...According to the article ‘Understanding the effects of Victimization: Applying General Strain Theory to the experience of LGBQ youth’ written by Deeanna M. Button. Button’s, main focus throughout the article is the high risk of victimization among the lesbian, gay, bisexual and questioning(LGBQ) youth. In which, she demonstrated the strange violence, school violence, family violence and dating violence the LGBQ individuals experience compared to heterosexual people. Viewing the research, it shows the exploitation that due to the numerous victimization that the LGBQ youth confront can possibly prompt various, hurtful, and some of the time overwhelming results. Causing poor academic performance, substance use, and mental health problems; leading to suicidality. Not only that put Button using the general strain theory(GST) to...
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...Agnew’s General Strain Theory In this article dated Monday, 23 April 2018 01:56 PM, three were charged with larceny at Liverpool PAC. Three people were accused and charged with theft of personal property or larceny in homes within Liverpool. Officers from Liverpool Police conducted investigations pertaining to stolen equipment from hire firms in Granville and Guildford and carried out the investigation on Saturday 21/4/2018 and Sunday 22/4/2018. The three suspects were aged 24, 37 and 41.They were refused bail to appear at Liverpool court on Monday 23 April 2018. As stated in strain theory, low social control is an aspect that relates to individual conditions that an individual has slight or completely no control over like employment prospects...
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...V. Criminality and Genetics 1. Robert Agnew According to Agnew’s (1992, 2006) General Strain Theory, there are many different types of strain in life, and strain may differ depending on the different types of relationships one may have in their environment. In Agnew’s theory strain is the result of negative emotions people have with one another, and is the direct correlation to individual characteristics people have with coping poorly with this strain and as a result strain may lead to crime. In Agnew’s (1992) claim, he eludes to how individuals that experience strain are left with the sense of not being able to achieve one’s full potential of being valued in society. This results in the person becoming under-stimulated with life and underappreciated with a lower than normal social standing. Individuals experiencing strain also experience negative emotions, and these emotions leave the person wanting to feel better with themselves and the world around them. Strain then results in crime, when the individual lacks certain skills like cognitive, emotional, and coping skills to deal with the situations revolving around their environment (Agnew, R. 2016)....
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...“The underlying assumption in collaborative theory is that each individual within the group has an equal opportunity to negotiate a position, but while there is an appearance of equity, the truth is, as David Smit notes, collaborative methods can in fact be construed as authoritarian and do not reflect conditions outside the parameters of the controlled environment of the classroom.” (Greenbaum, 2002, SUNY Press) A common concern, when writing a collaborative paper, is whether each individual’s opinion is represented. The task of voicing each person’s point of view is difficult, if not impossible. The likely hood of finding a group of random individuals that have the same views on a particular topic is slim to none. That is the beauty of our culture. Each person has been brought up differently with their own morals, values and personal experiences that have caused them to believe the way they do. So, how do you ensure each of your opinions is represented? Some tools that would be useful to a group tasked to complete a paper together are: Communicating within your learning team, meeting and completing a rough outline together, and lastly, coming to an agreed upon stance as to the point of view of the paper. Communication is the key to a successful team interaction. It is imperative that the learning team maintains an open dialogue with each other from the beginning. Sitting down and discussing each teammate’s point of view on the subject, will make it easier to decide how to...
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...Psychological theory The issue of human violence is also a major topic within the academic discipline of psychology. As biosocial theorists do, psychologists focus on how individual characteristics may interact with the social environment to produce a violent event. However, rather than focus on the biological basis of crime, psychologists focus on how mental processes impact individual propensities for violence. Psychologists are often interested in the association between learning, intelligence, and personality and aggressive behaviour. In this section of the report, we briefly review some of the major psychological perspectives that have attempted to explain violent behaviour. These perspectives include the psychodynamic perspective, behavioural theory, cognitive theory and personality theory. We will also explore the possible relationship between mental illness and violence. Social learning theory Social learning theory is a theory that attempts to explain socialization and its effect of the development of the self. There are many different theories that explain how people become socialized, including psychoanalytic theory, functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interaction theory. Social learning theory, like these others, looks at the individual learning process, the formation of self, and the influence of society in socializing individuals. Social control theory gained prominence during the 1960s as sociologists sought differing conceptions of crime. It...
