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Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), tumors that originate from astrocytes, is the most common and deadliest form of brain tumor in the human population. Since the tumors are supported by a comparatively large network of blood vessels in contrast to other tumoral cells , they are highly proliferative and malignant.
Though with a seemingly exclusive localization to the cerebral hemisphere, GBMs can be found in the spinal cord, brain stem and the cerebellum as well; an estimated 61% of primary gliomas are found in the cerebral lobes, with the highest incidence in the frontal lobe (25%), respectively followed by the temporal lobe (20%), parietal lobe (13%) and the occipital lobe (3%). Based on origin, GBMs are categorized into two groups: Primary (de novo) and Secondary. While primary …show more content…
Primary GBMs are the most common type and account for over 95% of reported cases worldwide (Kleihues & Ohgaki, 1999). PGBMs and SGBMs do not only differ at their origination site, but also express significant differences molecularly. PGBMs usually express the Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild type and overexpress MDM2; they also have the predilection to have a PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) mutation and the loss of heterozygosity on the 10p chromosome. SGBMs, on the other hand, typically have a mutant IDH and demonstrate p53 mutations; there is loss of heterozygosity on the 10q and 17p chromosomes and an increased telomerase activity (Ohgaki & Kleihues, 2013).Whilst the SGBM is known for its intensified signaling through the PDGF-A receptor, PGBMs have a

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