...Assessment item 1 - CriticalAnalysis Critical Analysis of Reading 4.5 – Gender Differences and similarities in the leadership styles and behavior of UK managers by Titus Oshagbemi and Roger Gill This report will critically analyze the article “Gender Differences and similarities in the leadership styles and behavior of UK managers” by Titus Oshagbemi and Roger Gill. It was published in the “Women in Management Review” Volume 18, Number 6, 2003 pages 288-298. This report will assess whether the authors of the article “Gender Differences and similarities in the leadership styles and behavior of UK managers” have used non-biased or biased evidence and approaches to evaluate their argument.The report will comment on the author’s choices of evidence and their creditability as well as their methods of obtaining information for their argument and would recommend improvements for future articles or for other writers. The authors attempts to identify the differences and similarities between the genders, male and female, in leadership styles and behavior for managers in the United Kingdom. The authors’ argues that there are significant differences between male and female. The authors’ first identify what other researchers have found by reviewing several literatures and then proceeding to obtain their own set of statistics. The statistics where obtained through a survey done in the United Kingdom then are thoroughly analyzed quantitatively before reaching a conclusion. The majority...
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...Gender Role Analysis Mindy Brown SOC/333 February 17, 2014 Erica Lloyd Gender Role Analysis Gender roles and stereotypes are often intertwined. Stereotypes can be positive or negative, and are speculations about the roles of each gender. The stereotypical female role is to marry, have children, and take care of the household duties. Stereotype of the male role is to be the family provider financially. Children learn these from adults as stereotypes and gender roles are passed from one generation to another. This paper will analyze gender roles shaped by education, norms of the government, its laws and its policies, and in the workplace. Gender Shaped by Education Gender roles and stereotypes are often reinforced in the classroom setting. Children learn these gender biases from their teachers and the materials used for learning. Some teachers have an unconscious bias toward a gender and make assumptions based on the gender's behavior and actions. Girls are expected to be polite and studious while boys are rational, unruly, and boisterous. Bias may also be social as well. Teachers may socially categorize children by race, class, and religion. For example, they may perceive African American girls to be more outspoken and louder than Caucasian girls. Teacher typically targeted boys of the Caucasian race as they asked and answered most questions (Scantlebury, 2009). Teachers may ask them more complicated questions than the girls. If they are unable to answer the question...
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...into the United States Army (Dufresne & Offstien, 2012) . The article presented a background on ethics and highlighted a number of cases involving companies that have been cited for ethical breaches. In developing the background to the research, landmark court cases were cited and the relatedness to the research was presented. Included in the background discussion is a brief summary of West Point. This gives the reader an opportunity to understand the rational for selecting the institution of the research. The primary research question; “to better understand how West Point engages in character development of its students to inform how schools of business may learn from this model” was noted (Dufresne & Offstien, 2012). The methods employed in doing the qualitative research were established. The authors indicated the use of an anthropological and phenomenological orientation. The purpose for using these methods was explained and reference cited. The data collection methods included observation, interviews, and documents as primary data sources and involved an integrative and iterative data analysis using triangulation as well as other methods of data analysis. The authors indicted the research will have elements of a case study, grounded theory and ethnography to arrive at the meaning and themes that emanate from the research. In presenting the findings the authors did a comparative analysis and presented the data in a systematic format that resulted in ease...
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...Semiotics: Signs, Syntax, and Linguistics Describe Advertising Mickey Mouse ears, sleigh bells, snowflakes, dog houses, mail boxes, and stop signs; chances are you know at least one of these things if not more. How do we describe them? In what way are they described to us? And above all How do we recognize and accept these things? The theory of semiotics aims to explain how we recognize these symbols in our lives and, more importantly tries to describe the way we communicate to, with, and around objects. The theory of semiotics has been around since the late 1800’s. A Swiss linguist, Ferdinand de Saussure developed the theory and explained it early on as the use of language and how certain symbols and objects obtain meaning. The theory or science of signs and their meanings became known popularly as semiotics. Language is something of a system of mutually defining entities. Saussure distinguished between diachronic and synchronic linguistics. Simply put the use of linguistics defines objects and the way that we, as a culture, see and describe the world with which we interact. From its inception the theory of semiotics has been useful in regards to all different aspects of communication. It can be used to examine persuasion, social interaction theory, media cultivation and penetration theories as well as interpersonal communication. This wide range of applications for this theory make it particularly pertinent to the discipline of communication. Large companies...
