...Earth's crust and mantle Earth cutaway from core to exosphere The crust of the Earth is composed of a great variety of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. The crust is underlain by the mantle. The upper part of the mantle is composed mostly of peridotite, a rock denser than rocks common in the overlying crust. The boundary between the crust and mantle is conventionally placed at the Mohorovičić discontinuity, a boundary defined by a contrast in seismic velocity. The crust occupies less than 1% of Earth's volume. The oceanic crust of the sheet is different from its continental crust. The oceanic crust is 5 km (3 mi) to 10 km (6 mi) thick[1] and is composed primarily of basalt, diabase, and gabbro. The continental crust is typically from 30 km (20 mi) to 50 km (30 mi) thick and is mostly composed of slightly less dense rocks than those of the oceanic crust. Some of these less dense rocks, such as granite, are common in the continental crust but rare to absent in the oceanic crust. Both the continental and oceanic crust "float" on the mantle. Because the continental crust is thicker, it extends both above and below the oceanic crust. The slightly lighter density of felsic continental rock compared to basaltic ocean rock contributes to the higher relative elevation of the top of the continental crust. Because the top of the continental crust is above that of the oceanic, water runs off the continents and collects above the oceanic crust. The continental crust...
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...Daniel Amiani Tel: 254 722563209. P.O. Box 1004 -50300 Email: llinsdaniel@gmail.com Objectives A position as an environmental Geologist/ Hydrologist, Environmental Scientist, Soil Scientist or related Skills Technical writing, environmental assessment field technics, Environmental photography Familiar with Windows Arc-GIS. Ground water/soil sampling technics Consultancy in soil nutrition, water portability and environmental issues. EDUCATION 2009-2013. KENYATTA UNIVERSSITY BSc; environmental science (Honors) with emphasis on Environmental Impact Assessment, Mathematical Modelling, Geographic Information Systems, Environmental technology, Remote Sensing. Soil science, Hydrology, Mining, Environmental physics, Environmental chemistry, and Environmental policy and law among others. 2004-2007 Vihiga Boys High School Qualification; KCSE certificate OTHER TRAININGS; 2008 JUNE Cisco Networking College 2014 APRIL Qualification: Certificate in I.T Essentials Regional Centre for Mapping of Resources and Development Qualification: Certificate on Arc-GIS Short Courses and workshops Short course: Advanced Training in Structural Geology 2014 Location: Kenya Date: 31 March-12 April & 5 may-26 July 2014 Organizer: ISOR & KenGen The aim of the training was to train on how to carry out in depth geological mapping of possible geothermal resource areas, including stratigraphic and tectonic...
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...physics that studies chemical processes from the point of view of physics. * Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor (theelectrode: a metal or a semiconductor) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte). * Femtochemistry is the area of physical chemistry that studies chemical reactions on extremely short timescales, approximately 10–15 seconds (one femtosecond, hence the name). The steps in some reactions occur in the femtosecond timescale and sometimes in attosecond timescales,[1] and will sometimes form intermediate products. * Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans.[1] The realm of geochemistry extends beyond the Earth, encompassing the entire Solar System * Photochemistry, a sub-discipline of chemistry, is the study of chemical reactions that proceed with the absorption of light by atoms or molecules. * Quantum chemistry is a branch...
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...get me there. When I began my research I realized the warnings I received were true, but I found that her intensity and guidance have significantly prepared me for life outside of school. In addition to Dr. Sue Brantley encouraging me to go to grad school, the head of all undergrads, Dr. Peter Heaney encouraged me as well. I had Dr. Heaney for Earth Materials, a class on crystallography and crystal chemistry and he was also my academic advisor. He complimented my work ethic and expressed how he believed that I would do well in graduate school. His encouragement meant a lot to me and gave me in more confidence in my decision to go to graduate school. My professors reassured my decision to go to graduate school, but my love of geochemistry and environmental toxicology ensured my entrance major. Fracking is not going away for a few decades, and our country has now become dependent on it economically. Fracking does benefit the world by reducing the pollutants released into the air from coal and oil; however, the water pollution from fracking will be here longer than the reserves of gas, unless something is done to prevent or treat pollution. A masters degree from Michigan State University will give me the tools to develop techniques to combat pollution, whether it be by improving the fracking process to limit the amount of contaminants, to discover more effective treatments for flowback water, or to create methods to restore stream water chemistry to natural levels. ...