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...individual characteristics and much more dependent on disruptive social forces” (23). Park’s social disorganization theory forms the basis for several other theories in contemporary criminology. For example, the theories that have come to be known as strain theories. Sociologist Robert Merton believed that “social conditions, especially poverty and ethnicity, are powerful factors in determining the adaptations that individuals make to socially prescribed goals and the lifestyles that develop as a result” (25). Focusing on social disorganization and strain theory, I can attempt to explain why people commit the crimes of juvenile delinquency, methamphetamine use, and prostitution. Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization asserts “that delinquency emerges in neighborhoods where the neighborhood relationships and institutions have broken down and can no longer maintain effective social controls” (Bernard, Snipes, Gerould, 2010, p. 65). Agnew’s general strain theory focuses on negative relationships with others that generate negative emotions which “then cause crime” (Bernard et al., 2010, p. 164). Although Agnew used this general theory of crime to explain juvenile crime and drug use, I believe this general strain has impact on adults also; specifically female-headed households in rural areas. For single mothers, autonomy can be hard to achieve, creating strain which results from being unable to...
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...The theory I have chosen to discuss is the strain theory. Before Agnew had developed his adaptation of strain theory, Durkheim had introduced the term “anomie” – the break down of social order as a result of the loss of standards and values – before the end of the nineteenth century. After Durkheim, came Merton. He also related his theories to anomie, but his predictions slightly differed from those of Durkheim's. Merton argued that “The real problem is created not by sudden social change but by a social structure that holds out the same goals to all its members without giving them equal means to achieve them. This lack of integration between what the culture calls for and what the structure permits, the former encouraging success and the latter...
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...2012 AIU Online 6/23/2012 ------------------------------------------------- Theories of Crime Causation Unit 3 Ind. Project The Sociological Theories Abstract The author of this paper focuses on the mainstream of criminology and the sociological theories of crime that have dominated the landscape for decades. The author focuses specifically on the social control theory, strain theory, differential association theory and the neutralization theory. These theories are often spoken due to their historical significance which was discovered during research in an attempt to examine delinquency and deviant behavior. Included in this paper the author shares with you her opinion as to the strengths and weaknesses of each theory. Further, she provides you with an example of a recent criminal arrest as it pertains to one of the aforementioned theories and the relevance that it has in explaining the offenders criminal actions. The first and most influential strain theorist is Robert K. Merton (1938). His original statement of anomie/strain theory is the basis for all of the theoretical developments. The strain has two associate components the first component is strictly focused on the concept of anomie (abnormalities), while the second is centered on the social structures, and the influences that society contributes to the strain theory. If you were to separate or combined these two components either way can lead an individual to a higher level of deviance...
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...Criminolgy Fall 2013 3 Major Sources of Crime Data Uniform Crime Report Officially reported crime Counts the # of offences known to police . (Doesn’t count the onest that are not reported (For example, Police Arrests) Crimes Reported Voluntary Participation Self Report UCR Part I Violent Crimes: Homicide, aggravated assault, property crimes, larceny, theft “serious crimes” Sean.007@umb.edu 9/10/13 Risk and Personal Safety Crime isn’t exploding The polls say it’s America’s #1 concern , new prisons, longer sentences. Film: Are we scaring ourselves to Death? What are some of the crime myths identified in the film. Crime Surge Particulary violent crime Old, white, women as victims of crime Stranger homicide Violenct Crime Facts National Commission on the causes and prevention of Violence Primarily an urban phenomenon Offenders are primarily males, youth ages 15-24 years minority, low SES individuals - Victims “...” Perpertartors are most likely to be acquantances Primarily committed by repeat offenders 6% for between 53% and 71% of violent crime. What year was this report published? 1969. Victimolgy Emergence: 1940’s Hans Von Hentig First person to really bring the idea of victim’s role in criminal events Victims precipitaton - idea that the victim brings on the criminal act Who is more likely to be victimized Victim- Offender Link Likelihood of vicitimization ...
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...Social Theories of Crime Linda Robuck AIU Online Abstract This text seeks to make more understandable and explain what social theories are all about, using four different social theories. The beginning of this text will offer a general description or definition of not only what exactly social theories are, but also a description or definition for each of the four theories mentioned earlier. For each of the theories, information that will be included involves a description of each theory, a short history of each theory which will include information with respect to when the theory was proposed, who the relevant theorist or theorists associated with each theory were, strengths of each theory which explains criminal behavior, why each theory was important at the time of its proposal, weaknesses of each theory which explain criminal behavior, and particular examples that will correspond with each of the four theories being discussed. A theoretical application involving an individual who has recently been convicted of a crime will be provided. Along with information regarding the individual and their criminal deviance particular to them, a discussion will ensue in regard to which of the four theories would be most relevant in regard to further explanation of the deviant actions committed by the individual. Social Theories of Crime Introduction In the annals of the early nineteenth century, criminology can find its beginnings in a newly urbanized...
