...process | | | 1.6 Types of drilling | | | 1.7 Risk anaylisis during exploration | | | 1.8 Key challenges | | | 1.9 Appropriate solutions | | 3. | Liquefaction | | | 2.1 Liquefaction Process | | | 2.2 Different Liquefaction Techniques | | | 2.3 Liquefaction Process | | | 2.4 Solution to the issues related to Liquefaction of LNG | | 4. | Transportation | | | 3.1 Need of transportation of gas in form of lng | | | 3.2 LNG carrier | | | 3.3 Trading of LNG | | | 3.4 Types of LNG terminals | | | 3.5 Solution to issues related to transportation of lng | | 5. | Regasification | | | 4.1 Regasification Process | | | 4.2 Factors for LNG vaporizer selection process | | | 4.3 Open Rack Vaporisers (ORVS) and its features | | | 4.4 Challenges | | ABSTRACT World primary energy demand is expected to grow by 1.6% per annum over the period 2010 to 2030, which will require 39% additional energy to meet this requirement. The share of oil in energy use will decrease by 2030 , Natural gas share increases and reaches 25.9% of world energy usage. The import of LNG by means of re gasification terminals is an important element needed to meet the current and the future energy demand, globally....
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...LIQUID METAL EMBRITTLEMENT (LME) RAGHAV MOHAN Graduate Student M.S in Technical Entrepreneurship and Management University of Rochester INTRODUCTION Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) is a phenomenon of practical importance, where certain ductile metals experience drastic loss in tensile ductility or undergo brittle fracture when tested in the presence of specific liquid metals. Generally, a tensile stress or a residual stress is needed to induce embrittlement. Many mechanisms were proposed to explain the phenomenological characteristics of LME. The significance of liquid metal embrittlement is revealed by the practical observation of several structures experiencing ductility losses and cracking during hot dip galvanizing or during subsequent fabrication. Liquid metal embrittlement effects can be observed even in solid state, when one of the metals is brought close to its melting point (e.g. cadmium-coated parts operating at high temperature). This phenomenon is known as solid metal embrittlement. OBSERVATIONS OF LME Mechanical structures are typically a space frame fabricated from parallel large diameter tubes, called chords, cross braced by smaller diameter perpendicular and diagonal tubes(e.g. sign bridge structures over freeway) .After welding, the structure is hot dip galvanized. The hot dip galvanizing process consists of submerging the structure in a bath of molten zinc. This leaves a relatively uniform zinc coating over the entire structure upon...
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...Purpose of Oil and Gas Separation on Offshore Structures Reservoir fluid is a complex mixture of gas, oil, water, solids and other contaminants that must be separated and processed. Separation is the process whereby reservoir fluid is separated into its component phases of gas, liquid and solid. The separated products are further processed to sellable, reuseable and disposable quality after separation. Reservoir fluids are usually gathered in an Oil and Gas production facility where separation and processing takes place. If the well location is in a deep offshore location, the cost of laying long distances pipelines to onshore processing facilities might make the project to be uneconomical. When it is uneconomical to lay long distances pipeline to onshore facility, the reservoir fluid is separated into its component parts and stored on offshore platforms like the Floating, Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) facilities. Periodically, vessels go to the FPSO to load products and transport such to the customers. A new area being exploited is the floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facilities where processing of gas to LNG can take place. Oil and gas separation is also carried out offshore in order to avoid flow assurance issues associated with transporting reservoir fluid from long distance offshore location to onshore processing facility. Some of these issues are hydrates formation, wax deposition, asphaltenes problems, corrosion etc. All these happen when there is...
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... liquid gas Pressure – continual bombardment on the walls of a container by gas molecules in rapid, random motion Two units used to measure pressure: 1. millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) 2. atmospheres (atm) 1 atm = 760 mm Hg barometer – instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure manometer – instrument used to measure pressure of a gas in a container Boyle’s Law – for a fixed mass of an ideal gas at constant temperature, the volume of the gas is inversely proportional to the applied pressure. P1V1 = P2V2 Charles’s Law – the volume of a fixed mass of an ideal gas at a constant pressure is directly proportional to the temperature in kelvins (K). V1 = V2 T1 = T2 Gay-Lussac’s Law – for a fixed mass of a gas at constant volume, the pressure is directly proportional to the temperature in kelvins (K). P1 = P2 Combined Gas Law – P1V1 = P2V2 T1 T2 Avogadro’s Law – equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules. standard temperature and pressure (STP) = 0 °C (273 K) and 1 atm One mole of any gas at STP occupies a volume of 22.4 L. Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT P = pressure of gas (atm) V = volume of gas (L) n = amount of gas (moles) T = temperature of gas (K) R = ideal gas constant (0.0821 L x atm/mole x K Dalton’s law of partial pressures: The partial pressure of a gas in a mixture is the...