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...The lithosphere (Greek: λίθος [lithos] for "rocky", and σφαῖρα [sphaira] for "sphere") is the rigid[1] outermost shell of a rocky planet defined on the basis of the mechanical properties. On Earth, it comprises the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of years or greater. The outermost shell of a rocky planet defined on the basis of the chemistry and mineralogy is a crust. ------------------------------------------------- Earth's lithosphere[edit source | editbeta] In the Earth, the lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, which constitute the hard and rigid outer layer of the Earth. The lithosphere is underlain by the asthenosphere, the weaker, hotter, and deeper part of the upper mantle. The boundary between the lithosphere and the underlying asthenosphere is defined by a difference in response to stress: the lithosphere remains rigid for very long periods of geologic time in which it deforms elastically and through brittle failure, while the asthenosphere deforms viscously and accommodates strain through plastic deformation. The lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates. The uppermost part of the lithosphere that chemically reacts to the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere through the soil forming processis called the pedosphere. The concept of the lithosphere as Earth’s strong outer layer was developed by Joseph Barrell, who wrote a series of papers introducing the concept.[2][3][4][5] The concept...
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...the WCU Honors College, presented some of the first mineral composition data and quantitative textural analyses of lunar meteorite, Northwest Africa (NWA) 8632. From this project and a topics course on meteorites, I have continued working with Dr. Amy Fagan on this particular sample to compare it to other lunar meteorites and Apollo samples as well as gather more data on mineral composition. This project has been presented in poster sessions at the Undergraduate Expo and the Graduate Research Symposium at WCU and the SoCon Undergraduate Research Forum. With my new findings and additional data on NWA 832, I anticipate taking this research to next year’s SEGSA. For graduate research, my interests lie in mineralogy, igneous petrology, and geochemistry. These areas of interest can be applied to planetary geology, as I have done with my research as an undergraduate. As a graduate student, I hope to continue applying what I know about terrestrial geology to the study of planetary bodies and meteorites. I would love the opportunity and honor of working with Dr. Geoffrey Howarth on his research concerning Martian meteorites and the evolution of Mars as it coincides with my own interests. This project offers an exciting chance to work with rare Martian meteorite samples and learn more about the Martian mantle. ...
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...GEOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGY Group 605 Quiz #3 – Topics 6 & 7 Nombre________________________________________________ Fecha__________ SECTION 1: Circle the correct option according to each of the following statements. (70 points) 1. It’s the layer of the Earth’s structure that concentrates all the water on the planet and covers approximately 70% of its surface. a) Lithosphere c) Stratosphere b) Hydrosphere d) Subterranean water 2. This component of the hydrosphere concentrates 97% of the planet’s water, however it has high concentrations of salt. a) Glaciers c) Atmosphere b) Subterranean waters d) Seas and oceans 3. It’s the component of the hydrosphere, which at 72 %, concentrates the majority of the world’s fresh water. However, it’s frozen. a) Glaciers c) Atmosphere b) Subterranean waters d) Seas and oceans 4. This is one of the chemical properties of water a) Colorless c) Neutral pH b) Tasteless d) Lacks smell 5. What are the 3 physical states in which water can be found? (Multiple answers) a) Solid c) Liquid b) Gas d) Plasma 6. The kind of sea that is mostly surrounded by continental land, such as the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. a) Gulfs b) Interior sea c) Exterior sea d) Lakes 7. These are large intrusions of sea into continental lands a) Gulfs b) Interior sea c) Exterior sea d) Lakes 8. These kind of movements of seawater are undulations on its surface that area caused by the wind and there are two kinds:...
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...Moore and Sharma say, “We are proposing a comet because that conclusion hits a ‘sweet spot.’ With comets having lower levels of iridium and osmium than asteroids, yet with a high-velocity comet would have sufficient energy to create a 177-km-wide crater. Asteroids move much slower than comets, so comets have more energy on impact, which in combination with their partially ice make up means they don’t contribute more iridium and osmium.” (Science Teacher, 2013). “In synthesizing the data generated by two very disparate fields of research—geochemistry and geophysics—we are 99.9% sure,” Sharma said, “that what we are dealing with is not an asteroid but a comet impact.” (Science Teacher, 2013). With comets having mostly ice bodies it would make sense that it would have a lower level of metals and other elements. Hector Javier Durand-Manterola and Guadalupe Cordero-Tercero found, “Kinetic energy of the impactor is in the range from 1.3x10^24 J to 5.8x10^25 J. The mass is in the range of 1.0x10^15 kg to 4.6x10^17 kg. The diameter of the impactor is in the range of 10.6 km to 80.9 km.” (Hector Javier Durand-Manterola et al., 2014). “When compared with measurements, we concluded that the estimation is that of a comet was the impactor that made the Chicxulub carter.” (Hector Javier Durand-Manterola...
