginning, it was the Greek philosophers like Plato who created the foundation of cognitive psychology...
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...(2011). Cognitive Methods in Social Psychology, Inferring Latent Processes After reading the article, in my opinion this is an analysis of a professional issue? This article is basically a guide line of information for researchers and students, who have issues with understanding the cognitive process, how these methods interfere or contribute with our daily lives. The main purpose of this article is to explain how the Cognitive methods and Cognitive theories is bidirectional. Cognitive methods now being used in social-psychological research is what is being describe in this volume. Some methods that are poplar is social psychology are affective priming, response interference paradigms, mathematical models, connection-ist simulation and the list goes on. Klauer, K, C, Voss, Andreas, Stahl, Christopher (2011). As stated the aim in this book is to provide researchers and students of social psychology with accessible information to these different cognitive methods. Each of the chapters will focus on different methods rather than on one specific method. So basically the book breaks the chapter so that the students and the researchers who are confuse or not sure about a specific method, can better understand what they’re reading and be able to translate to the information to another. One of the major finding was realizing, how much Attention plays a role in the cognitive process. According to the article, people don’t realize, Attention process are fundamental and play...
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... Abstract In this paper, we compare and contrast the theories of Structuralism, which was structuralismdeveloped out of early attempts to establish psychology as a separate discipline from philosophyand biology, and Functionalism, which was developed by American psychologists in response tothe theory of Structuralism. Additionally, this discussion includes the contributions andrelevance of these theories to contemporary psychology. The theories of structuralism and functionalism (“America’s psychology”) were psychology’s first theoretical approaches. Both “structural” psychology and “functional” psychology were the “mind-children” of E. B. Titchener, a former graduate student of Wilhelm Wundt who had only been in the United States for six years when he wrote an article entitled “The Postulates of a Structural Psychology” which appeared in an 1898 issue of the journalPsychological Review (Goodwin, 2008). In the article, Titchener presented an approach he named “structural” psychology and contrasted it with what he called “functional psychology”, the psychology he saw being taught at American universities (Goodwin, 2008). Structural psychology, he postulated, was analogous to anatomy in that its purpose was to analyze thehuman mind and organize into its basic units or conscious elements (thoughts). Structuralism, or experimental psychology , used self-reflective introspection to explore the relationship between the mind’s immediate sensations, images, and feelings and its function...
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...WEEK3 FORUM POSTS PSY335 (ABNORMAL PYCH) 1.) According to the DSM-5 a diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) would be diagnosed by a clinician if the client is experiencing symptoms that continue to last longer than a month after a traumatic event, actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation has occurred. (APA, 2013) The major symptoms of PTSD are anxiety, depression, detachment, guilt, and anger (Comer, 2013) Acute Stress Disorder is has the same symptoms of PTSD, but a client’s onset and duration of symptoms last less than a month. Reference: American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Comer, R.J.(2014) Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, New York: Worth 2) Disorders develop in survivors of trauma due to the fact that they may be re-experiencing the traumatic events in reoccurring thoughts, memories, dreams or nightmares connected to the event. PTSD and ASD are known disorders associated with traumatic disorders. The most common traumatic events are combat, disasters, abuse and victimization. 3) PTSD treatments for combat veterans may vary according to their symptoms displayed. A therapist may choose or combine the following therapies: Drug therapy: an antianxiety drug may be given to control tension, reduce nightmares, panic attacks, flashbacks, and depression; Behavioral exposure techniques: helps veterans to reduce specific symptoms, and often leads to overall...
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...Foundations of Psychology Quandra Johnson Psychology/300 General Psychology March 07, 2014 Bradley Johnson, Ph.D. Foundations of Psychology Psychology is the study of the nature of homo sapiens, better known as scientific study and investigation of mental stabilities and activities. Through knowledgeable psychology was established from a powerful history of human beings that endeavored to acquire practical insight into one’s consciousness or demeanor. This type of study teaches what influences the behavior and mindset of men. Psychology has obtained roots in philosophy. There are numerous major schools of thought along with fundamental theories and assumptions which will be examined within this paper. Behavioral neuroscience or behavioral psychology involves evolution, heredity, adaptation, and ability to learn. The first psychology research laboratory ever launched was by Wilhelm Wundt that led to acknowledgement of psychology as a science in 1879(Peterson, &Nelson, 2011). In the early 1900’s it was thought that an individual’s environment affected learned reactions and behaviors. Maslow believed that people acquire and improve responses from incentives in their surroundings (Maslow, 1982). The Four Main Psychological Perspectives Are: The Psychodynamic Perspective This method was formed by a man named Sigmund Freud who thought ones actions dictated their mental thoughts or they were connected in some way (Robin Kowalski, 2011). Also he believed our mental...
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...Cognitive Psychology The definition of cognitive psychology is, "a branch of psychology concerning the mental processes, including perception, thinking, learning, and memory; with respects to internal events occurring with sensory stimulation and overt oppression of behavior" (Merriam-Webster Inc., 2013). The importance of cognitive psychology is understood through various views, theories, and research studies. Cognitive psychology had many milestones encouraging the development of this branch of psychology beginning with ancient Greek times when merely thoughts and questions surrounded its understanding. The ancient Greeks knew little about the human mind and the mental processes it possessed. Cognitive psychology spawned a desire for people to understand how the mind works and what processes involve learning. Philosophers and early psychologists alike studied the mind. Speculating the workings of the mind and displaying consistent curiosity set the milestones seen today in the developments of cognitive psychology as a discipline (Willingham, 2007). Four Key Milestones in Cognitive Psychology Surprisingly, milestones dating back to the ancient Greek times have set a precedent in today’s views of cognitive psychology. Even though most of the Greeks' answers to their own questions about the mind and knowledge were incorrect, the assumptions they made contribute to the field of cognitive psychology...
