...Inquiry into Marine and Coastal Pollution CONTENTS CHAPTER 2 ▪ BACKGROUND ▪ General ▪ The Problems ▪ Declining water quality ▪ Loss of marine and coastal habitats ▪ Lack of strategic planning and management practices ▪ Lack of marine science policy CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND General As an island continent with a long coastline Australia has many different marine and estuarine environments. These span a wide range of coastal types, climates and geological and biological regions, which house a rich store of biological diversity. Many are far away from major population centres and are little affected by human activities. Large stretches of the coastline are among the least polluted places on earth.Australia's marine environment spans almost 60 degrees in latitude, from Torres Strait to Heard and Macquarie Islands, and 75 degrees longitude, from Cocos Island to Norfolk Island. In November 1994 the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) came into effect, and with it Australia's declaration of its 200 mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The EEZ covers over 11 million square kilometres, one of the largest in the world.UNCLOS provides the rights to exploit the natural resources of the EEZ but also obliges Australia, under Article 192, to protect and preserve the marine environment of the EEZ. The Convention requires Australia to prevent land based and ship sourced marine pollution...
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...Exclusive Coast Around the world, along our ocean’s coast, there are miles and miles of nature’s beautiful beaches. These alluring shores with sublime weather become prime real estate for those who can afford it. When someone buys the property they expect to own the land that comes with it: so a person that buys a beach house expects that their backyard, the beach, is their private land. However, most people feel that all beaches should be public for tourism and personal satisfaction. That one cannot own “nature.” Despite the many heated debates over this exigence and the many laws that have been passed, individuals should come to the conclusion that the economic and recreational needs of the general public are greater than the needs of a select few. Today in the United States, there is a total of 88,633 miles of shoreline, give or take a few miles (United States 225). The US government census defines shoreline as, “the term used to describe a more detailed measure of the seacoast” (225). They included islands and territories, as well as bays, rivers and lakes in their measurement. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration states that, “in 2010, 123.3 million people, or 39 percent of the nation’s population lived in counties directly on the shoreline” (National Ocean Service). They also expect that population to increase by 10 million people by 2020. With so many people in such a small area, it does not make sense for people to be blocking off their land. When...
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...locations, but every coastline had its resort towns and villages, in a bewildering variety of types and catering for an almost infinite range of social groups and cultural preferences. This was by now a well established resort system, or group of systems, with a history of growth and change which went back to the eighteenth century. The resort map of England and Wales as the Edwardians saw it owed more to the Victorian years and the maps of demand which railways, population concentrations, changing income levels and social structures, and new fashion in the pursuit of health and pleasure, had helped to draw during this dynamic and formative period. European competitors for well-off British holidaymakers had emerged, especially on the French coasts, but there was plenty of growth in demand at working-class and mainstream middle-class levels to sustain continued expansion beyond the turn of the century (Walton, 1983; Travis, 1993). The years between the 1881 and 1911 censuses, and especially the decade of the 1890s, saw the fastest growth in English seaside resort populations, as new competitors appeared for established resorts which themselves often continued to expand impressively. During these 30 years the aggregate off-season population of 145 English and Welsh seaside resorts grew by more than 600,000 to just over 1.6 million — nearly 4.5 percent of the total population (Walton, 1983; Pimlott, 1947)....
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...Explore 1 Teacher’s Guide John Pallister Contents Introduction to the series .................................................... 2 Introduction to Explore 1 ..................................................... 4 Chapter 1: What is geography? ........................................... 7 Chapter 2: Geographical Skills ........................................... 11 Chapter 3: Our Earth ......................................................... 15 Chapter 4: Atmosphere and weather ................................. 19 Chapter 5: Our World—the main features of the Earth’s surface ................................................. 25 Chapter 6: Asia—our region of the world .......................... 29 Chapter 7: Pakistan—our homeland.................................. 34 Chapter 8: Pakistan—economic activities ......................... 40 Introduction to the series Explore is a new, up-to-date geography series for secondary classes 6–8. The series covers all the geographical topics and learning competencies from the Pakistan National Curriculum for Geography. Guided by the structure of the Curriculum, from Book 1 to Book 3 the focus gradually switches from local (including the geography of Pakistan) to global (world issues such as forest clearances, population and big city growth, and globalization). However, this is done not by simply following the exact sequence of the written curriculum, but by identifying and developing particular topics and themes...
