...Ascription I believe that Gulf Arab Audience do behave this way and to support my opinion, I would say that yes, sir name is a big consideration in GAA society as you said, not only that, but physical appearance could also act as a huge impact in showing who you are, for example if you are dressed elegantly such as branded clothes, then in then in the case you have mention above this clearly gives the interviewer an impression that you have high stats, which will result into you to have more opportunity to get the job and that just because of the way you look it defines you! Another reason why Gulf Arab Audience is consider as ascription is because they differentiate between genders, for example, women in gulf Arab society, are not encouraged to work in areas where a heavy work is being done, and this is because her status in society does not allow her to do this or it is not expected for her to do it and that because she is a woman! Collectivism I believe that the Gulf Arab Audience does behave as collectivism and to approve that I will mention two examples to let you understanding this point. The best example of that GAA behave as a collectivism is that the charity has a big space in the community and specially the secret charity, as the people in this community really care about the other and they give amount of their money to the people whom in need to this money to avoid the situation of suffering the deprivation of anything that these people could feel, they act as...
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...financial statement are presented fairly in all material respects” (Boynton & Johnson, 2006). This paper aims to explain the nature and types of auditing which is governed by the Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS). The paper then discusses the effects of Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act 2002 and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) on publicly traded companies (issuers). Finally, the changes in the auditing environment with respect to the additional responsibilities placed on auditors and PCAOB as a result of the enforcement of SOX Act 2002 is discussed in the paper. Generally Accepted Accounting Standards Paper The elements of GAAS In response to the McKesson & Robbins’ accounting scandal in 1938, the AICPA introduced the 10 Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS) in 1939 to provide “guidance on the conduct of an audit” as well as an “overview of the timing of the different phases of an audit engagement” (Louwers and Ramsay et al., 2007). The 10 basic standards can be categorized into 3 broad groups: general standards, fieldwork standards, and reporting standards (Refer Figure 1). Together they allow auditors to follow a framework for carrying out high quality financial statement audits. Additionally, compliance with GAAS is mandatory for publicly traded companies. The general standards are in place to a) set mandatory requirements of a professional...
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...investors use these financial statements in order to determine the value or financial health of a company. When conducting an audit, it is important to take into account the Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS). These standards for conducting an audit are used to ensure the validity of an audit of a company. Since there are many regulations that companies must follow for creating financial reports, there are also regulations that must be followed when it comes to audits. One such regulation is the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. An audit can be described of as the obtaining and evaluation of evidence in order to determine the validity of assertions made by a given entity, and the reporting those results to interested parties. In a business setting, this would most easily be seen when a company is audited. When a company undergoes an audit, all of their records are examined to ensure that they correspond to the information provided in the company’s financial reports. This is important to investors because it ensures the legitimacy of a company’s financial report, which can be used to determine the economic health of the company. When performing an audit, it is important to abide by the guidelines set by the Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS). The GAAS has 10 generally accepted standards associated with public accounting. These standards have been around since the 1940’s, and were instituted by the members of the AICPA. These 10 standards are further broken...
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...Hi group members how are you all doing...? You guys realize that we have to post our two first posting before 4pm tomorrow... First I will give a quick summary about the model we are going to use in our second assessment" Analysis of a communication problem" Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner's Seven Dimensions of Culture help us to understand the differences between cultures, so that we will be more able to work with people more effectively and avoid any misunderstandings. They developed the model after they spend around 10 years of deep research on people values and performance around the world. As a result, they found that people from different cultures are different from each other's because each culture has its own way of thinking based on its one belief and values. The seven dimensions we are looking at are: 1. Universalism versus particularism. 2. Individualism versus collectivism. 3. Achievement versus ascription. 4. Natural versus affective * When we will discuss the seven dimensions we have to keep in mind our audiences which are the Arab gulf audience. Universalism vs. Particularism. Universalistic cultures believe that formal rules can be applied worldwide without any modification as they standardize everything. However, particularistic cultures focus more on relationships than rules as they are characterized with flexibility. They believe that circumstances determine the way ideas and practices are applied (Workman, 2008). Arab gulf...