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...resources,” said Don Cline, USGS Associate Director for Water. “Understanding the quality of our water is critical in sustaining this resource for generations to come.” A Deep Look at an Unseen Resource USGS scientists are assessing water quality in source, or untreated, water from wells in principal aquifers. Most consumers receive water that has been treated by local utilities to meet federal drinking-water standards. Understanding what constituents are in untreated water can help decision makers manage and treat water resources. This comprehensive sampling, carried out over principal aquifers across the country, is focused on public-supply wells that tap deeper groundwater. Along with detailed information on geology, hydrology, geochemistry and chemical and water use, this data can be used to explain how and why aquifer vulnerability to contamination varies across the nation. These regional aquifer studies provide water utilities and resource managers with information about: Regulated and unregulated constituents from natural or human sources; Pesticides, volatile organic compounds, and other constituents of concern for human health; Present groundwater quality as a baseline for future conditions; Regional and national statistics on water quality, which serves as a context for individual wells; Differences in water quality in the shallow between the shallow and deep parts of aquifer systems; Environmental tracers that can be used to understand sources and sustainability...
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...extraterrestrial beings (Warmflash 6). This will help continue the research for life with humans being there, we could go out on searches with Rovers and know what we are looking for better. For this reason a rover named Oppy has been beaming up a decades worth of information to space stations on Earth (Space Daily 2). Therefore, Rover’s have found useful information to send back to Earth. Water on Mars has been gone for billions of years. For instance, “Some of the oldest minerals ever analyzed by NASA’s Mars’ Opportunity rover show that around four billion years ago mars had liquid water so fresh it could have supported life” (Science Daily 1). Now all of the water has dried up. There is no chance of water being on the surface. Likewise, the Geochemistry of the rocks on Mars shows the water four billion years ago was among the most life sustaining (Science Daily 2). The water four billion years ago showed the planet could have lived back then. However, The fresh water that sculpted Mars mountains and landscape turned acidic as vinegar (Science Daily 1). As the planet progressed the water turned into an acidic like liquid. Billions of years ago Mars thrived with actual water. The lakes were able to support water. If that is true then, there had to be a better atmosphere. Based on the research conducted life is possible on Mars. The sources used state that Mars could have more than likely supported life more than it ever could today. Mars could possibly be able to sustain life again...
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...East Africa's Great Rift Valley: A Complex Rift System by James Wood and Alex Guth - Michigan Technological University Part I. The East African Rift System The East African Rift System (EARS) is one the geologic wonders of the world, a place where the earth's tectonic forces are presently trying to create new plates by splitting apart old ones. In simple terms, a rift can be thought of as a fracture in the earth's surface that widens over time, or more technically, as an elongate basin bounded by opposed steeply dipping normal faults. Geologists are still debating exactly how rifting comes about, but the process is so well displayed in East Africa (Ethiopia-Kenya-Uganda-Tanzania) that geologists have attached a name to the new plate-to-be; the Nubian Plate makes up most of Africa, while the smaller plate that is pulling away has been named the Somalian Plate (Figure 1). These two plates are moving away form each other and also away from the Arabian plate to the north. The point where these three plates meet in the Afar region of Ethiopia forms what is called a triple-junction. However, all the rifting in East Africa is not confined to the Horn of Africa; there is a lot of rifting activity further south as well, extending into Kenya and Tanzania and Great Lakes region of Africa. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the general geology of these rifts are and highlight the geologic processes involved in their formation. What is the East Africa Rift System? The...