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...Picture of molecule in the Solid, Liquid, Gas. Solid- is one of the fundamental states of matter (the others being liquid, gas,). It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. Unlike a liquid, a solid object does not flow to take on the shape of its container, nor does it expand to fill the entire volume available to it like a gas does. The atoms in a solid are tightly bound to each other, either in a regular geometric lattice (crystalline solids, which include metals and ordinary ice) or irregularly (an amorphous solid such as common window glass). Liquid- is one of the fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, gas), and is the only state with a definite volume but no fixed shape. A liquid is made up of tiny vibrating particles of matter, such as atoms, held together by intermolecular bonds. Water is, by far, the most common liquid on Earth. Like a gas, a liquid is able to flow and take the shape of a container. Most liquids resist compression, although others can be compressed. Unlike a gas, a liquid does not disperse to fill every space of a container, and maintains a fairly constant density. A distinctive property of the liquid state is surface tension, leading to wetting phenomena. Gas- is one of the fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, liquid). A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. anoble gas or atomic gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen)...
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...textbook, read about gas pressure. STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY CHAPTER 13 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY States of Matter Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 13. Pressure is defined as force per unit a. area. 14. What is an instrument designed to measure atmospheric pressure? a. barometer b. manometer c. sphygmomanometer b. mass. c. time. Section 13.1 Gases In your textbook, read about the kinetic-molecular theory. d. volume. Complete each statement. 1. The kinetic molecular theory describes the behavior of gases in terms of particles in d. thermometer motion a. altitude. b. atmospheric pressure. . 15. The height of the liquid in a barometer is affected by all of the following EXCEPT the c. density of the liquid in the column. d. diameter of the column tube. Chemistry: Matter and Change 16. The pressure of the gas in a manometer is directly related to which of the following 2. The kinetic-molecular theory makes the following assumptions. a. In a sample of a gas, the volume of the gas particles themselves is very small quantities? compared to the volume of the sample. b. Because gas particles are far apart, there are no significant attractive or repulsive forces random motion. d. a c. a a. height of the mercury column in the closed-end arm b. height of the mercury column in the open-end arm between gas particles. b b c. Gas particles are in constant...
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...or removed from a substance and how to calculate the enthalpy change. Answer In a gas, the potential energy (energy of attraction) is small to the kinetic energy thus, on average, the particles are far apart. This large distance has several macroscopic consequences : a gas fills its container, is highly compressible, and flows easily through another gas. In a liquid , attractions are stronger because the particles are touching, but they have enough kinetic energy to move randomly around each other.Thus, a liquid conforms to the shape of its container but has a surface ; It resists an applied force and thus compresses very slightly ; and it flows, but much more slowly than gases. In a solid, the attractions dominate the motion so much that the particles are fixed in position relative to one another, just jiggling in place. Thus, a solid has its own shape, compresses even less than liquids, and does not flow significantly. Each phase change has a name and an associated entalphy change : Gas to liquid, and vice versa. As the temperature drops, the molecules in the gas come together and form a liquid in the process, changing from a liquid to gas, is vaporization. Liquid to solid, and vice versa. As the temperature drops further, the particles move slower and become fixed in position in the process of freezing ; In common speech, freezing implies low temperature because we thin of water. Gas to solid, and vice versa. All three states of water are familiar because they are stable...
