...and all living things complement each other as forests is important in supplying the needs of life. 1. Forest will produce oxygen and absorb the carbon dioxide. a) Oxygen released by the trees in the forest is the chemical gas that are very important to human and animal life.(Chrisz,2006) b) Trees absorb carbon dioxide in the air and replaced it with clean air to remove toxic gases that facilitate human and animal respiration. 2. Supply various kind of food. a) Forests serves as the largest supplier of food and herbal plants that are important to humans, animals and in the medical field.(Chinery,2001) 3. Provides different kind of wood for many purposes. a) Wood being used as fuel because it creates less smoke and burns longer. b) Teak wood is used as house building materials as well as in the furniture industry.(Col,2006) B. Another importance is in maintaining the world climate. 1. Decreased the thinning of ozone layers. a) Oxygen from trees is the main part of ozone creation that will protect earth from sunlight radiation and meteors fall.(Silverswan,2010) 2. Protects the earth from global warming. a) Forests absorb carbon dioxide, one of the poisonous gas that makes the earth warmer. b) Water vapour is released by trees into the air to cool the air temperature. C. One other importance is in preventing catastrophic consequences to the environment. 1. Prevent landslides ...
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...CHAPTER 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive-Summary: For several years now, 'employee engagement' has been a hot topic in corporate circles. It's a buzz phrase that has captured the attention of workplace observers and HR managers, as well as the executive suite. And it's a topic that employers and employees alike think they understand, yet can't articulate very easily. employee engagement as "a heightened emotional connection that an employee feels for his or her organization, that influences him or her to exert greater discretionary effort to his or her work". There are certain potential drivers, which are best suited to define the status of employee engagement, have been taken out of a pool of drivers suggested by various authors: 1 | Belief in Co’s direction | 15 | Leadership | 2 | Benefits | 16 | Organization Development | 3 | Career opportunities | 17 | Pay | 4 | Chief Executive Officer | 18 | Performance Review | 5 | Communication | 19 | Personal Growth | 6 | Company’s Values | 20 | Purpose in Life | 7 | Decision Making | 21 | Recognition | 8 | Direct Supervisor | 22 | Social Contribution | 9 | Environmental Mastery | 23 | Social Integration | 10 | Focused Work | 24 | Senior Managers | 11 | Human Resource Mgt. | 25 | Training & Development | 12 | Individual’s Own Values | 26 | Trust | 13 | Interpersonal Support | 27 | Work Group | 14 | Job Content | 28 | Work-Life Balance | Perrin‟s Global Workforce Study (2005)...
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...Entrepreneurship and Small Business By: Miguel Serodio 12/11/2011 Index Introduction......................................................................................................................page 3 Core...................................................................................................................................page 4 References........................................................................................................................page 8 Bibliography.....................................................................................................................page 9 Introduction In 1985 an the Companies Act was brought up to define better the size of small business in order to make it more clear than before, the Bolton Committee. The new act defined the business by setting maximum criterions of annual turnover, annual balance sheet total and the number of employees. This act helped to define in a practical way than before, for the reason that the Bolton Committee used to have a large number of definitions such as under 200 employees for manufacturing firms to £50 000 turnover for retailing, and up to five vehicles or less for road transport. With so many different criterions it was unpractical to define what, so the Companies Act defined that there was two groups of small and medium firms. Small business would have a maximum annual turnover of £2.8 million with an annual balance sheet total of £1.4...