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...Geochemistry Pop Quiz 2 - 20/3/2013 Niall Smith - SF Earth Science 1) On what evidence is the statement “If current carbon dioxide emission trends continue, shells of marine organisms will start dissolving in some parts of the ocean sometime around mid-century” supported? Provide a short explanation and what you think are the two most relevant literature references illustrating your point. The scientific evidence which supports this statement originates from two distinct categorical sources - historical scientific evidence, and present day observations and corresponding scientific projections or estimates. The historical scientific evidence in question consists of observations of the fossil record around the time of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary mass extinction event (65MYA). There is an observed vacancy or gap of the presence of carbonate shells at the end of the Cretaceous period in the fossil record, that were hugely abundant during the Cretaceous. This coincides with a meteor hitting the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico and causing the renown mass extinction. The geology of this peninsula in Mexico is dominantly cretaceous chalk, and on impact, heat and pressure from the collision released large amounts of gaseous sulfurous compounds (Caldeira, 2007). The mixture of gas, soot, ash and dust released in this enormous impact blocked the sun for possibly up to several months and profoundly interrupted insolation - the incoming solar radiation. This caused the extinction...
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...Economic Sustainability: ACCT2060 Accounting for Organisations and Society Individual Assignment Semester 1, 2014 Tan Aik Khuan Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology March 22, 2014 Question 1(a) ALS Ltd. was previously known as Campbell Brothers Limited and on 1 August 2012, the Company changed its name to ALS Limited following shareholder approval at the 2012 AGM (Annual Report, 2013). The reason for the name change is to reflect the emergence of the company from a diversified laboratory services and chemical solutions business to a predominately global provider of testing and analytical laboratory services (Annual Report, 2013). ALS Ltd operates in four main global business divisions which is Minerals which includes geochemistry, metallurgy, mine site and inspection; Life Sciences which includes environmental, food & pharmaceutical, animal health and electronics; Energy which includes coal and oil & gas; and Industrial which include asset care and tribology (Annual Report, 2013). Question 2(b) External audit report is a written statement to ensure that the financial status and operating performance of entity is properly presented and disclosed and is free from misstatement whether due to fraud or error (Business Dictionary, n.d). ALS Limited has approached KPMG to perform the external audit (Annual Report, 2013). The lead Auditor of KMPG has signed a Lead Auditor Independence Declaration to provide ALS Limited with a written declaration that the...
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...benefits when ingested and used as a systemic application. Increased concentrations of fluoride are harmful to organisms that are exposed or ingest fluoride. Water fluoridation is an unethical health intervention that the government imposes on the community. There is a removal of individual choice and lack of consent for individuals. It is nearly impossible to control the amount of fluoride ingested. Fluoridated water is a health intervention that the government uses to help prevent tooth decay, yet it cannot be controlled in the same way as medicine. Fluoridation follows under the term of : mass medication. It violates people’s civil liberties and forces them to comply to what the government regulates. Rainer Newberry, a professor of geochemistry at University of Alaska, Fairbanks, states “The fact that no one really knows what dosage a given person receives from fluoridated water makes the subject of benefits and harms very difficult to quantify'' (Alvarez). The necessity for fluoride is not essential, unlike other components such as chloride which is used to control the concentration of water. It is as if citizens are forced to take the substance without having any other choice. It is also unfair for those who are not knowledgeable about fluoride in water; they are subject to potential harm. The sole reason behind imposing water fluoridation is to prevent tooth decay and dental caries. If individuals wanted to prevent this, they can turn towards topical applications, such as...
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...Importance of Thermoacidophiles -The importance and impact that microbial activity has on the geology, geochemistry and ecology of hydrothermal vent ecosystems is now well-recognized. Given the recent discovery that the first cultured member of the deep-sea endemic archeael lineage, DHVE2, is a thermoacidophile, growing best at pH 4.5 and unable to grow above pH 6, the investigators in this project are poised to use this organism as a model organism to explore the ecology of thermoacidophiles at deep-sea vents. Importance of Methanogenium thermophilum -In four species of methanogens able to grow with secondary alcohols as hydrogen donors the expression and properties of secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (sec-ADH) were investigated. Cells grown with 2-propanol and CO2 immediately started to oxidize secondary alcohols to ketones if transferred to new media. Importance of Methanobacterium Thermoautotrophicum -The complete 1,751,377-bp sequence of the genome of the thermophilic archaeon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum deltaH has been determined by a whole-genome shotgun sequencing approach. A total of 1,855 open reading frames (ORFs) have been identified that appear to encode polypeptides, 844 (46%) of which have been assigned putative functions based on their similarities to database sequences with assigned functions. Importance of Gram-positive - Gram-positive bacteria are so called because they take up the violet stain used in the Gram staining method. Gram-positive...
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