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...the flow of heat energy through materials and substances in direct contact with each other. A conductor is a material that permits heat energy to flow freely within it. The better the conductor the more rapidly heat will be transferred. Conduction takes place when heat is supplied to a substance, the particles in that substance gain more energy and vibrate more. These particles then bump into neighboring particles and some of their energy is transferred to them. This process continues and energy is eventually transferred from the hotter end to the colder end of the object. * Thermal convection is transferred from hot places to cold places by convection. Convection occurs when warmer areas of gas or liquid rises to cooler areas of that gas or liquid. The cooler gas or liquid replaces the warmer areas that have risen higher. This results in a continuous circulation pattern. For example Air above the respective land and water surfaces is warmed or cooled by conduction with those surfaces. During the day, the warmer land temperature results in a warmer and therefore, less dense and lighter air mass above the coast as compared with the adjacent air mass over the surface of water. As the warmer air...
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...Liquids and Gases http://edugen.wiley.com/edugen/courses/crs2436/crowe9771/crowe9771... 1.1 Liquids and Gases This section describes liquids and gases, emphasizing behavior of the molecules. This knowledge is useful for understanding the observable characteristics of fluids. Liquids and gases differ because of forces between the molecules. As shown in the first row of Table 1.1, a liquid will take the shape of a container whereas a gas will expand to fill a closed container. The behavior of the liquid is produced by strong attractive force between the molecules. This strong attractive force also explains why the density of a liquid is much higher than the density of gas (see the fourth row). The attributes in Table 1.1 can be generalized by defining a gas and liquid based on the differences in the attractive forces between molecules. A gas is a phase of material in which molecules are widely spaced, molecules move about freely, and forces between molecules are minuscule, except during collisions. Alternatively, a liquid is a phase of material in which molecules are closely spaced, molecules move about freely, and there are strong attractive forces between molecules. Table 1.1 Attribute Typical Visualization Solid COMPARISO OF SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, A D GASES Liquid Gas Macroscopic Description Mobility of Molecules Solids hold their shape; no need for a container Molecules have low mobility because they are bound in a structure by strong intermolecular forces Often high;...
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...saturation dome which means that the fluid is in 2 phases. Importance of the overlap. We can see from the above graph that the vapour stream is significantly flatter than the feed and vapour streams. This is because the vapour and feed stream have similar component compositions. There is quite a large overlap of the liquid and vapour streams between -150°C and 50°C which indicates that there is a large proportion of gas in both these streams. All three of the phase envelopes overlap at some point because they all consist of the same components. The flatness of the liquid stream can be attributed to the fact that the liquid has a lower vapour pressure at any given temperature, than the vapour and feed streams. The liquid stream also contains heavier hydrocarbons which exhibit a lower pressure than the vapour and gas streams which consist of lighter hydrocarbons. The bubble point curve of the liquid stream intersects with the dew point of the vapour stream curve at 55°C and 11 MPa, which are the NRA process conditions. At this point, the fluid is separated into 2 phases which is consistent with our separator conditions. | Mole Compositions | Component | Gas | Liquid | Nitrogen | 3.15e-3 | 7.26e-4 | Carbon Dioxide | 1.77e-2 | 1.28e-2 | Methane | 0.838 | 0.380 | Ethane | 7.41e-2 | 8.13e-2 | Propane |...
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...temperature increases, the intermolecular forces can be more easily broken, allowing more of the solute particles to be attracted to the solvent particles. There are other examples, though, where increasing the temperature has very little effect on how much solute can be dissolved. Table salt is a good example: you can dissolve just about the same amount of table salt in ice water as you can in boiling water. For all gases, as the temperature increases, the solubility decreases. The kinetic molecular theory can be used to explain this phenomenon. As the temperature increases, the gas molecules move faster and are then able to escape from the liquid. The solubility of the gas, then, decreases. 2. Pressure The second factor, pressure, affects the solubility of a gas in a liquid but never of a solid dissolving in a liquid. When pressure is applied to a gas that is above the surface of a solvent, the gas will move into the solvent and occupy some of the spaces between the particles of the solvent. A good...
