...discovery of the Germ Theory Scientists often develop new theories and ideas once previous postulates are shown to be inadequate. After numerous attempts to understand how germs spread, scientists still lacked a theory that explained the cause of diseases. The germ theory was instrumental in formulating an understanding of various diseases in order to protect the public from lethal epidemics. The development of the germ theory is credited to Dr. Robert Koch, Dr. Joseph Lister and chemist Louis Pasteur. The theory helped other scientists develop future vaccines and procedures to stop the spread of disease. The invention significantly changed how society and medical experts thought about and practiced medicine. The germ theory made it possible for scientists to discover the complex causes of infections and diseases such as cholera. At first, the general public was very apprehensive about the rapidly changing medical practices that resulted from the germ theory. However, once these practices were successful, the public trusted the new procedures such as the introduction of the antiseptic practice. Although many medical breakthroughs were introduced in the late 19th and early 20th century the most significant was the discovery of the germ theory because it allowed European physicians to discover other medicines. It was the foundation for the discovery of other medicines such as cholera and the inception of antiseptic surgery. Before the invention of the germ theory, scientists...
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...Ambitious, creative, and remarkable are the words that pop into my head when I hear the name, “Louis Pasteur”. Pasteur saved many lives in the era of the 1880’s. Pasteur also formulated vaccinations, created the Bacteria and Germ Theory, and investigated the case of silkworms. During Pasteur’s early time, he was born in Dole, France on December 27, 1822. Not being able to grow up with a silver spoon in Pasteur’s mouth, he became fascinated in the history behind science, and biology. Later on in Pasteur’s early adulthood, he went to college to become a science teacher, and acquired a degree in mathematics, chemistry, and physics, and then become a science professor at the University of Strasbourg. It’s because of Pasteur that we worry about...
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...River likely serving as a containment reservoir * Disease spread by trade routes (land and sea) to Russia, then to Western Europe, and from Europe to North America * Causes of Cholera * Mortality rate of 50% * The Miasma Theory * Strongly advocated by Max von Petterkofer * Mapped the 1850 epidemic and concluded cases were clustered in low-lying marshlands * Was the impetus behind Florence Nightingale effort to clean, improve, and establish higher standards in nursing * The Poison Theory * Advocated by John Snow * While attending to Cholera patients he didn’t get the disease, therefore it is not airborne miasma * Affect the gut first * Mapped the 1850 outbreak and found clusters of victims around the Broad Street Pump * Proposed cholera is due to toxin in patient feces and transmitted by water * The Contagion/Germ Theory * Circulated after establishing the Germ Theory of Disease by Louis Pateur * Strongly advocated by Robert Koch * During the 1883 pandemic, he travelled to Bombay and Genoa and reported that the soil there do no meet von Petterkofer citeria for Miasma Theory * During the 5th pandemic Pasteur was successful in isolating the causative bacteria,...
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...THE EARLY YEARS OF MICROBIOLOGY Anton van Leewenhoek first to observe live microorganisms through the magnifying lenses of more than 400 microscopes he constructed Is spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) of microbial life possible? Francesco Redi set out in 1668 to demonstrate that maggots did not arise spontaneously from decaying meat. Proved flies had to lay eggs for larvae to appear (2 experiments) John Needham found that even after he heated nutrient fluids (chicken broth and corn broth) before pouring them into covered flasks, the cooled solutions were soon teeming with microorganisms. Claimed that microbes developed spontaneously from fluids. Lazzaro Spallanzani suggested that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham’s solution after they were boiled. Showed that nutrient fluids heated after being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growth Rudolf Virchow challenged the case of spontaneous generation with the concept of biogenesis, the claim that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells. Louis Pasteur showed that microorganisms can be present in nonliving matter- on solid, in liquids, and in the air. (proved that spontaneous generation was false) He demonstrated conclusively that microbial life can be destroyed by heat and that methods can be devised to block the access of airborne microorganisms to nutrient environments (aseptic techniques – techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms...