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...Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper PSY/360 December 10, 2013 In psychology there are several important factors and milestones in the development of cognitive psychology; each approach is important to the foundation of cognitive psychology. Cognitive psychology’s purpose is to study the mental process to give a better understanding of how individuals think, what they remember, and how they perceive and process information. If we were to consider psychology as a discipline; the question then becomes what key elements are important and why. The ancient researchers of ancient Greece approximately 2, 400 years ago, made notes of how individuals reacted to different situations; “We can see that the answers that Greek philosophers came up with were not accurate; but were their questions at least good ones?” (Willingham, 2007, p. 7) “ Many books will tell you that the Greeks’ lasting contribution lies in the questions they raised, which set the agenda for future philosophers and eventually for cognitive psychology” (Willingham, 2007, p. 7). During a period noted as the Dark Ages, “few contributions were added to the philosophy of mind between the time of Aristotle, who died in 322 B.C., and the birth of Descartes at the end of the 16th century” (Willingham, 2007, p. 8). During the Renaissance period, the platform of cognitive psychology began to take on a more personal form and its findings not only appealed to researchers but to individuals. “The Renaissance brought...
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...Psychology can be defined as the "Scientific study of behavior and mental or cognitive process". The field seeks scientific interpretation of how the human mind works. Different theorists attempted to describe the human mind by observing behavior, cognitive events, physiological events, social behavior etc. In the field of psychology, the systematic movements begun during the first quarter of 19th century. These movements were of greatest significance for the development of psychology as a science. These movements have been mainly in the form of "schools". Within psychology, a school is a group of individual who share certain fundamental methodological of theoretical points of view. The following are some important schools of psychology: (a) Structuralism (b) Functionalism (c) Psychoanalysis (d) Gestalt Psychology (e) Behaviorism (f) Humanistic Psychology 1. Structuralism: Study of the elements of mind Wilhelm Wundt (1832 - 1920), a professor of philosophy, found the first formal laboratory of psychology at the University of Leipzig, in Germany, in 1879. He wrote more than 50,000 pages of books and articles, despite being blind in his right eye during the second half of his life. According to Wundt, the subject matter of psychology is immediate conscious experience, one's experience of awareness of the content of one's own conscious mind. Psychology should thus seek to understand the structure of the mind. Wundt argued that the...
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... Abstract In this paper, we compare and contrast the theories of Structuralism, which was structuralismdeveloped out of early attempts to establish psychology as a separate discipline from philosophyand biology, and Functionalism, which was developed by American psychologists in response tothe theory of Structuralism. Additionally, this discussion includes the contributions andrelevance of these theories to contemporary psychology. The theories of structuralism and functionalism (“America’s psychology”) were psychology’s first theoretical approaches. Both “structural” psychology and “functional” psychology were the “mind-children” of E. B. Titchener, a former graduate student of Wilhelm Wundt who had only been in the United States for six years when he wrote an article entitled “The Postulates of a Structural Psychology” which appeared in an 1898 issue of the journalPsychological Review (Goodwin, 2008). In the article, Titchener presented an approach he named “structural” psychology and contrasted it with what he called “functional psychology”, the psychology he saw being taught at American universities (Goodwin, 2008). Structural psychology, he postulated, was analogous to anatomy in that its purpose was to analyze thehuman mind and organize into its basic units or conscious elements (thoughts). Structuralism, or experimental psychology , used self-reflective introspection to explore the relationship between the mind’s immediate sensations, images, and feelings and its function...
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...Cognitive Psychology PSY/360 Cognitive Psychology From the 1920s to the late 1950s behaviorist dominated experimental psychology in the United States. This trend continued until individuals began to question whether behaviorism could accomplish what it had pledged. Individuals started to view behaviorism as “one which failed to provide any coherent characterization of cognitive processes such as thinking, language and decision-making” (Cognitive Psychology,” 2009, p. 2). The fall of behaviorism brought on the rise of cognitive psychology. Cognitive psychology is one of the most recent additions to the psychology research field (Willingham, 2007). The development of cognitive psychology was precluded by several influential milestones in the discipline of philosophy and psychology. Prior to the development of cognitive psychology philosophers had asked fundamental questions about how human beings acquired knowledge. These philosophers sought to understand the origin of knowledge and how individuals gained understanding regarding the world around them. In addition, philosophers were equally curious about how individuals retained the information once it was acquired. Greek philosophers came up with good questions but did not have the means to obtain the answers they were seeking. Theses philosopher’s questions, however, paved the road for future scientific disciplines including cognitive psychology (Willingham, 2007). During the renaissance...
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...Features There are several primary features of Autism that a person will show. Some of the different features are, being “extremely unresponsive to others, uncommunicative with others, repetitive, and rigid” (Fundamental of Abnormal Psychology Ch. 14 p.448). Children with autism have a hard time making friends and socializing appropriately with them. They may have an eye to eye gaze when they are being talked to and may not have much of an imagination when it comes to playing. They may hardly talk and the best thing parents can do for a child they have that had autism is to treat them normal and help them find a way to communicate with others. Explanations of Autism There are many different explanations for why a child is how they are. When it comes to autism cognitive limitations and brain abnormalities are the primary causes of autism. “Theorists once thought that family dysfunctions and social stressors were the primary cause of autism” (Fundamental of Abnormal Psychology Ch. 14 p.450), but that has been dismissed now due to lack of support on this. “Other theorists believe that people with autism people with autism have a central perceptual or cognitive disturbance that makes normal communication and interactions impossible” (Fundamental of Abnormal Psychology Ch. 14 p.450). One...
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