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...Introduction 2 1.1 Introduction to the Study 2 1.2 Background of the Problem 3 1.3 Research Objectives 5 1.4 Research Questions 5 1.5 Significance of the Study 6 2.0 Research framework 7 2.1 Reviews of Related/Past Literature 7 2.2 Research Framework 13 2.3 Hypothesis 13 2.3.1 Life Role Values 14 2.3.2 Gender Role Orientation 15 2.3.3 Job Type 16 2.3.4 Work Time Commitment 17 3.0 Research Methodology 18 3.1 Research Design 18 3.1.1 Types of Study 18 3.1.2 Sources of Data 19 3.2 Measurement 20 3.3 Data Collection Procedures 21 3.3.1 Data Collection and Administration 21 3.4 Data Analysis Techniques 22 4.0 References 24 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Introduction to the Study Nowadays, balancing work, housework, and childcare responsibilities can become strenuous which can result in work- family conflict. There are many studies that focus on the relationship between work-life and personal life, as well as the impact of one on another. People continuously get in touch with friends, relatives, organizations and colleagues in their life routine. They have different roles according to their positions in society and it is possible that they live role conflict once in a while. Furthermore, one of the most important problems in business life is work-family conflict in the modern world. While problems such as bad relations with superiors in the workplace deeply affect family relations, family problems such as divorce also reduce the performance of...
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...Critical Article Review Penelope Baxter Adely, Fida, J. (2007). Is Music Haram? Jordanian Girls Educating Each Other About Nation, Faith, and Gender in School. Introduction Fida Adely was a Visiting Assistant Professor in the Department of International and Transcultural Studies at Teachers College but as of August 2007, she has been the Hala Salaam Clovis Maksoud Assistant Professory of Arab Studies at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service. Dr. Adely received her Ph.D. in Comparative Education and Anthropology from Columbia University. She is interested in education in the Middle East and Africa, especially areas that pertain to women, gender and culture. In this paper, Adely furthers her research on Jordanian schoolgirls. The abstract clearly states the purpose, the setting, the research design as well as the study’s conclusions and recommendations. The abstract outlines Dr. Adely’s intent to explore the importance of extracurricular activities, more specifically music, in the education of patriotism, faith and femininity in a female high school in Jordan Her qualitative study based on first-hand experience as well as conversation analysis is aimed at both the academic community and the general population interested in socio-cultural perspectives on education in the Middle East. Analysis Throughout her study, Adely builds primarily on her previous work from 2004, however she does cite literature from Kandiyoti (1991) and Ahmed (1992) among others....
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...on Airline Industry Introduction In this research paper, methodological approaches of 3 different peer reviewed tourism journal articles from the journal “Tourism Management” have been compared. The first article is on the topic of changing gender representation in airline/aviation industry. This research study has identified the trends related to gender representation in airline industry have been discussed. In this article, the influence of different media such as contemporary electronic, celluloid and print has been discussed and the role of media in affecting life as well as career choices especially from the perspective of gender is conferred. According to the article, e-media imagery holds more power than ever before to influence life, especially career choices of a person. New generation especially now take their input from the imagery shown on the media in making their career decision and media has played an important role in helping women to gain more representation in careers that were previously dominant by the their male counterparts. According to the article, e-media imagery holds more power than ever before to influence life, especially career choices of a person. New generation especially now take their input from the imagery shown on the media in making their career decision and media has played an important role in helping women to gain more representation in careers that were previously dominant by the their male counterparts. Airline industry has...