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...with a man from my local GAA club and his take on the symbol that I chose. Finally, it will relate the symbol and findings to Ortners article and also the work of Ingold and Geertz. To me a symbol can be described as representing an idea or concept. The symbol that I have chosen is the GAA. I think this is a key symbol and has significance to me personally and to a lot of other people, including my research participant. The GAA has huge culture significance in my opinion and has a rich history. It promotes Irish cultural activities running competitions in music, singing, dancing and storytelling .One could say that the GAA has a huge impact socially. The GAA is an extremely powerful symbol in my opinion because it is has such significance to the vast majority of the country. As I said before a symbol can be described as representing an idea or concept, and the GAA represents a nation. It’s evident that it’s part of our culture and how popular it is. Whether it’s playing for your local GAA club or watching your county in Croke Park with 80,000 it has an impact socially and there is a real togetherness about the GAA and that is why I think it is such a powerful symbol. I will now discuss the interview that I conducted with my research participant. My research participant that I chose is a man from my local GAA club who is extremely passionate about the GAA. He was very keen to help with my research and I asked him a variety of questions about the GAA and what it meant to him...
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...THE DISBURSEMENT ACCELERATION PROGRAM MELISSA R. MARTIN MPAD 610 –PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL CHANGE CONTENT * What is DAP? * Why was DAP introduced? * How did the DAP work? * How did DAP benefit the economy? * How did DAP support the budget reform agenda? * DAP Timeline * Constitutional and Legal Bases of DAP * SC Ruling on DAP * Why did the Aquino Administration terminate DAP? * SC modifies ruling on DAP What is DAP? The Disbursement Acceleration Program (DAP) is a spending reform measure to speed up public expenditure and catalyze economic growth. Why was DAP introduced? * Need to Clean House: Curb Corruption and Leakages * Freeing up operational bottlenecks * Inefficient implementation * Poor planning * Slow procurement * By the third quarter of 2011, it became clear that if we wanted public spending to accelerate enough for economic growth, we had to use idle funds. (Sec. Florencio Abad, DBM ) * The Aquino Administration therefore launched the DAP in 2011 KEY REFORMS (the DAP as Package of Reform Intervention) * Zero-based budgeting Implementation of zero-based budgeting to weed out inefficient, ineffective and leakage-ridden programs and projects * Early enactment of the budget Early preparation, submission and enactment of the annual National Budget including the adoption of the Online Submission of Budget Proposal * Disaggregation of lump sum funds ...
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...BUSINESS RISK AND THE AUDIT PROCESS. Should the risk of litigation, sanctions or an impaired reputation affect the conduct of an audit? by Craig A. Brumfield, Robert K. Elliott and Peter D. Jacobson Business risk is the probability that an auditor will suffer a loss or injury to his professional practice. It differs from audit risk, which is the probability that an auditor will issue an unqualified opinion on materially misstated financial statements. For example, an auditor may be sued (business risk) whether or not the audit and the financial statements comply with professional standards (audit risk). Audit risk can infiuence business risk because an inappropriate opinion can be a significant factor in the events that lead to loss or injury to an auditor's professional practice. Conversely, business risk may, within limits, influence the auditor's assessment of the acceptable level of audit risk. The concept of audit risk is directly related to the third standard of fieldwork, which requires the auditor to gather evidential matter sufficient to support the opinion. It follows from the concept of sufficiency that a minimum level of audit work, or evidence gathering, is required on every audit conducted in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Although this is obvious, it must be accepted that the concept of a required minimum level of audit work is basically undefined and the concept of audit risk unmeasurable with current techniques. The auditor uses his...
