...Between men and women, there is a concept that exists called gender roles. Gender roles are the expectations given t each man and woman that outline how they should act. An example of this, to state clearer, is a man acting more assertive and a woman acting more nurturing. With these roles also comes something identified as gender stereotypes; Gender stereotypes are fixed ideas about what men and women do. For instance, saying that all men are the breadwinners and all women are housewives. Although these terms are seemingly quite similar, actually, they’re quite difference. Gender roles (although) they link with how men and women are supposed to act, they are respectful explanations describing men and women. They do not offend, unlike gender...
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...study utilized a social cognitive theory framework in documenting gender portrayals in teen movies and investigating the influence of exposure to these images on gender-based beliefs about friendships, social aggression, and roles of women in society. First, a content analysis of gender portrayals in teen movies was conducted, revealing that female characters are more likely to be portrayed as socially aggressive than male characters. Second, college students were surveyed about their teen movie-viewing habits, gender-related beliefs, and attitudes. Findings suggest that viewing teen movies is associated with negative stereotypes about female friendships and gender roles. Research examining the effects of media exposure demonstrates that media consumption has a measurable influence on people's perceptions of the real world, and, regardless of the accuracy of these perceptions, they are used to help guide subsequent attitudes, judgments, and actions. For example, these results have been yielded for viewing media representations of race,1 the mentally ill,2 and the elderly.3 Past research additionally indicates that watching televised gender portrayals has an effect on individuals' real-world gender-based attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.4 Based on this research, and the tenets of social cognitive theory, it would be expected that consumption of teen movies would have an analogous influence on audience members' gender-based attitudes and beliefs. Despite the popularity of teen movies...
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...bibliography PSYC101 Stephanie Adams Jong hwan, Kim 30/07/2013 PERSONALITY TRAIT : Aggression Article 1, “Apparent motives for aggression in the social context of the bar” There are four types of motivation that aggression could be appeared. Compliance, grievance, identity, and excitement motivation could be indicated when aggression is used in response to unfair or perceived offensive behavior. After excluding incidents, where motives could not be coded or only staffs were aggressive, 1507 people had an experiment. For both men and women, compliance was negatively related with all other motives when grievance was positively connected with identity and negatively associated with excitement. Identity was positively associated with excitement for women but negatively associated for men. There were gender differences in motives. Men scored higher on identity and excitement, when women scored higher than did men on compliance and grievance. Women were more likely to have compliance as a primary motivation. There was also association of motives with escalation. Of these engaging in two or more aggressive acts, the later acts were more aggressive than first acts at the same level of aggression. Moreover, there was association of motives with severity of aggression. The coefficients from multilevel bivariate linear regression of severity on each motive with separate models for men and women and for the first or only act and for the second act. The present research applied...
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...Whether observed through the perspective of the media or within a historical context, women at a national premise have a greater awareness in the struggle of gender equality and female identification. Feminism looks at how the social, economic and political structures affect and shape women at the individual level. Accordingly, feminist theories analyze the relationship between gender differences, gender inequality and oppression. The idea of ‘waves’ in Canadian Feminist movements have been both diverse and dynamic in the act of coalition to obtain specific goals and broader changes in society. At the beginning of the 20th century, industrialization and nation-building came attached with a gender ideology that prescribed the public/private division between male and females. In modern-day Canada, issues concerning equal rights in the public and private sphere of women have become more relevant to the female community. In contemporary Canada, the discussion of sex work and the ‘entertainment industry’ is a controversial subject to many women. The traditional view is expressed to view these workers as individuals who have chosen this path as ‘immoral criminals’ or ‘victims’ of aggression. There is not much sympathy for these women as they are degraded to be invisible within Canadian society. Given the blind eye, these sexual deviants have historically served as an representation to regulate women of the public sphere. However, it is necessary to make distinctions of the ‘hierarchy’...
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...Males and females have been different throughout history. The question we study is why and what drives them to be different. There are two forces that make us unique, which are biological and cultural. Studies show that male selections throughout the world are being analyzed studies done by scientists, biologists and sociologists to psychologists. Three books I used to understand this question are “The Third Chimpanzee: The evolution and future of the human animal” by Jared Diamond, “Same Difference: How gender, myths are hurting our relationships, our children, and our jobs” by Rosalind C. Barnett, and “Our Kind” by Marvin Harris. Some questions aren’t just about the biological and cultural aspect but about the social norms as well. In what ways are males and females different? Also what ways are they similar? These questions all can be answered going back to the beginning of time. Evolution is something we need to understand because it is responsible for the observable differences between males and females. A question that everyone wonders is, how did we get here? Jared Diamond’s “The Third Chimpanzee” answers this question. A strong theory comes from Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection and adaptation. Even though species are all different in its own nature they play a special role in life. The species that have the traits to allow them to survive in the environment will be able to reproduce which is mutation, or “survival of the fittest”. Humans take for...