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...Chapter 2 Strain energy functions The aims of constitutive theories are to develop mathematical models for representing the real behavior of matter, to determine the material response and in general, to distinguish one material from another. As described in the preceding chapter, constitutive equations for hyperelastic materials postulate the existence of a strain energy function W . There are several theoretical frameworks for the analysis and derivation of constitutive equations, for example the Rivlin-Signorini method where the governing idea is to expand the strain energy function in a power series of the invariants, or the Valanis-Landel approach expressing the strain energy directly in terms of the principal stretches [115]. In this chapter, we make no attempt at presenting these methods but instead, we present some classical explicit forms of strain-energy functions used in the literature for some isotropic hyperelastic materials. Many other models have been proposed (for example, a collection of constitutive models for rubber can be found in [32]). 2.1 2.1.1 Strain energy functions for incompressible materials Neo-Hookean model The neo-Hookean model is one of the simplest strain energy functions. It involves a single parameter and provides a mathematically simple and reliable constitutive model for the non-linear deformation behavior of isotropic rubber-like materials. Its strain energy function is W= µ (I1 − 3), 2 (2.1) where µ >...
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...Sociological Theories of Crime AIU Online April 9, 2016 There are many theories as to why one commits acts of crime. Some of the theories revolve around socialism. Others involve theoretical assertions based on socioeconomic status. And another has basis on personal attributes and rationale to thought in motive. There are also different thoughts to explaining criminal behaviors, one being classical school of thought and the other being a positivist school of thought. For the focus of this paper we will be looking at the four main theories: Social control theory, Strain theory, Differential Association Theory, and Neutralization theory. Social control theory is the theory that those who engage in socializing or social learning build self-control and lessens the likelihood of antisocial behavior. This theory also explains the conformity of behavior accepted in society. Anti-social behavior due to lack of social links within society lend strong indications to criminal behaviors. Travis Hirschi’s held this same theory of ‘‘social control’’ stating that if a man is not variously bound to society by some attachment, commitment, or involvement, he is, at risk criminally. (Muraven, 2006) One of the strengths in this theory is the recognition of wrongdoing by offenders. With the recognition of wrongdoing should come the accountability of action. Therein lies the weakness to this theory as accountability for one’s actions tends to be ignored in today’s society, easily dismissed...
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...2000) Maltreatment in children happens all the time, but it does not always happen by members of the family. Maltreatment comes in many forms and occurs by people in the community, peers and of course, members of an individual’s family. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services estimated that there were approximately 2.9 million children in the United States in 1999 that were the focus of a child protective investigation. 826,162 of the children in the child protective investigations were associated with a substantiated report of maltreatment. Social Control Theory states that greater social capital results in greater compliance and commitment from youth that helps prevent them from engaging in delinquency. Social capital refers to the “durable relationships of commitment, trust and obligation that bind people together and facilitate the giving and exchanging of resources.” When the bond with society is in general weak,...
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...Institutional anomie applies to the DC mansion murder cases, because money was the leading motivation that resulted in the murders of the Savopoulos family and Mrs. Figueroa. We are aware that $40,000 dollars was dropped off at the house. Economic deprivation is a leading predictor that result in criminal causation. Court documents indicate that Devon Wint’s was a former employee at the American Iron Works where Savvas Savopoulos was the president and ceo. According to Messner and Rosenfeld, Devon isn’t able to achieve that American Dream, due to his social status and economic barriers. Mr. Savopoulos, is the example of the achieved success, as he is a white privileged male who runs a multimillion dollar company. Wear as Devon Wint’s is a...
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...Rudee Reyes SOC 408 In order to illustrate how biological theories of criminal behavior came up short in showing social reality, Robert Merton proposed his strain theory. He realized that every society and culture sets forth goals that every member should meet, and dictates the legitimate means of achieving those goals. So Merton argued that structural conditions needed to be considered as influencing deviation from behavior considered as normative. He referred to Durkheim’s concept of anomie, but understood it as the pressure, or strain, that an individual experiences based on two conditions. First, an individual may experience strain when institutional means of achieving culturally defined goals do not necessarily lead to attainment of those goals. Second, an individual may also experience strain when access to the institutional means of achieving culturally defined goals is completely blocked off. In his theory, Merton describes five different ways that individuals adjust to the strains they experience (Merton pg. 233). These categories explain how individuals adapt under the conditions of strain resulting from anomie. The first category is conformist, in which the individuals believe in both the goals set forth by their culture and the institutional means of achieving those goals (Merton pg. 234). These people strive for their culture’s goals of success by following the prescribed means of achieving them. An example of this would be college students because they want...
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