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...TÉCNICO N° 02 - Febrero 2012 Producción Nacional: 2011 El INEI informa que la producción nacional durante el año 2011 logró un crecimiento de 6,92%, explicado por el comportamiento favorable de casi todos los sectores, con excepción del sector minería, contabilizando 13 años de crecimiento sostenido. El comportamiento positivo de la actividad económica del país se sustentó en el desempeño favorable de la demanda interna que se refleja en el aumento de las ventas al por menor a los hogares en 10,34% y la mayor importación de bienes de consumo en 14,52%, la venta de autos ligeros 26,00% y el consumo del gobierno en 7,66%. Asimismo, creció la importación de bienes de capital y materiales para la construcción en 24,87%, y la inversión en construcción en 3,43%. Igualmente, por la demanda externa, reflejada en las mayores exportaciones, que lograron un nivel récord histórico de US$ 46 268 millones, que en términos reales se traducen en un crecimiento de 13,15%, tanto de productos tradicionales (9,49%), como no tradicionales (18,55%). Entre los productos tradicionales destacan los mayores envíos al exterior de productos mineros (plomo, oro, hierro y cobre), pesqueros (harina y aceite de pescado), agrícolas (algodón y café) y petróleo y gas natural. De modo similar, entre las ventas externas de productos no tradicionales figuran los agrícolas, textiles, pesqueros, químicos, de metal mecánica, sidero-metalúrgicos y mineros no metálicos Cuadro Nº1 Evolución del Índice Mensual...
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...private sector organization in Pakistan. Keywords: Privatization, profitability, output, efficiency and employment Introduction Despite frequent changes in the governments since 1985, five regularly elected and six care takers, there has been consensus on the continuation of privatization policy and as such it is expected to be cornerstone of all the future government policies, at least in the near future. Instead of arguing the merits or demerits of the privatization policy, we explore its impact on the levels of efficiency. A large number of public sector units have already been divested and a number of other public enterprises including telecommunications and thermal power stations have been placed on the privatization list. Nevertheless, serious doubts have been expressed about transparency of the bidding process and the impact of privatization on efficiency, investment, production, prices, employment and fiscal deficit. Accordingly, there is a need to identify constraints in realizing various objectives of privatization with a view to suggesting concrete policy measures that may be taken to overcome the constrain and to improve the performance of the organization. Divestiture of assets is not new to Pakistan though the motivation for divestiture has not been the same in different time periods. During the 50s and the 60s, public sector used to invest in non-traditional activities especially where the gestation period was long and private sector was...
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...Privatization on Service Sector Preface We know that the countries which are developed today are getting very strong in service sector day by day. Without having a very significant service sector it is impossible to retain the development of the economy of a country. Service sector is the accelerator of an economy. And Bangladesh is one of the least developed countries of the world with a huge number of different problems but most importantly with an emerging service sector. Really this is a great tonic for this underdeveloped country on the way of development. So to utilize this potential setting up of a lot of service organization is needed. But the service organization should not be public rather private. Because we all know about the poor service quality and negative profit of the public service organizations of Bangladesh. So the privatization of service sector is one of our desired initiatives. It is one of the leading aspects with a very bright potential to boost-up the economy of this third-world poor country. Prepared by: Md. Abdul Hai – 07882860 Essence of Privatization Despite a significant degree of public ownership in health, education, communication, utilities and energy sectors in the pre-independence period, Bangladesh inherited basically a private sector dominated economy at the time of independence in 1971. A set of three inter-related reasons are put forward as rationale for privatization in Bangladesh. These are: • Improvement of the governments’ fiscal...
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...-1- WHAT IS HIDDEN, IN THE HIDDEN ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN? SIZE, CAUSES, ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS Ahmed Gulzar Novaira Junaid Adnan Haider Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan National Transport Research Centre (NTRC), Ministry of Communications Beaconhouse National University (BNU), Lahore, Pakistan State Bank of Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan Abstract There is a worldwide contemporary debate about the role of the hidden economy in achieving the goal of sustained and inclusive economic growth and development, especially in the context of its spillover effects on the formal economy. For this purpose, policy makers and academicians have made concerted efforts to estimate the size of the hidden economy and to analyze its causes, issues and implications on key macroeconomic variables. However, there is a consensus among the policy makers that a better macroeconomic policy formulation and its true implementation are subject to the proper management of the associated issues of the hidden economy with suitable policy measures. In Pakistan, it is generally assumed that the hidden economy contributes about 30% to 50% to the overall GDP. The purpose of this paper is to estimate more precisely the size of the hidden economy with the determination of its potential causes and implications. Five statistical and structural modeling approaches namely; simple monetary approach, modified monetary approach using dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS)...