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...Microbiology is requires not only an academic understanding of the microscopic world but also a practical understanding of lab techniques and procedures used to identify, control, and manipulate microorganisms. The proper identification of a microorganism is not only important in a microbiology lab but also in the medical, industrial, and pharmaceutical fields. In this lab report, lab techniques and procedures learned during this course were performed to assess each students’ practical knowledge in microbiology. 6In area of fields I mention earlier microbiology is very important to our vaccination and antibiotics we are using, understand that microorganism play a key role in maintaining life on earth, fixing gases and breaking down dead plant and animal matter into simpler substances that are used at the beginning of the food chain 6. Biotechnologists can also exploit the activities of microbes to benefit humans, such as in the production of medicines, enzymes and food. The goal of this lab report is 1) to demonstrate comprehension of the methods and lab techniques learned during the semester 2) to explain the tests performed on each isolated unknown that led to the identification of each unknown 3) and to give a background on the characteristics, pathogenicity and some uses of one of the identified unknowns. II. Introduction In this lab report I will discuss how I came to find my two unknown bacteria. Each bacteria have undergo many different test to eventually identifying...
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...Chapter 25 Self Assessments Test Multiple Choice Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided. _____ 1. Organisms that must obtain nutrients and energy by eating other organisms are a. multicellular. c. heterotrophic. b. autotrophic. d. eukaryotic. _____ 2. A student looks at a slice of tissue on an unlabeled microscope slide. The student concludes the tissue is not from an animal because the cells in the tissue have a. membrane-bound organelles. c. cell membranes. b. nuclei. d. cell walls. _____ 3. In chordates in which pharyngeal pouches develop slits that lead outside of the body, the adult most likely uses what type of organ(s) to breathe? a. gills c. skin b. lungs d. nose _____ 4. Nerves branch in intervals from which of the following structures in a chordate embryo? a. tail c. notochord b. pharyngeal pouches d. hollow nerve cord _____ 5. The notochord is responsible for which function in an embryo? a. processing wastes c. respiration b. structural support d. processing nerve signals _____ 6. Which chordate characteristic is visible on the outside of an adult cat? a. notochord c. pharyngeal pouches b. hollow nerve cord d. a tail that extends beyond the anus _____ 7. All animals eat to obtain a. oxygen. c. carbon dioxide. b. ammonia. d. nutrients. _____ 8. Muscles work together with a support structure...
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...The region of mesoderm from which the limbs arise lies lateral to the intermediate mesoderm and is known as the somatic mesoderm. The somatic mesoderm together with the overlying epidermis is sometimes called the somatopleure. The early limb bud consists of an undifferentiated mass of loose 234 u Chapter 15 mesenchyme surrounded by epidermis. At the distal edge the epidermis is thickened to form the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), which is an essential structure controlling outgrowth (see below). The limb bud mesenchyme forms all of the skeletal structures and connective tissues of the limb: the cartilages, tendons, ligaments, dermis, and the sheaths surrounding the muscles. However, the actual myofibers of the muscles are derived from the somites....
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...Biological Sciences II, BIO 202 Sample Exam 2 Fall 2015 1. Embryonic determination a) prevents cells from being pleuripotent b) results in some cells transcribing different genes than other cells c) occurs in steps, with early cleavage being a time with much determination d) a and b, but not c e) a, b, and c 2. Which of the following is not a part of gastrulation? a) repeated mitosis divisions b) formation of the archenteron c) formation of three germ layers d) many cells becoming determined e) folding in of the neurectoderm 3. Some alleles increase in a gene pool because they give organisms that possess them greater probabilities of surviving and reproducing. This describes a) natural selection b) genetic drift c) allopatric speciation d) uniformitarianism e) inheritance of acquired characteristics 4. During the early cleavage divisions of a vertebrate embryo, the blastomeres a) are produced by meiosis b) contain different alleles from one another c) contain different cytoplasmic chemicals d) perform lots of transcription e) repeatedly skip the S part of interphase 5. Which of the following is part of a DNA molecule? a) uracil b) amino acids c) cytosine d) polymerase e) ribose 6. The term “zygote” refers to a) a large haploid ovum prior to fertilization b) the diploid cell created by fertilization c) the entire embryo...
