...CIMA Certificate C4 – Fundamentals of Business Economics (Part A: Micro) CERTIFICATE C4 FUNDAMENTALS OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS (Part A: Micro) 1 Introduction Economics studies the ways in which society decides what to produce, how to produce it, who to produce it for and how to apportion it. The need to make such decisions arises because economic resources are scarce. Making decisions involves the sacrifice of benefits that could have been obtained from using resources in an alternative course of action. This sacrifice is known as the opportunity cost of an activity. Economists assume that people behave rationally at all times and always seek to improve their circumstances. • Producers will seek to maximise their profits. • Consumers will seek to maximise the benefits (their 'utility') from their income. • Governments will seek to maximise the welfare of their populations. The...
Words: 17959 - Pages: 72
...Economics is characterized as the investigation of how the people cooperate to change over constrained assets into products and administrations with a specific end goal to fulfill their needs (boundless) and how they circulate the same among themselves. Economics has been partitioned into two noteworthy parts Microeconomics and Macroeconomics. The previous is the investigation of monetary conduct of a specific individual, firm, or a family unit, it concentrates on a specific unit while the last is the investigation of totals not a solitary unit but rather every one of the units consolidates. Take a gander at the imperative contrasts in the middle of micro and macro aspects underneath. The difference between micro and macro economics is simple....
Words: 788 - Pages: 4
...Assignment no: 509 Answer Managerial economics refers to the application of economic theory and the tools of analysis of decision science to examine how an organization can achieve it aims or objectives most efficiently. Importance of managerial economics Managerial Decision Problems Economic theory Microeconomics Macroeconomics Decision Sciences Mathematical Economics Econometrics MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS Application of economic theory and decision science tools to solve managerial decision problems OPTIMAL SOLUTIONS TO MANAGERIAL DECISION PROBLEMS Managerial Decision Problems Economic theory Microeconomics Macroeconomics Decision Sciences Mathematical Economics Econometrics MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS Application of economic theory and decision science tools to solve managerial decision problems OPTIMAL SOLUTIONS TO MANAGERIAL DECISION PROBLEMS Managerial enables the use of economic logic and principles to aid management decision-making. Managers are decision-makers and economics should be relevant to give practical guidance in arriving at right decisions. Every manager has to take important decisions about using his limited resources like land, capital, labour, finance etc. to get the maximum returns, therefore, managerial economics, concentrates on those practical aspects of micro-economics which help in decision-making. Managerial economics focuses on the most profitable use of scarce resources rather than on the achievement of equilibrium prices...
Words: 3719 - Pages: 15
...Foreign Direct Investment Bipul Kumar Das * Abstract: The foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is increasing in the world economy. It plays an important role inthe growth process of an economy. Various FDI theories provide the motivations and determinants ofFDI. Economists broadly classified the FDI theories into macro-level and micro-level FDI theories. Themacro-level FDI theories give the macroeconomic factors that determine the FDI and micro-leveltheories discuss the motivation of FDI associated with the firm level. Besides these two categories,the development theories of FDI also discussed the motivation of FDI flows. JEL Classification : F21, F23. Key words: FDI theories, macro-level FDI theories, Micro-level FDI theories, DevelopmentFDI theories.The Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) theories can be classified broadly into twocategories. One is at the macro level and the other is at the micro level. Again at the macro-level, we have capital market theory, Dynamic macroeconomic theory, FDI theories based onexchange rates, FDI theories based on economic geography, gravity approach to FDI and FDItheories based on institutional analysis. At the micro-level, we have the theories likeExistence of firm specific advantages (Hymer), FDI and oligopolistic markets, Theory ofinternalization, and Electic FDI theory (John Dunning). Recently another type of FDIcategories discussed by the economists is the development theories which combine both themicro level and macro-level FDI theories...
Words: 1071 - Pages: 5
...What are the differences between micro and macro estimating approaches? Under what conditions would you prefer one over the other? Macro estimates are typically top down, are usually used in the project conceptual phase, and depend on measures such as weight, square feet, ratios. Macro methods do not consider individual activity issues and problems. Macro estimates are good for rough estimates and can help select and prioritize projects. UNCERTAINTY Micro time and cost estimates are usually tied directly to the WBS and a work package. These estimates are made by people familiar with the task, which helps to gain buy-in on the validity of the estimate. Use of several people should improve the accuracy of the estimate. Micro estimates should be preferred if time to estimate is available, estimating cost is reasonable, and accuracy is important. Microeconomics is generally the study of individuals and business decisions, macroeconomics looks at higher up country and government decisions. Macroeconomics and microeconomics, and their wide array of underlying concepts, have been the subject of a great deal of writings. The field of study is vast; here is a brief summary of what each covers: Microeconomics is the study of decisions that people and businesses make regarding the allocation of resources and prices of goods and services. This means also taking into account taxes and regulations created by governments. Microeconomics focuses on supply and demand and other forces...