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...Chapter 1 - Geography Matters: Definitions: * Human geography the study of the spatial organization of human activity and of people’s relationships with their environments * Cartography: the body of practical and theoretical knowledge about making distinctive visual representations of Earth’s surface in the form of maps * Map projection: a systematic rendering on a flat surface of the geographic coordinates of the features found on Earth’s surface * Ethnocentrism: the attitude that a persona’s own race and culture are superior to those of others * Imperialism: the extension of the power of a nation through direct/indirect control of the economic and political life of other territories * Masculinism: the assumption that the world is and should be shaped mainly by men for men * environmental determinism: a doctrine holding that human activities are controlled by the environment * globalization: the increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, environmental political and cultural change * ecumene: the total habitable area of a country. Sine it depends on the prevailing technology, the available ecumene varies over time. Canada’s ecumene is so much less than its total area. * Geodemographic research: investigation using census data and commercial data (i.e. sales data and property records) about populations of small districts to create profiles of those populations for market research ...
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...ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY Y U K O A O YA M A J A M E S T. M U R P H Y SUSAN HANSON KEY CONCEPTS IN key concepts in economic geography The Key Concepts in Human Geography series is intended to provide a set of companion texts for the core fields of the discipline. To date, students and academics have been relatively poorly served with regards to detailed discussions of the key concepts that geographers use to think about and understand the world. Dictionary entries are usually terse and restricted in their depth of explanation. Student textbooks tend to provide broad overviews of particular topics or the philosophy of Human Geography, but rarely provide a detailed overview of particular concepts, their premises, development over time and empirical use. Research monographs most often focus on particular issues and a limited number of concepts at a very advanced level, so do not offer an expansive and accessible overview of the variety of concepts in use within a subdiscipline. The Key Concepts in Human Geography series seeks to fill this gap, providing detailed description and discussion of the concepts that are at the heart of theoretical and empirical research in contemporary Human Geography. Each book consists of an introductory chapter that outlines the major conceptual developments over time along with approximately twenty-five entries on the core concepts that constitute the theoretical toolkit of geographers working within a specific subdiscipline. Each entry provides...
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...Morning Beach It is early in the morning and the sky is still dim. The immured beach is quiet besides a flock of seagulls pecking at leftover food wrappers. The yellow, phosphorescent sunrise emerges in the distance. The warm, glowing rays greet me with a friendly hello. Miles of shimmering blue water and brown sugar sand encompass me. As I walk along blanket of sand, along the shore, my footprints show my path and are quickly washed away by the waves, turning the shore into a blank canvas. The crashing waves splash my skin feels as refreshing as an ice cold drink on a summer day. The howling wind whistles along the beach like an arriving train as I return to the main area. The rhythmically pounding waves sound peaceful. I walk to a long strip of shops to admire their exquisite commodities. Small, beachfront shops prepare for the day’s customers who will rummage through their merchandise. Key-holders set the seaside products outside their shops. Fashionable clothes and jewelry are propped in the windows, beside brightly colored seashells. I smell fresh coffee and pastries as I pass a Starbucks Coffee shop. As I continue my morning stroll, I only see joggers along the usually busy sidewalks of Clearwater Avenue. I head back to the beach. Some friends play a competitive game of Frisbee near the beach’s pier. The soft blanket of sand cushions one of the adolescents as he reaches high and then dives for the disk. I look to my left and hear the beach is now filled with...