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...Unit 2 Assignment 1 Task A 1. The aim is what an organisation is trying to achieve. The objective is the steps that are taken to achieve an aim. Examples of aims: * Increasing market share * Growth of profit * Survival 2. SMART objectives: * Specific: Clear objectives of what they want to achieve; * Measurable: The organisation has to measure whether they could achieve or not; * Achievable: the organisation sets up objectives so he could achieve it; * Relevant: To assess if what they are going to do it’s going to be as they forecasted; * Timed: it’s the deadline when they set to achieve it. 3. The purpose for setting aims and objectives is to have a clear view of what the organisation is going to do, so that every member of the organisation is going to easily follow it and all of them to work towards the same target. Another purpose would be to give the organisation focus, achieve efficiency, helps plan strategies, gives a basis for assessing performance and allows managers to monitor performance and make changes if necessary. 4. The first person that is interested in an organisation’s aims and objectives is the owner, and after the stakeholders: they could be investors and shareholders. Because they also have invested money in the business. Investors They are the people that put money in an organisation/business and expect that the profit will be high and the risk will be low. They are also concerned about the...
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...affermage, PPP, PFI, Build-Own-Operate (BOO), Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT), Build-Operate-Lease-Transfer (BOLT), Build-Lease-Operate-Transfer (BLOT), Build-Transfer-Operate (BTO), Build-Operate-Renewal (BOR), Build-Rent/Lease-Transfer (BRT or BLT), Design-Build-Finance-Operate (DBFO) and Rehabilitate-Operate-Transfer (ROT), outsourcing, delegation of services, management contract, operation and maintenance contract, service contract, operating contract, performance contract and others. However, the terms of PPP and concession will be using interchangeably throughout the entire topic. Basically all those terms refer to one common purpose. The purpose is to establish a method of procurement that brings together the public and the private sectors in a long-term partnership for mutual benefit. The vital feature is that it is intended to achieve both social and commercial goals. When it serve as a long-term solution for offering infrastructure within a country, it would indirectly support sufficient growth and economic benefits for the public. The broader execution of concession can be done to fund transport infrastructure such as highways, tunnels, railway, ports, bridges, railroads, airports and canals transport systems. They are also often used to finance projects in water supply, power generation, sewerage, dams, irrigation and drainage, and to a lesser extent, telecommunications and solid waste management infrastructure. In the case of Malaysia, the Government officially revealed...
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...Changing role of government INTRODUCTION The market was the most appropriate instrument for realizing economic growth & improving human welfare. The state’s role was thus to be restricted to certain core function – providing public good such as defence & highways, maintaining law & order to ensure security of person & property, enforcing contracts & providing primary education to the people. In 19th century the government role in redistributing income was limited & tax system were used entirely for revenue raising, state thus remained small by modern standards until world war first. In developed economies of the west, the policy makers by & large agreed on three principles. First, there was agreement on the limitations of the private enterprise & thus mixed public-private economy was regarded as desirable. This implied nationalizing a wide range of strategic industries. Secondly, need for a coordinated macroeconomic policy was recognized because market alone failed to ensure macroeconomic stability that is that is needed for sustained growth of business. Finally, reliance entirely on market For the welfare of the people was a questionable proposition. In the three and a half decades between 1960 & 1995, government western economies assumed new role & expanded existing ones. By the mid-1990s the range of tasks performed by the government & its agencies included not only maintaince & development of infrastructure & utilities but also much more support for education, health care...