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...Do Men and Women Have Different Sex Drives? There are an incredible number of beliefs behind the varying differences in men and women pertaining to sexual behavior and desire. “Sexual desire is the subjective experience of being interested in sexual objects or activities or wishing to engage in sexual activities (Regan & Berscheid, 1999).” Although men and women have very different ideas of sex and sexual behaviors, many stereotypes have been created to associate the way that men and women are affected by the ideas of sex. Scientific evidence would suggest that some of these stereotypes are in fact true, however many others are false. When examining said stereotypes it is important to realize that differences between a man and woman’s sexual desire pertain to many factors. Men and women vary based on sexual desire due to biology, age, and culture. To start is it important to determine the factors that pertain to male and female arousal. There is a wide variety of differences in what men and women desire. For example “Heterosexual men become aroused mostly by women’s bodies, and homosexual men are aroused mostly by men’s bodies. Heterosexual women, however, are likely to be aroused by visual depictions of either sex, especially if sexual activity is taking place, though lesbians tend to be aroused mostly by erotic images of women (Chivers, Seto, & Blanchard, 2007).” Throughout a lifetime, women tend to be more elastic when considering sexual activity, whereas males...
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...and so this increases reproductive success and passes on these traits to their offspring. Sex differences in sexual selection comes from our evolutionary past and so males and females have different reproductive behaviour; these differences are shown from their mate choice (inter sexual selection), mate competition (intra sexual selection) and differences within their short term and long term mating strategies. Males and females differ in mate selection as the different sexes have different needs which are stemmed from our genetic code which has evolved over millions of years. According to the inter sexual selection theory males and females look for different characteristics in a mate and behave differently to attract these mates. It is important to men that women prioritise physical attractiveness and so men are responsive to those who are young and attractive as it connotes that these women are more likely to be fertile and so the man can reproduce and pass on his genes. Therefore, men are attractive to women who are healthy, take care of their bodies, wear makeup so they look youthful, curvaceous (to show child bearing hips) and are also faithful. Whereas men find physical appearance important women look for indicators of socioeconomic status that are cues from a males that he has, or could potentially get, resources which are necessary for her survival and her offspring. So women are more attracted to...
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...Social Psychology Tutorial – Practice MCQs LECTURE 1-Me, Myself, and I 1) When we compare ourselves to others who are more capable, we are engaged in a(n) _______. A) Downward social comparison B) Lateral social attribution C) Downward attribution D) Upward social comparison E) Upward attribution 2) Henry feels helpless at his job, feels that he cannot control his workday, and feels that he is useless, worthless and inept. These characteristics would probably mean that Henry has _______. A) Low self-esteem B) High locus of control C) High self-insight D) Low locus of control E) Negative possible selves 3) When we think of ourselves as members of specific social groups, we are thinking of our ________. A) sexual self-schema B) social-personal self C) personal self D) cultural self identity E) social identity 4) In meeting a new roommate, David stresses his studious qualities, an aspect of himself he wishes others to agree with, while being willing to underplay other potentially important aspects of himself. David is practicing a ________ approach in presenting himself to others. A) self-verification B) ingratiation C) self-enhancement D) self-denial E) neurotic LECTURE 2-Everyone is a Psychologist 1) Imagine that you see a friend arguing with a sales clerk in a store. You have never seen your friend argue with anyone in public before. Therefore, you think that the clerk did something to cause the argument. The theory that most directly explains...
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...Diana Gomez Gender and Crime Crime and Gender According to the data for the Bureau of Justice Statistics, females have lower arrest rates than males for nearly all crime categories except prostitution. Statistics also indicate that men are more likely to commit crime, both serious and not, than women. This is true for all countries, racial and ethnic groups, and for which data are available. In the United States, women comprise less than 20 percent of arrests for most crime classifications and is typically the smallest for the most serious offenses. Criminologists believe that the gender gap in crime is universal, women are always and everywhere less likely than men to commit criminal acts. Moreover, the most significant variable associated to crime is gender. Gender gap is the difference in number between both genders in one particular state, area, zone or nation. It is the differences between women and men, as reflected in social, political, intellectual, cultural, or attitudes. Public Policy Center researchers took two approaches to examining this issue of gender gap or gender differences. In the first, they examined the declining gender gap in arrests for all Part I Index Offenses using the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) and linked these changes to changes in women’s economic circumstances and welfare provisions over time. Research professors point out that in the second approach, it involved conducting analyses of victim’s reports of the gender of their assailant using...
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...a behavioral pattern established specifically to effect control and authority over another person by means of coercion, fear and constantly through use of violence. It is a deep-rooted societal problem and it can befall anyone irrespective of gender, sexual orientation, race or even ethnicity. Despite being an established state in terms incorporating its social and economic issues, Domestic Violence is still predominant in the U.S. Analysis Regardless of the fact that women are more likely to be the victims of intimate partner violence, Domestic Violence surpasses the gender boundary. Countless individuals have fallen victim of domestic violence either through physical abuse, emotional abuse or financial abuse. Approximately 3 million men and 4 million women are victims of physical violence in the U.S every year and approximately a quarter of the women population and a seventh of the men population will experience severe domestic violence during their lifetime. (U.S. Department of justice report, 2000). With each awakening day, three women are killed by their former or current spouses. Every minute roughly 24 people will fall victim of physical violence, stalking and even rape by their intimate partners; over 10 million men and women within the course of every year. On average, health centers receive over 18 million mental health victims from abusive relationships every year. According to the U.S department of Housing and Urban development, Domestic violence has emerged as...