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...Rice Bran Oil is truly "The World's Healthiest" edible oil, containing vitamins, antioxidants, nutrients and trans fat free. It's not just delicate and flavorful, it can help lower cholesterol, fight diseases, enhance the immune system, fight free radicals and more. Rice Bran Oil is extremely light, versatile and delicious. Use it to fry, sauté, in salad dressings, baking, dipping oils and where ever you use cooking oil. Once you use it you will be amazed cooking light and healthy is also the best tasting. Rice bran oil making can’t leave rice bran oil extraction machine. How to operate Rice Bran Oil Extraction Machine in right way? Rice bran is not high oil content oilseeds the same as sesame, peanut or coconut. One time oil pressing method is not able to make complete oil extraction from rice bran, and only rice bran oil extraction machine is able to make fully extraction of crude rice bran oil from rice bran meal. The crude rice bran oil is sent to oil refinery plant for further process of edible rice bran oil production. Rice bran oil extraction machine adopts national standard no. 6 solvent to make complete extraction of rice bran oil from the meal. The oil solvent extraction system contains chain extractor, rotocel extractor and loop extraction, the engineers will configure the most suitable oil extraction equipment on basis of oilseeds, processing capacity etc. Rice bran oil extraction machine covers entire processing line of extraction, desolventizing and toasting...
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...Chordata.) 1. Which phyla lack organs? What type of symmetry do they have? Porifera is a phyla which lacks organs Myers, P (2001). Cnidaria are also phylum that lack organs. The type of symmetry that Porifera have is asymmetry, which means they have no symmetry. The type of symmetry that Cnidaria have is a radical symmetry. 2. List all of the phyla that show cephalization. Nematoda show cephalization. Arthropoda show cephalization. Platyhelminthes show cephalization. Annelida show cephalization. Mollusca show cephalization and Chordata also show cephalization. 3. Do all organisms on the table have 3 germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm)? If not, which phyla have fewer than three germ layers? No, Porifera has no true germ layers, but have two cell layers called Pinacocytes which is the outer layer and Chaonocytes which is the inner layer. Cnidaria has two germ layer called endoderm and ectoderm. 4. One phylum on the table...
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...Activity 1.2 Learning and understanding of words... • When it is a positive word ___________________________________________________________________ • When it is a negative word ___________________________________________________________________ [pic] ➢ Get into your groups and practice saying different words..... Activity 1.3 Feelings What do you understand with the word feeling? ___________________________________________________________________________ Types of feeling: __________________________ _________________________ __________________________ _________________________ __________________________ _________________________ Feeling Words Happy restless mournful reassured embarrassed Sad guilty surprised passionate heartbroken Angry bored offended nervous optimistic Excited anxious threatened irritated frustrated Uncertain confused relieved scared disappointed • Write a ‘+’ next to the words that gives you a positive feeling or ‘-‘ next to the words that give a negative feeling. Activity 1.4 Brainstorming Why do we need to brainstorm? ___________________________________________________________________________ Group work: Choose one of the given titles below and brainstorm a...
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...Fiber is an essential ingredient to a great diet. It helps prevent diseases, such as Coronary Heart Disease. “Fiber is important for gastrointestinal health as well as cholesterol-lowering benefits” (American Heart Association, 1997). Some food sources that have fiber are pasta, beans, corn, grits, and oatmeal. Most whole grains contain fiber; where as processed grains have little amounts of fiber. Whole grain cereals give a great amount of fiber to the body. There are two types of fiber, which are soluble fiber and insoluble fiber. “Soluble fiber has been associated with increased diet quality and decreased risk of cardiovascular disease” (American Heart Association, 2011). Soluble fiber is called soluble because it is soluble in water. One of the main benefits of soluble fiber is that it aids in lowering cholesterol. Soluble fiber can be found in oranges, barely, peas, and beans. Insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water. “Some benefits of insoluble fiber are that it has been associated with decreased cardiovascular risk and slower progression of cardiovascular disease in high-risk individuals” For those who are interested in losing weight or eating fewer calories, insoluble fiber may make you feel full. Foods in which contain insoluble fiber are whole wheat bread, rye, bran, cabbage, turnips, and apple skin. Just to name a few. According to the American Heart Association, “adults or those who eat 2,000 calories or more should be eating 25g of fiber a day” (American Heart...