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...Paris climate summit, it seems natural to ask: What are the next steps? Do we need to do more? Three initiatives launched around the Paris meeting are an important start. Bill Gates announced the formation of the Breakthrough Energy Coalition, composed of philanthropists who will invest in public-private partnerships to invent and scale technologies. More than 20 countries led by the U.S. unveiled "Mission Innovation" and pledged to seek to double their government research-and-development budgets over the next five years to accelerate clean-energy innovation. Ten of the world’s largest oil and gas companies launched the "Oil and Gas Climate Initiative" to organize meaningful action through the sharing of best-practice information and other industry collaboration as well as to make investments in R&D and startups. These statements indicate that both the public and private sectors recognize that we live in a carbon-constrained world and that there will be a charge on carbon emissions, imposed through regulations or market prices or a combination of both. Thus, there is an imperative for industry to explore the commercialization of new innovative low-carbon technologies. Given the scale of the energy and climate challenges, the three initiatives are necessary but not sufficient. Why? Successful innovation must address technologies from creation to deployment. Take, for example, advances in battery technology. A battery that costs less than $100 per kilowatt-hour with a lifetime...
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...Tamil Nadu National law School PRIVATE SECTOR IN INDIA: BOON OR BANE SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF B.A.L.L.B (Hons.), THIRD SEMESTER Submitted to: Submitted by- Mr.Yuvraj Akash Gupta BA0130005 SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Project Report entitled: ‘PRIVATE SECTOR IN INDIA: BOON OR BANE’ submitted to the Tamil Nadu National Law School in partial fulfilment of the requirements for B.A. LL.B (Hons.), third semester is an original and bona-fide research work carried out by Akash Gupta under my supervision and guidance. No part of this study has been submitted to any University for the award of any Degree or Diploma whatsoever. ______________________ (Mr.Yuvraj) ------------------------------------------------- Preface This project is intended to carry out an extensive research on the topic “PRIVATE SECTOR IN INDIA: BOON OR BANE” by the supervisor. The research and analysis conducted by the researchers are bona-fide and purely for academic purposes. Every effort is made to keep the project error free. We would gratefully acknowledge the suggestions to improve the project to make it more useful. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...
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...switched to their electronic communications came at a time where the government was not willing to add to public spending. In the event of this, responsibility for economic regulation was passed from Postcomm to Ofcom, who designed and implemented a new regulatory framework. Throughout this report, we will look at the potential benefits and detriments of privatisation; this will be applied in order to draw a conclusion as to whether the privatisation of Royal Mail was the most appropriate action. 2. Reasons for Privatisation One of the main reasons why privatisation may lead to greater efficiency than public ownership is that governments may not have exercised control over firms as effectively as private sector shareholders (Smith, 31 October 2013). This is because private sector shareholders have one main objective - to maximise the returns they make from holding shares. They are dedicated to making a firm profitable and successful whereas governments may allow political objectives overshadow their decisions. According to (Prosser, 2013) 'there...
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...debate on the public versus the private sector— which one of the two is better for the growth of Indian economy—has been long alive. It has assumed increased importance with India’s recent impressive performance in all fields—from IT to computer software, from telecommunications to health, from generation of energy to manufacturing of industrial goods. While the popular belief is that most of the public sector undertakings are white elephants—a drain on the Indian economy, the fact remains that many public sector undertakings, mainly in the field of telecommunications and petroleum and gas explorations such as the Bharat Sanchar Nigam and the National Thermal Power Corporation, have outperformed most of the private sector undertakings in the same fields and registered more profits than them.In telecommunications, the Bharat Sanchar Nigam continues to lead from the front leaving many big and reputed private players such as Bharti Mobile, Bharti Telenet, BTA Cellcom, Escotel Mobile Communication, Tata Internet Services and Hutchison Telecom East far behind. Where the private players have even made losses, the Bharat Sanchar Nigam has made huge profits. In the banking sector, too, public sector undertakings remain far ahead vis-a-vis most of the private players in the business. In the finance sector, predominantly banking, public sector undertakings have accounted hugely for the aggregate net profits compared to private sector undertakings. The situation remains somewhat...
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...Transition The First Ten Years Analysis and Lessons for Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union Transition The First Ten Years Analysis and Lessons for Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union THE WORLD BANK Washington, D.C. © 2002 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 5 05 04 03 02 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed here are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank cannot guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply on the part of the World Bank any judgment of the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is copyrighted. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or inclusion in any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the World Bank. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc, 222 Rosewood...
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