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...especially the free gossypol will be combined with lysine epsilon - NH2, Browning reaction, so as to reduce the effective components of the lysine, so the first restrictive amino acid lysine is cottonseed cake meal. Cottonseed cake meal is a by-product of cottonseed oil removal after, is a relatively common protein feed, which protein content is 38% ~ 38%, the annual output of 4 million tons, accounting for about 12% of the total annual output of various kinds of cake in our country. Cottonseed meal contains gaa, ring propylene anti nutrition factor such as fatty acid, phytic acid, the gaa most harmful to animals, which have attracted the most attention. Gaa with the free state and in combination with two forms exist, "combination of gossypol" is gaa in the process of high temperature steaming and frying, free gossypol in cottonseed protein, sugar, combine together, it is not absorbed in the digestive tract, can with fecal excretion, low toxicity; "Free gossypol" is a gaa with active aldehyde group and hydroxyl group, the toxicity is bigger, it is a kind of cells, vascular and nerve poison, content is more. 1. The application of the removing gossypol cottonseed protein in pig feed Dephenolizing process of removing gossypol cottonseed protein feed protein is a kind of good quality and competitive prices. In the whole process of preparing and dephenolizing process, handling of the material is always low temperature operation, not only greatly reduces the content of free gossypol...
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...Epitaxy Epitaxial Growth • Epitaxy means the growth of a single crystal film on top of a crystalline substrate. • For most thin film applications (hard and soft coatings, optical coatings, protective coatings) it is of little importance. • However, for semiconductor thin film technology it is crucial. Types of Epitaxy • Homoepitaxy – The film and the substrate are the same material. – Often used in Si on Si growth. – Epitaxially grown layers are purer than the substrate and can be doped independently of it. • Heteroepitaxy – Film and substrate are different materials. – Eg: AlAs on GaAs growth – Allows for optoelectronic structures and band gap engineered devices. Heteroepitaxy • Trying to grow a layer of a different material on top of a substrate leads to unmatched lattice parameters. • This will cause strained or relaxed growth and can lead to interfacial defects. • Such deviations from normal would lead to changes in the electronic, optic, thermal and mechanical properties of the films. Lattice Strains • • • • For many applications nearly matched lattices are desired to minimize defects and increase electron mobility. As the mismatch gets larger, the film material may strain to accommodate the lattice structure of the substrate. This is the case during the early stages of film formation (pseudomorphic growth) and with materials of the same lattice structure. The Si-Ge system is an example. If strain accommodation...
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...changing of attitudes and the development of a burgeoning Irish nationalism. Historians have said of the Famine that it was, “the most tragic famine in modern British history”, having a “shocking, demoralizing impact”. Kee goes further by suggesting the Famine should be read as "a form of genocide engineered by the English against the Irish people." Ultimately the Famine provided the platform for militant activity against British Rule but in the shorter term it was also the catalyst for the expression of other nationalist feelings, some of which took on a greater constitutional outlook. The high point of cultural nationalism came with the splitting of the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) and the formation of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in 1884. This growth of cultural nationalism was expressed by a growing interest in Irish history; its language, sport, and folklore. The fomenting of militant nationalism stemmed from increasing disillusionment with the IPP and its continuing failure to achieve Home Rule. In turn this impacted on the renaissance of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) and the birth of Sinn Féin. Militant nationalism culminated in the Easter Rising...
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...Nature and Functions of Auditing August 31st, 2012 Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you explain the nature and functions of auditing. Relate your explanation to the audit functions in your organization, or an organization with which you are familiar. In your paper, be sure to address the following: • Describe the elements of the Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS). • Describe how these standards apply to financial, operational, and compliance audits. • Explain the effect that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), will have on audits of publicly traded companies. Discuss the additional requirements that are placed on auditors from this Act, and the actions of the PCAOB. This paper discusses the nature and functions of auditing addressing the elements of the Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS), how these standards apply to financial, operational, and compliance audits, the effect that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) will have on audits of publicly traded companies, and the additional requirements that are placed on auditors from SOX and PCAOB. Nature and Functions of Audit Auditing is a systematic process of obtaining and evaluating evidence regarding assertions about economic actions, events and processes wherein evaluations are made and verified as true and correct. The auditing process consists of gathering...