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...technique that I have used e.g. GOAD mapping this technique is a record of different business and building in the location however this data is being collected by walking around the location looking at GOAD map to see changes overtime, this appropriate and out as evidence because if there was building on the coast that is not present it show in comparison that the coast has been retreat. This information may not be accurate because of the limitation has in the GOAD map may not have enough details about building, house and business details. The second fieldwork technique that I would undertake is field sketch/photos this is being collected by drawing a sketch of landmarks and geologically feature of the land like cliffs, headland and wave cut platform, the more detail being draw the more accurate the field sketch also the photos are being taken by a camera to record the feature of the location in more details. This may act as evidence for coastal retreat because if you compare other field sketch that was done by other researcher and there have being changes in the land mass and feature to the extend where some land form may not visible or cannot be seen this show evidence of the coast being retreated but there are some limitation to this field work technique because not all field sketch have being draw accurate to scale also the time of the year...
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...· TIME CONTEXT As a coastal resort destination, Mactan Island stands in sharp contrast to the coast to the coast destination in other Southeast Asian countries. Mactan’s costal tourism has essentially developed on a low rock coast two lagoons facing a deep sea fringed by viable coral reefs. The Mactan shoreline is characterized by short sandy beaches between pronounced coral rock outcrops serving as “headlines” along the southeast coast facing Olango Island. Since the 1970s, this coast has experienced significant change due to poorly planned resort development. Three types of modification to Mactan’s southeast coast can be identified. The early stage involved the least amount of change to the rock coast. The existing limited sandy beaches were used and sea walls were built where necessary. The middle stage of modification witnessed a variety of coastal structures built to retain the beaches, together with the use of imported sand for beach nourishment. Groins and breakwaters were deployed in various ways to create different resort layouts. The final stage of modification was the excavation of the rock coast and the creation of new and artificial beaches. Shangri-La’s Mactan Island Resort was the first to carry out the bold move of excavating the rock and building an entire artificial beach. The process of creating a new beach started with the initial removal of the rock along a 350m stretch by jackhammers to form a large bay. Two large outcrops were left behind to remain...
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...The open ocean and the African plains are both very unique and extravagant places, but they can also be very scary and terrifying. Africa is very similar to the ocean, this does not mean that they aren’t very different. Both the open ocean and the African plains are very similar in many ways. First, both environments are dangerous and deadly. They contain predatory animals and the heat is insane! One wrong move could attract an animal’s attention. In addition, they also require you to use your knowledge and senses to survive. Where the sun sets and rises is useful when knowing when to rest and when to find food. Taste, smell, and touch are very reliable ways to see if food is rotten or poisonous. Lastly, each environment doesn’t have a lot...
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...Ranch Lodge, California: Off Sonoma County's Beaten Path LEAD PARAGRAPH The North Sonoma Coast is a rugged land shaped by wind and water. In the winter big storms out at sea send their messenger waves crashing on the shoreline. Summer brings hummingbirds and other migratory winged travelers to feast on the bounty nature provides. Human city dwellers come also and Sea Ranch-aka The Sea Ranch, is a favorite destination to get away from the hustle and bustle of urban landscapes. PARAGRAPHS A new type of subdivision The plat map of Sea Ranch looks like a trendy subdivision on the outskirts of a typical American city. What it primarily is known for is providing short term lodging for the vacation crowd. The Sea Ranch community stretches from just a few miles north of Fort Ross all the way to the Mendocino County line, a distance of ten miles. Formerly...
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...Naples Communities Naples, Florida, is known for many things, for example, the beautiful beaches that are perfect for an ultimate family fun time, the world class dining and shopping experience that the posh and bustling neighbourhoods offer and enjoyable outdoor activities such as boating, fishing, golfing etc. Add to that the warm and soothing weather that this city has, you would want to stay here forever! In fact, it is true that Naples, Florida, has indeed become one of the most preferred places for owning a house for many, mainly a second home for those who want to spend their winters out here, enjoying their life to the fullest. The fact that you can choose from so many different communities is something that you seldom get to do when looking for a house. Naples has it all; beach communities, boating communities, golf communities, no-frill communities, lots of frill communities, single family home and condo communities, you name it and we can get your dream home in the choicest of location for you and your family. Here is a sneak peek into the two of the most preferred communities you can become a proud member of when you decide to make Naples, your home. Beach Communities The beach shoreline in Naples, Florida, has single family home neighbourhoods, beautiful beach condos and country parks or preserves. The homes in these beachfront lots offer you direct access to the beach or to the bay with gulf access. The gorgeous view of the wonderful sea and the beach that you get...