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...Hydrostatic vs Osmotic Pressure Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure going outward from the capillary. Hydrostatic Pressure forces the fluid from capillary to move outward into the interstitial space. Osmotic pressure is the water trying to move from interstitial space into the capillary Hydrostatic pressure will be greater in the arterial side as opposed to the venule side. Osmotic Pressure is constant throughout the capillary. Because the hydrostatic pressure drops across the capillary, at the artery side fluid is pushed into the interstitial space whereas in the venule side, fluid is pushed into the vessel. If you have high blood pressure, it can cause build up of fluid in interstitial space (due to high hydrostatic pressure) and cause edema. Also, if fluid is not taken in by lymphatic vessels, it can also cause edema. Water that is lost from fluid due to hydrostatic pressure eventually goes into lymph vessels and is put back into the vessels. Note: Capillary walls are made up of endothelial cells Sodium Potassium ATPase: Pumps 3 Na ions out and 2 K ions in. Ketone Bodies: Ketone bodies are produced when AcetylcoA exceeds krebs cycles capacity. So, when you are starving, ketone bodies are used primarily rather than glucose. Glucose is preserved for brain. Brain, heart, muscle can use ketone bodies. Liver cannot use ketone bodies. Insulin: Insulin helps glucose intake by cells normally. Unsaturated fat is easy to burn off because they produce...
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...Natural Gas (CNG), Gas to Liquids (GTL), and LNG as an option for offshore gas transport [Author Name] [Institute Name] Abstract The main idea behind this paper is to understand the environmental impact by comparing compressed natural gas, gas-to-liquid, and liquefied natural gas as an option for offshore has transport. As, this study will give information about the environmental impacts related to natural gas and its major forms, which are assumed as an option for gas transport. The paper has explained the ways through which each gas is abusing environment in terms of mistreatment since massive excretion of gases have impacted on health ofenvironment as at times because of toxic gases marine life got disturbed, at times the specific region also experience acid rain and many other harmful effects that also destroys human’s health. Contents Abstract 2 List of figures 3 List of symbols 4 1. Introduction 5 2. Literature review 8 2.1. CNG 8 2.2. GTL 10 2.2.1. The GTL technology benefits environment 10 2.3. LNG 11 3. Discussion (comparison) 13 4. Conclusion 19 References 20 List of figures Figure 1: Forecast of world energy consumption Figure 2: Air pollutant emission by fuel type Figure 3: Environmental impacts of natural gas production, transportation and distribution Figure 4: Energy losses List of symbols CNG Compressed Natural Gas GTL ...
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...from air. The first step in fractional distillation of air is to change a container of air to a liquid. The liquid air is then allowed to warm up. As the air warms up than each element in air changes from a liquid back to a gas at a different temperature. The portion of air that changes back to a gas at a certain temperature is neon. Health effects of Neon Neon may have some issues when exposed. It can cause some damage to the human bodies depending on how exposed it is. If this gas is inhaled, it can result of dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and loss of conscious and even death. Death can happen from confusion and unawareness or loss of conscious. At low oxygen concentrations, unawareness and unconsciousness and death can happen in a matter of seconds without caution. Also if the liquid neon makes contact with skin, you can get frostbite on the skin that was exposed to it and your eyes as well too. As said earlier, it is hard to find neon itself in the earth’s atmosphere. Neon poses no threat to the environment and it can have no impact since it’s chemically unreactive to other chemicals and forms no...
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...SECTION 1 1. A solid sublimes when: A. It melts immediately on heating B. It forms vapour on heating and reforms the solid on cooling C. It forms liquid on heating which quickly vaporizes D. It decomposes to form two or more gases on heating 2. Which of the following is NOT true for an atom? A. The number of protons and electrons are always equal B. The protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus C. The numbers of protons always equals the numbers of neutrons D. The electrons are found in the shells surrounding the nucleus 3. During the manufacture of ethanol, the ethanol is separated from the fermented mixture by A. Centrifugation B. Solvent extraction C. Fractional distillation D. Boiling 4. An element Y reacts with fluorine gas to form a solid of formula YF. The electronic configuration of Y could be A. 2:7 B. 2:8:8:1 C. 2:8:2 D. 2:8:3 5. Which of the following is the correct formula for the compound formed between magnesium and nitrogen? A. Mg2N2 B. MgN2 C. Mg3N2 D. Mg3 N 6. Which of the following methods can be used to separate a mixture of iron powder and sulphur? A. Dissolving the mixture in water and then filtrate B. Passing a magnet over the mixture C. Melting the mixture followed by filtration D. Heating the mixture 7. Which of...
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