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...befallen major companies leading to their bankruptcy, investors have been keen on the auditing standards as they do not wish to risk their money. The aim of this paper is to discuss the elements of GAAS, as a set of auditing standards that are generally used in the U.S.A. The paper will specifically examine how these standards are applied in financial and compliance audits. It will also highlight the impact that the PCAOB and SOX have had on the auditing of public companies. The extra requirements imposed on auditors by the PCAOB and the SOX will also be discussed. In the later years of 1940, members of the AICPA, an institution tasked with overseeing accounting standards in the U.S. then, came up with a number of standards that were to be used by auditing professionals (Kinyo, 2013). The standards were afterward included into Statements on Auditing Standards, commonly known by the abbreviation, SAS. They consist of ten generally accepted standards for auditing, which are categorized into three groups. The first category consists of general standards, which dictate that auditing be done by a skilled and experienced auditor. The auditing exercise should be done from an independent perspective, and with the due exercise of professional caution (Kinyo, 2013). The second category of the GAAS consists of standards of fieldwork, which hold that the auditing process should be sufficiently planned and well supervised. This category also...
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...organization not registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission should this affect the propriety of the partner’s actions? PTL case Issue #2 PTL was a high risk client to Laventhol, what procedures should Laventhol done before accepting PTL as an audit client? PTL case Issue #3 What is the definition of the deep pocket theory? What step can large public accounting firms use to protect themselves against large class action lawsuits with predicated upon false or largely unfounded allegation? PTL case Issue #4 A. How does GAAS for PTL now differ from GAAS for a U.S.-based public company listed on a U.S. securities exchange? Explanation should include citations and examples. B. How does GAAP for PTL differ from GAAP applicable to U.S.-based public companies? Explanation should include citations and examples. PTL Issue #5 Assume PTL was required by the IRS to "spin off" its businesses amusement park, timeshare project, etc., how would GAAS and GAAP differ between the tax-exempt religious organization and its wholly-owned business subsidiary? Explanation should include citations and examples. Facts * In 1974, PTL Club or Praise the Lord Club hosted and found by Jim Bakker and co-hosted and...
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...Auditing Standards Paper September 25, 2012 Instructor: Santos Alarcon, Jr. Abstract The purpose of this paper will be to describe the nature and functions of auditing. The following will be addressed in this paper: description of the elements of the Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS), description how these standards apply to financial, operational, and compliance audits, explanation of the effect that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), will have on audits of publicly traded companies and the discussion on the additional requirements that are placed on auditors from this Act, and the actions of the PCAOB. The generally accepted auditing standards (GAAS) were implemented by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), in April of 2003. The standards were also adopted by the Auditing Standards Board of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, which consists of ten standards that establishes the framework for conducting audits. However, the auditing standards are not detailed but guidance on what should be included in the financial statements (Boynton & Johnson, 2006). The GAAS consist of three categories that incorporate the ten standards which are general standards, standards of field work, and standards of reporting. General standards. under the general standards category, it informs about the characteristics of adequate training, mental attitude and the due professional...
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...Strategic Management O’Neill’s Sports Teresa Mc Guire; L00063943 Samuel Greene; L00092056 Rachael Colhoun; L00086911 Table of Contents No. | Index | Page Number | 1 | Table of Contents | 1 | 2 | Executive Summary | 2 | 3 | Introduction to Company | 3 | 4 | Michael Porter’s 5 Forces Analysis | 4 | 5 | P.E.S.T Analysis | 7 | 6 | VRIN Strategic Capabilities | 9 | 7 | The Value Chain | 12 | 8 | Critical Evaluation Of Strategy | 16 | 9 | Recommendations | 18 | 10 | Bibliography | 20 | 11 | Appendices | 21 | | | | Executive Summary Having received the brief for this C A our team arranged an initial meeting to discuss a number of ideas and issues. We had to choose which organisation to focus on, what was to be done individually and as a team and how and when to meet, correlate and progress. We all agreed that our focus was to be on the LYIT. We were attending the institute and had a handle on the culture, had access to information and knowledgeable people. Quite soon afterwards we ran into some problems when we started conducting internal (Value Chain & VRIN) and external (5 Forces & P.E.S.T) analysis. The nature of the business of the institute was in complete contrast to that of any organisation we had studied previously in that it was operating in the Public sector, was primarily focussed on the provision of services and not on profit maximisation and had no tangible end-product for sale. We couldn’t agree...
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