Words: 496 - Pages: 2
...Term paper Economic theory proposes that scarcity of resources and unlimited wants is a fundamental problem in all economies. Choose any firm in an emerging economy and discuss how the firm is turning limitation of resources into opportunities through sustainability and the greening of the economy. Introduction Every economy has the problem of scarcity of resources because emerging economy may have the enormous requirement of resources. However, there is a fundamental economic problem of scarcity of resources on the one hand and unlimited wants on the other hand. When any firm has to face such kind of problem, then another problem which is a very important economic concept called opportunity cost or alternative cost raised in front of the firm which cost, the firm has to bear. So the firm which is able to use this limited resources through sustainability and greening of the economy to turn limitation into the opportunities can be considered as a sustainable champion. The purpose of this paper is to establish the clear understanding of the economic problem of the scarcity of resources which I shall be discussing. 1. The Economic problem of limited resources and unlimited wants and its relationship with the opportunity cost. 2. Production Possibility 3. Sustainability, greening of the economy and the firm – Suzlon Succeeded in achieving the sustainability Limited Resources and Unlimited Wants The two factors – limited resources and unlimited wants...
Words: 1207 - Pages: 5
...There are several business models how Microfinance institution (MFI) operates. Generally speaking, MFI provides micro loans or insurance to the poor to spur their self-reliant entrepreneurs. On one hand, micro loans give the low-income people an opportunity to discover full potential for developing their own business and to bring home the bacon. On the other hand, micro insurance helps the poor manage variety risks, such as health risk and property risks, and sustain the business development. How the micro insurance works is revealed in the path to restoration after severe storm hitting Haiti in June 2011. Fonkoze, the largest MFI in Haiti, collaborated with the Microinsurance Catastrophe Risk Organization (MiCRO) to provide natural disaster insurance coverage to its clients after heavy rainfall which caused damage in Haiti. The insurance helped the borrowers to pay back the outstanding debt, have access to another loan to rebuild their lives, and receive small compensation for loss of property. This example demonstrates the positive influence on viability of micro finance products to support a sustainable economic growth in developing countries. According to the 2009 MFI benchmarks provided by Microfinance Information Exchange (MIX)1, Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) region has the largest FMIs number as well as yield on gross portfolio among four continents. (Figure 1) Even though microfinance has its long history, which can be traced back to the 1970s, and the...
Words: 976 - Pages: 4
...HNC BusinessUnit 4 Marketing Principles Learning outcome 2 Micro & Macro Environment Objectives of presentation • Discover the micro marketing environment (internal) • Discover the macro marketing environment (PEST FACTORS-external) • Explain ‘The Marketing Audit’ and how the elements influence marketing decisions Integrated Marketing Integrated marketing strategies take advantage of a combination of communication tools and media to spread a message such as one-to-one marketing, mass marketing and direct marketing. The strategy is developed to ensure the company will deliver the intended value to those customers through a blend of marketing mix tools. Example of an Integrated Marketing Plan Environmental Analysis Environmental analysis is a vital exercise to complete by any company that will explore and understand the external local, national or international forces that might affect your business. The factors are largely outside the direct control of any company and can sometimes have a negative impact on their plans. Equally this can be very important as it will support the business and marketing strategy allowing the company to take advantage of potential opportunities whilst minimising the potential threats to the company. The Marketing Environment According to Philip Kotler, “A company’s marketing environment consists of the internal factors & forces, which affect the company’s ability to develop & maintain successful...
Words: 601 - Pages: 3
...Review of Keynesian Economics, Inaugural Issue, Autumn 2012, pp. 1–4 Statement of the Co-Editors Economics and the economic crisis: the case for change It is widely recognized that economic crises can sometimes trigger enormous change, with regard to both economic theory and the politics of governance. Today, the global economy is struggling with the fall-out from the financial crash of 2008 and the Great Recession of 2007–2009. The economic crisis that these events have generated, combined with the failure of the mainstream economics profession, has again put the question of change on the table. The economics profession stands significantly discredited owing to its failure to foresee the recession and the financial crash, its repeated over-optimistic forecasts of rapid recovery, and the lack of plausibility surrounding its attempts to explain events. Reasonable people do not expect economists to predict the daily movements of the stock market, but they do expect them to anticipate and explain major imminent economic developments. On that score, the profession failed catastrophically, revealing fundamental theoretical inadequacies. This intellectual failure has prompted us to launch the Review of Keynesian Economics. At a time of journal proliferation, some may wonder about the need for another journal. We would respond there is a proliferation of journals, but that proliferation is essentially within one intellectual paradigm. As such, it obscures the fact that the range...