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...cities to begin transforming the city into much construction of the gay and lesbian culture. Bonilla, L & Porter, J (1990). A comparison of latino, black, and non-hispanic white attitudes toward homosexuality. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 12(4), 437-452. This article discusses Latinos, Blacks, and non Hispanic whites attitudes towards homosexuality. It has been researched that the Latino culture is more inclined than blacks and non whites to believe that homosexuality and the spread of AIDS are invariably related. This one assumption has the capacity to cause the rights of homosexuals to be restricted. Goldsmith, S. J. (2001). Oepipus or orestes? Homosexual men, their mothers, and other women revisited. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 49 (4), 1269-1287. The author of this article discusses gender roles and how they have an effect on the sexuality of men and women. He mentions when people sense femininity in a man it causes them to fear that man simply because of the gender roles that have been instilled in them. Mothers are addressed in the article when he states that some women are so interested in dominating their children that they force them into the opposite gender role unintentionally. Green, A. I. (2008). Health and sexual status in an urban gay enclave: an application of the stress process model. Journal of Health and Social...
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...This article is a detailed, academically supported body of work, designed to retort the following questions: How and why are semantically sexualised women used as a perceptive marketing stunt’ and ‘what role does the media play in legitimizing gender discrepancies through framing and cultivation strategies? Coaxed by the issue of female objectification in the mass media, the following research was conducted both practically, and theoretically, to overtly annunciate the social and democratic problems associated with advertised female subordination. The relative research involves a semiotic analysis of two sources, coupled with a survey of 40 candidates of varying ages. Furthermore, theoretical mechanisms of media framing and cultivation have been deconstructed throughout this article to uncover the impact of magnified female subordination on the domestic expectations of children and young adults. Through the collection of data, it was able to be conclusively recognized the impact of objectification on social attitudes. Results had shown the many conceptions concerning the female purpose, these include; a woman’s role as a domestic and sexual slave to her male partner. Through the convergence of data, semiotic analysis and academic theory, it may be meticulously understood how female objectification in the mass media is a social complication in the construction of an egalitarian future. ‘Women’s bodies are predominantly valued for its use to others’ Fredrickson & Roberts 1997 ...
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...Compare and Contrast Gender in Advertising Advertising is a multimillion-dollar industry that targets people of various ages and gender to aid in selling gather products. The images or visual and verbal sense of the messages vary considerably by targeting different people with images and messages, which may even lead to the use of stereotyping in order to reach to a wider array of audience. For example, adverts that are solely directed for the teenage audience persuade them that purchasing a specific product makes them “fit in” with other teenagers or their role models. A comparison of advertisements that are aims at men and women show that advertisers are still using the standard gender role to advertise for their products which is causing a lot of stereotyping and biases to be seen. In order to understand stereotypes and gender bias found in the advertisements, it is first imperative to understand what stereotyping is and how it is implemented into advertisements. Stereotyping is defined as a thought that can be adopted from specific types of individuals or ways of doing things, however, that certain belief may or may not be an accurate reflection of reality. Stereotyping fits in with other types of inter group attitudes. Stereotyping, discrimination, and prejudice are comprehended to be related but are still different concepts. Stereotyping is though more as rational components of an individual since it is a reflection god expectations and beliefs about the characteristics...
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...ZYM Sociology of Gender and Sex Instructor BAS Gender Display in Fashion Magazines Advertisements Introduction Images in advertising that depict stereotypical gender roles and displays have long been a major concern in the field of gender studies. Before beginning research of gender display in advertisements, it is imperative to understand that advertising is a significant agent of socialization in modern industrialized societies (Kang, 1997), and is often used as a tool to maintain certain social constructions, such as gender. According to Rohlinger, the bodies in advertisements represent an ideal that individuals seek to achieve, and thus create the foundation for a masochistic relationship with one’s own body (Rohlinger, 2002). This statement is confirmed by the increasing rate of body dissatisfaction, greater weight concern, the development of eating disorders and lower self-esteem. Moreover, gender is a routine, methodical, and recurring accomplishment that actually surfaces in everyday human interaction (West and Zimmerman, 1987), and gender relations are learned through these advertisements, which essentially serve as a distorted reflection of the real world. These sexualized and stereotypical gender images are teaching the viewers a vast array of social cues, a certain way to interpret social reality, and are eventually reconstructing the definition of femininity and masculinity. Various studies have been done regarding the covert ways that magazine advertisements...