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...According to crime statistics, men are more likely than women to commit crime. However, this statistical difference may be due to the way in which the criminal justice system deals with men and women. In some cases, the nature of female crimes means that they are less likely to be recorded. Men and women seem to commit different types of crime. Those committed by women are seen as more serious if they go against expected gender norms. For men, crime can be seen as an expression of masculinity and a way of gaining social status. Using material from Item B and elsewhere, assess sociological explanations of gender differences in the patterns of crime. There are an array of sociological explanations and theories as to why there is a significant difference not only in the crime rates of different genders but also in the crimes committed by each. Firstly,item B states that men are more likely to commit crime than women, official statistics support this statement as they show that of the 1.2 million criminals convicted and sentenced in 2011, only 24% of those were women and 72% were men; this shows that men are 3x more likely to be convicted and sentenced than women. There are a variety of explanations for this significant difference in criminal convictions; Parsons, and other functionalists, argue that this difference is due the Sex Role theory which states that men and women have different roles within the family, the women has the expressive role which causes her to be more...
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...expressive of their emotions as opposed to men (Karaffa, 2012; Sanchez, Bocklandt & Vilain, 2013). This belief has been supported by numerous gender studies. According to Nina Vaswani (2011), gender role are behaviours and attitudes that men and women acquire from culture in which they influence how men and women should act. Gender role theorist, posit that male gender socialization affects men’s willingness and/or ability to seek help for problem. Four main components of gender role conflict have been identified by research (Mansfield et al, 2005 as cited by Vaswani, 2011) that describes the barrier to help seeking. The researchers identified: an orientation to success, power and competition, restrictive emotionality...
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...Final Paper Aggression in the Human Society The topic I have chosen is aggression. I want to try to show that everyone can be affected by aggression. I want to show the different stimuli that will bring anger out in people thus causing them to have aggressive behavior. I want to discuss the different types of aggressive behavior as well as who else can be affected by aggressive behavior besides the victim. I have been a victim of aggressive behavior which is the reason I picked this topic. I want to try to understand the causes behind the behavior. Understanding from my own experiences the aggressor may know the victim in one of many different roles; such as, and intimate partner, a family member, a close friend, or they could be a stranger. Aggression is an attacking, hostile behavior by one person toward another person with the intention of causing pain or doing harm. Aggression is usually thought of as physical acts against another person. However, verbal assaults meant to cause psychological harm are also considered acts of aggression (FAQs, 2013). Direct aggression is the physical act of attacking someone; indirect aggression can be overt or covert. While indirect aggression may be less passive it can cause just as much pain and harm to an individual as direct aggression. Indirect aggression is a behind-the-back behavior that reduces the chances for retaliation by the victim (Archer, 2005). Aggression may be considered as a hostile act or as an instrumental...
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...The film was primarily focused on racism, but there were also moments where gender inequality was factored in. I talked about how male students were referred to as a “boy” or a “fool”. Elliott also came up with words for female students: honey, baby, doll face, gal, and more. While there were only two words for male students, there were so many more for female students. There are fewer words to describe male because they have historically been the dominant gender of the two and they were not as oppressed as were women. Furthermore, there was a clip in which violence against women were perceived with normality. When a blue-eyes female and a brown-eyes male students were called in front of the class by Elliott, Elliott talks about whether gender is important to each of them. The girl answers no, and Elliott presses with questions like, “Are you as powerful as he is?”, “Are you as strong as he is?”, “Does that make a difference in how you have to behave?”, “Can he go to places safely and securely that you probably can’t because of his gender?”. These questions were not posed to Elliott to make a point about...
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...Understanding Aggression Handed on February 5, 2014 By: Camille L. Quicho Student no. 11-00131 Psychology (BS), 2nd semester CONTENTS 1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………1 2 What is Aggression………………………………………………………………2 3 Disorders linked from Aggression……………………………………….. ~1~ 1- INTRODUCTION Psychologists classify aggression as instrumental and hostile. Instrumental aggression is aggressive behavior intended to achieve a goal. It is not necessarily intended to hurt another person. For example, a soccer player who knocks a teammate down as they both run to stop the ball from reaching the opposing team's goalpost is not trying to hurt the teammate. Hostile aggression, onthe other hand, is aggressive behavior whose only purpose is to hurt someone.Hostile aggression includes physical or verbal assault and other antisocialbehaviors. Most studies of aggression are geared toward hostile aggression. There are several forms of self-control training, which teaches people to control their own anger and aggression by making verbal statements in which the person tells him/herself to respond to anger and arousal by thinking first and then using less aggressive behavior. Self-control training includes rational restructuring, cognitive self-instruction, and stress inoculation. Self-control training has been proven to work and is being used more and more often. Contingency management, the use of rewards and non-physical punishment to control aggression, has the longest...
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