Words: 1862 - Pages: 8
...F.Y.B.A. Paper – I Economic Theory (Micro Economics-I) SECTION – I Module 1 : Introduction Meaning, nature, scope, significance and limitations of micro economics. Ceteris Paribus – use and significance. Concept and types of equilibrium : stable, unstable, static and dynamic equilibrium – partial equilibrium and general equilibrium, positive economics and normative economics, managerial economics. Basic concepts – wealth, welfare and scarcity. Basic tools of economics analysis (equations and functions, graphs and diagrams, slope and intercepts) Module 2 : Consumers Behaviour and Demand Marishallian Approach : Equi-marginal utility, Law of demand – Determinants of demand. Elasticity of demand and its measurement. Price – Income – Cross and Promotional elasticity of demand. Consumer’s Surplus. Hicksian Approach : Indifference curves – properties of Indifference Curve, Consumer’s Equilibrium, Price effect, Income effect and substitution effect – Derivation of demand from Price Consumption Curve (PCC) – Giffen’s paradox. Samuelson Approach : Revealed Preference Theory. Module 3 : Production and Cost Analysis Concept of production function : short run and long run – Cobb – Douglass production function. isoquants – iso-cost line – producer’s equilibrium. Law of variable proportion and Law of returns to scale – Economies of scale – Economies of scope. Concepts of costs : Money and real cost, Opportunity cost, Social cost, Private cost – Derivation of short run and long run cost curves–...
Words: 9971 - Pages: 40
...CHEM 1035 | GENERAL CHEMISTRY | 4 | A | ENGE 1024 | ENGINEERING EXPLORATION | 2 | A | ENGL 1105 | FRESHMAN ENGLISH | 3 | A | MATH 1205 | CALCULUS | 3 | A- | ECON 2005 | MICRO PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS | 3 | A- | ACIS 1504 | INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS | 3 | B+ | ENGE 1114 | EXPLORATION OF ENGINEERING DESIGN | 2 | A | MATH 1206 | CALCULUS | 3 | B+ | PHYS 2305 | FOUNDATIONS OF PHYSICS | 4 | A | AOE 2074 | COMPUTATIONAL METHODS | 3 | B+ | ECON 2006 | MACRO PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS | 3 | A- | ECON 3104 | MICRO ECONOMICS THEORY | 3 | B+ | AOE 2104 | INTRODUCTION TO AEROSPACE ENGINEERING | 3 | A- | ESM 2104 | STATICS | 3 | B | MATH 2224 | MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS | 3 | A- | AOE 3094 | MATERIALS FOR AEROSPACE AND OCEAN ENGINEERING | 3 | B+ | ACIS 2115 | PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTING | 3 | A | BIT 2405 | QUANTITATIVE METHODS | 3 | A | AOE 3104 | AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE | 3 | B+ | ESM 2204 | MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES | 3 | B+ | ESM 2304 | DYNAMICS | 3 | A- | ECON 3204 | MACRO ECONOMICS THEORY | 3 | B+ | MGT 3304 | MANAGEMENT THEORY AND LEADERSHIP PRACTICE | 3 | A | AOE 3054 | AEROSPACE EXPERIMENTAL METHODS | 3 | B+ | AOE 3114 | COMPRESSIBLE AERODYNAMICS | 3 | B | AOE 3124 | AEROSPACE STRUCTURES | 3 | A- | AOE 3134 | STABILITY AND CONTROL | 3 | A | MKT 3104 | MARKETING MANAGEMENT | 3 | B+ | FIN 3104 | INTRODUCTION TO FINANCE | 3 | A | AOE 3044 | BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY | 3 | B | AOE 4154 | AEROSPACE ENGINEERING LAB | 1 |...