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...Every spring avid sports fans look forward to the biggest college basketball tournament of the year, most commonly known as March Madness. This competition consists of both men’s and women’s NCAA basketball teams who compete in hopes of making it to the respected and heavily televised Final Four. The Final Four is the last game for each remaining team before the National Championship game, where the two deserving teams are matched up against each other. This series of competition creates a rich supply of content for sports media networks to influence viewer’s values and attitudes. Networks have become increasingly knowledgeable and schematic in using sport entertainment as a way to promote their ideologies, values, commercialization and interpretations of sport. Studies have found that people turn to sports in the media for entertainment. The different forms of media are evolving and moving in a more prevalent direction than they have been in the past. With the explosive growth of internet users in the past decade, media companies have created a domain where they can input their interpretations of sporting events and coverage. These domains have become dominated by the 18-34-year-old demographic (Kian, Mondello & Vincent 2009) who use websites such as ESPN, the most widely used website for obtaining sports related news (Lefton, 2006 as cited in Battenfield, Redmond & Ridinger 2014), and Sports Illustrated to read about upcoming games, watch live coverage, or get the low...
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...and Flynn’s dream impact more than just the world of the film. The Disney Princess films have been studied within an inch of their lives by a great number of scholars in a great number of fields. One common study takes the ideas of gender development and combines them with the Disney Princess films. However, the implications of gender do not stop here as gender identity can still be impacted as the viewers age. Interpretation of the princess films has been a huge aspect of their scholarly application as the behavior of the princesses, and princes, can be interpreted and compared with gender stereotypes and norms to assess the impact their portrayals can have on the viewing audience. The film Tangled is often seen as Disney’s take on a modern princess, and Rapunzel and Flynn have a great deal to contribute to both gender development study and media interpretation of gender. Gender development is a field of study which has been impacted in a number of ways by modern theorists and he field is continuing to be shaped by theories known as Queer Theories, as well as the changing demographics of the modern family. One thing that many of the classic and modern theories agree on is the importance of gender role models: whether or not modeling after these role models is conscious or subconscious is the topic for an entirely different paper in itself. In many studies, the...
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...There has always been debate about how much influence television has on a person’s mind, so in a recent research article titled “Constructing Gender Stereotypes Through Social Roles in Prime-Time Television,” written by Martha M. Lauzen, David M. Dozier, and Nora Horan, the three authors explore male and female roles on popular television shows on major broadcasting networks for the purpose of determining statistically whether or not normal male and female stereotypes are conveyed in prime-time television. Throughout this article, the authors make an argument they think is important, but in all reality, most readers would not find this information important enough to hold their full attention due to the complicated wording, biased examples, and the very repetitive information. The authors begin the article with a brief abstract which summarizes what it is the readers can expect from their article. The article is broken down into sections which separate the different topics that the authors are discussing. On the top of page 203 in the article, the authors clearly state, “Building on this previous research, the current study examines whether female and male characters continue to inhabit traditionally sex-typed roles. Such analysis is important in light of the fact that popular press accounts regularly boast about the rapid evolution of the portrayals of gender in prime-time” (Lauzen, Dozier, Horan p.203). When constructing their research, the authors used a variety of different...
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...Miriam R. Lituma Women in Leading Business Dr. Jeana Wirtenberg 02/24/2015 Analysis of a Note on Women and Power The article by Pfeffer “A Note on Women and Power” focuses on how women attain power and how different it is for women to attain power, compared to men. According to the author, women tend to earn less compared to men who have equal qualifications. Women are given occupations and titles that are less paying despite their qualification in comparison to men. The article notes that women are not well represented in the senior management ranks such as CEO and board positions. However, the gender based career discrimination has been declining over the decades, but its persistent raises many questions (Pfeffer 2). The author analyzes the questions that arise due to discrimination of women in work places. One of the most common questions the article addresses is on why women are disadvantaged in career tournaments in organizations. The author binds this question to the fact that power and political skill are bound with success in career. One way that can be used in understanding women’s underrepresentation is exploring the relationship between gender and the power dynamics. The article therefore goes deeper into exploring the relationship between gender and power. The author also notes that there is a difference between the rules for men and women in the game of power. He also looks into what can be done to make the rules different to build...
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