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...Beach erosion will need more remediation, and there will be tax implications for landowners who lose property to rising seas. All development along the coast will become endangered by hurricane storm surges made more severe by higher sea levels. Costs to modify roadways to withstand sea level rise could mount up to $3 million per lane mile. [7] Beachfront and marsh erosion has long been a problem near Charleston, and despite efforts to renourish beaches and stabilize beachfront homes, it is a losing battle with nature and a rising Atlantic. When sea levels rise rapidly, as they have been doing, even a small increase can have devastating effects on coastal habitats. As seawater reaches farther inland, it can cause destructive erosion, flooding of wetlands, contamination of aquifers and agricultural soils, and lost habitat for fish, birds, and plants. When large storms hit land, higher sea levels mean bigger, more powerful storm surges that can strip away everything in their path. In addition, hundreds of millions of people live in areas that will become increasingly vulnerable to flooding. [3] Higher sea levels would force many families to abandon their homes and relocate. Low-lying islands on the coast could be submerged completely unless water is diverted or the land is built...
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...People are always looking forward to their vacation period. There are many options where to choose. I think that the two most common places people choose for taking a vacation are the beaches and the mountains. Both places offer a variety of fun activities. The beach offers activities that the mountain cannot offer and vice versa. The mountain and the beach are totally different. The purpose of this essay is to contrast the climate, types of activities and locations of beaches and mountains. I’m going to discuss mountains first. The three aspects I’m going to discuss are climate, types of activities and location. Climate is always important in order to enjoy vacations. If a person dislikes cold weather, he or she might have a hard time in the mountains. The cold climate in the mountains is the first barrier to enjoying them, but the climate and the temperature of these zones also determine the types of activities they offer. Snow boarding, mountain climbing, mountain biking, hiking, and skiing are some activities people can enjoy when going to the mountains. There are many regions that have mountains where people can go and have a great vacation. Canada is a country located in North America and contains many mountain vacation sites where people can go and have fun. I’m going to discuss the beach second. The three aspects I’m going to discuss are climate, types of activities and location. Warm climate is one of the most important features that the beach has. Sun and fun are...
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...Classy, sophisticated with an ambiance of regal appeal, Fairmont Newport Beach is the place to visit in order to experience that better than "home away from home" feeling. The amazing sandy beaches of the brilliant coastlines welcomes those looking for adventures at sea: surfing, kayaking and snorkeling will keep you busy for hours, but don't let the ocean distract you completely from all the other amazing activities the most exquisite hotel in southern California has to offer. Arriving at Fairmont Newport Beach, visitors may be exhausted from their travels so the best way to unwind those nerves is to relax and treat yourself to a full service spa, then after which bask in the rays of the area’s sun soaked beaches, acquiring the tan of a true Californian. Then sport your new golden glow at one of the area’s luxurious night clubs. The hotel is only minutes away from the night life excitement. The best place to watch the sunset and drink a glass of wine is at 21 Oceanfront, a dining club of the highest standards, known for its eloquence, superior quality for detail and ability to offer a wide variety of seafood and prime meats. But if you are in a mood for a more active environment and are up for dancing then you will want to visit Duke’s Place. As a bar and lounge, Duke’s may be upscale and eloquent but it’s upbeat and cheerful atmosphere, view of Newport Harbor and every night dance scene, will keep you coming back every time you stay at Fairmont Newport Beach. ...
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