Words: 383 - Pages: 2
...Marketing I (Fundamentals) Week 2 Marketing Orientation Marketing Management Ø The analysis , Planning , Implementation and Control activities of management with regards to marketing. Marketing Management Philosophies 1. Production Concept Focus on production and distribution efficiencies Consumers will favour products that are available and affordable 2. Product concept Focus on product improvement Consumers favour better products 3. Selling concept Focus on more selling and promotion Consumers won’t buy unless you persuade them 4. Marketing Concept Focus on satisfying target markets needs and wants better than competitors as a way to achieve organisational goals. 5. Societal Marketing Concept Ø Same as marketing Ø But do it in a way that the society’s well-being is maintained or improved. The pure marketing concept overlooks possible conflicts between consumer short-run wants and consumer long-run welfare –e.g. fast food. The societal concept seems appropriate bin an age of: • • • • Environmental problems Resource shortages Rapid population growth World-wide economic problems 1 Marketing I (Fundamentals) • Neglected social services Marketing Challenge into the Next Century 1. Growth of nonprofits marketing 2. The information Technology Boom 3. Rapid globalisation 4. The changing world economy 5. The call for move ethics and social responsibility 6. The new marketing landscape The 4ps 1. Product • • • The product can be tangible or intangible The right product for...
Words: 2491 - Pages: 10
...Section A: Fundamentals of Accounting (60 Marks) 1. Theoretical Framework: (i) Meaning and Scope of Accounting, (ii) Accounting Concepts, Principles and Conventions, (iii) Accounting Standard – concepts, objectives, benefits, (iv) Accounting Policies and (v) Accounting as a measurement discipline – valuation principles, accounting estimates. 2. Accounting Process: Books of Accounts leading to the preparation of Trial Balance, Capital and revenue expenditure, Capital and revenue receipts, Contingent assets and contingent liabilities, Fundamental errors including rectifications thereof. 3. Bank reconciliation Statement. 4. Inventories: Basis of inventory valuation and record keeping. 5. Depreciation Accounting: Methods, computation and accounting treatment of depreciation, Change in depreciation methods. 6. Preparation of Final Accounts for Sole Proprietors. 7. Accounting for Special Transactions: (a) Consignments, (b) Joint Ventures, (c) Bills of exchange and promissory notes, (d) Sale of goods on approval or return basis. 8. Partnership Accounts: Final accounts of partnership firms – Basic concepts of admission, retirement and death of a partner including treatment of goodwill. 9. Introduction to Company Accounts: Issue of shares and debentures, forfeiture of shares, re-issue of forfeited shares, redemption of preference shares. Section B: Mercantile Law (40 Marks) 1. The Indian Contract Act, 1872: An overview of Sections 1 to 75 covering the general nature of contract...
Words: 803 - Pages: 4
...INTRODUCTION Many economic development advocates have stated that for a country like Ghana to come to reach the development heights of the developed nation, they must empower their citizens to break the bond of poverty, which is engulfing them. As the world is gradually becoming a global village most countries in the world are making unending quest to attain a higher level of development that is a type of development where most of its people are employed and are earning enough to subsist and perpetuate its generation. SME’s have an important role on many aspects, such as employment, taxes and innovation that most of times is regarded as something on the responsibility of large firms. In “The Theory of Economic Development” Schumpeter (1934) emphasizes the role of entrepreneur, as a prime cause of economic development, which is development achieved through innovation. Taking this into consideration if the entrepreneur has an important role for development, then this role is achieved through the “institution” that he/she represents. SME activities that would help to propel development and promote the wellbeing of the citizenry most governments are now playing various facilitation roles in collaboration with NGOs and other stakeholders to enable the private sector provide diverse goods and services, including job creation for the people. Many developing countries have shifted their strategic economic focus to embrace the development of an entrepreneural middle-class with the...
Words: 2632 - Pages: 11
...poor people for self employment projects that generate income in allowing them to take care of themselves and their families” (Microcredit Summit, 1997). The World Bank has recognized microfinance programme as an approach to address income inequalities and poverty. The microfinance scheme has been proven to be successful in many countries in addressing the problems of poverty. The World Bank has also declared 2005 as the year of microfinance with the aim to expand their poverty eradication campaign. The main aim of the paper is to assess the potentials of Islamic financing schemes for micro financing purposes. The paper argues that Islamic finance has an important role for furthering socio-economic development of the poor and small (micro) entrepreneurs without charging interest (read: riba’). Furthermore, Islamic financing schemes have moral and ethical attributes that can effectively motivate micro entrepreneurs to thrive. The paper also argues that there is a nexus between Islamic banking and microfinance as many elements of microfinance could be considered consistent with the broader goals of Islamic banking. The paper, first, introduces the concepts of microfinance, and presents a case for Islamic microfinance to become one of the components of Islamic banking. The paper then discusses, the potentials of various Islamic financing schemes that can be advanced and adapted from microfinance purposes including techniques to mitigate the inherent risks. Finally, the paper concludes...
Words: 7977 - Pages: 32