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...@GlutaPlanet on Instagram (Call / Text +639063967174) Send an inquiry to: Peter Paul Vizcaya on FB ------------------------------------------------------ St. Dalfour Beauty Excel Cream (Authentic- Imported From Kuwait) ***Effective against*** • Freckles • Old pimple scars • Yellow spotted skin • Black Heads* Wrinkles • Allergies • Melasma • Skin blemishes • And other skin impurities ***How to Use*** On the Face: Apply a little amount on face after washing, NIGHT ONLY. On Under Arm: Apply a little amount after taking a bath, morning and before bedtime. Groin(Singit): Apply a little morning and night after taking a bath. Can be used in any part of the body even in your groin(singit) body part. Use regularly for fastest and best result *Beware of Fake versions of this cream. Ishigaki L-Glutathione Advanced Ultrawhite capsule ISHIGAKI ADVANCED ULTRAWHITE - 60 CAPS Authentic Ishigaki Glutathione for Skin Whitening-Clear Beautiful Skin • Whitens & improves skin 3x Faster Than Ivory Caps • Extremely effective oral formula • New Ultrawhite formulation for faster results • Whitens & brightens dark skin, melasma, sun tan • Oral glutathione has been shown in double-blind placebo-controlled study to effectively promote the lightening of skin through the inhibition of skin pigment (melanin) production • Glutathione Skin for Whitening has Been Shown To Be Safe and Effective in Numerous Clinical...
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...Chapter 4 * Figure 4-2 * Modification of a germ cell to form a mammalian sperm. (A) The centriole produces a long flagellum at what will be the posterior end of the sperm, and the golgi apparatus forms the acrosomal vesicle at the future anterior end. The mitochondria collect around the flagellum near the base of the haploid nucleus and become incorporated into the midpiece ("neck") of the sperm. The remaining cytoplasm is jettisoned and the nucleus condenses. The size of the mature sperm has been enlarged relative to the other stages. (B) Mature bull sperm. The DNA is stained blue with DAPI, the mitochondria are stained green, and the tubulin of the flagellum is stained red. (Q Acrosome of mouse sperm, stained green by the fusion protein proacrosin-GFR * Sperm can travel in aqueous environment to reach the egg because of the flagellum * Figure 4-3 * The force for sperm propulsion is provided by dynein, a protein attached to the microtubules (see Figure 4.3B). Dynein is an ATPase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP, converting the released chemical energy into mechanical energy to propel the sperm. * (Bj Interpretive diagram of the axoneme, showing the "9 + 2" arrangement of the microtubules and other flagellar components. The dynein arms contain the ATPases that provide the energy for flagellar movement. (C) Association of tubulin protofilaments into a microtubule double. One portion of the...
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...Biology Test 3 Chapter 23 Animals 1: Major Invertebrate Groups 23.1 old genes new drugs * Vertebrates – an animal that has a back bone * Mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish * Invertebrates – an animal that does not have a back bone * More than 97% * Cone snails (genus Conus) found in warn nearshore waters of South Pacific, patterned shells, they are predators and produce venom. * Produce a pain killing drug call ziconotide (prialt), unlike morphine it is non addictive. 23.2 animal traits and trends * Animals – multicelled heterotrophy with unwalled cells. Most ingest food and are motile during at least part of the life cycle. * Evolution of Animal Body Plans * All animals are descended from a common multicelled ancestor * Ectoderm – outermost tissue layer of an animal embryo. * Endoderm – innermost tissue layer of an animal embryo. * Mesoderm – middle tissue layer of a three – layered animal embryo. * Most animal groups have organs derived from mesoderm * Radial symmetry – having parts arranged around a central axis, like spokes around a wheel * Radial animals have no front or back end. They attach to an underwater surface or drift along. Their food can arrive from any direction. * Bilateral symmetry – having paired structures so the right and left halves are mirror images * Bilateral animals typically have cephalization. * Move...
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