...Al-Ghazali Reflection The section of Deliverance from Error in the readings of The Path to Sufism is very fascinating to me. The way Al- Ghazali speaks in his teachings is very different from that of Boethius and Aristotle. Al- Ghazali expresses his support for mathematics almost as an exact science, he shows that it cannot be used to support religions whether they be Islamic or not. This type of truth is called Apodeictic, which can be defined as truth by definition or necessity, which can also include logic, math and Astronomy. The other type of truth that Al- Ghazali speaks of is conjectural truth. This can be described as truth by speculation, which means that something can be assumed to be real, true, or genuine. An example of a conjectural truth can be Doctor’s advice. Both apodeictic and conjectural truths come from Al- Ghazali’s view of Philosophy, and can prove all of his thoughts true. One word that I found to be an important part of Al- Ghazali’s Deliverance from Error is the word Fitra. Fitra can be defined as a fundamental spiritual interest. Fitra has many different interpretations, some of which include creation, nature, natural disposition, constitution, and temperament. I believe that Fitra can be the driving spirit that directs people in the right path. I think that Fitra can relate to apodeictic truth because people believe what they see, and if they see something out of the ordinary that shouldn’t happen, they will not believe it and have to...
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...guilty of apostasy. Apostasy means, to abandon the religion or a religious principle after accepting it. Moreover, Al-Ghazali was known as one the most influential thinkers in the history of Islam and his aim was to bring humanity closer to God. He was viewed as a faithful Asharite theologian in which one who believes that God is the only direct and indirect cause of actions. In this paper, we will examine Al-Ghazali’s reasons of the three teachings on which the philosophers are guilty of apostasy, and review ibn-Rushd’s defense of philosophy in the Decisive treatise, and decided whether ibn-Sina should be considered an apostate. Al-Ghazali illustrates three philosophical teachings that were apostasy and unorthodoxy. One of the first point is the philosopher’s belief in the eternity of the world. In other words, philosophers claim that the world is eternal and that the emanation of the first intellect and other beings happens because of the necessary causation of God’s essence, therefore the world as a whole is coexistent and coeternal with God. Ibn Sina believed that God does not have knowledge of the specifics of everything that takes place, rather he is is only aware of what takes place in the general sense. Ghazali replies to this saying that God’s creation of the world was eternally chosen, and therefore it does not mean any change in God. However, Al-Ghazali refutes their idea because he believes the correct and orthodox starting point is to know that God is the highest being...
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...Good Morning Ladies and Gentlemen, for the next few minutes I will share with you my perspective about beauty. I have a quote, which did not only capture my mind, but also captured my heart. Helen Keller said: “The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched - they must be felt with the heart.” She is American author, political activist, and lecturer. She was the first deaf blind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree she was blind. You might be wondering why I have decided to talk to you about this quote, but instead of me just telling you, I will take you to a journey that might place you in my position. Let me ask you this, with a raise of hands how many of you would like to live in a house like this? Well, it is a common goal in today’s fast-paced society to achieve monetary wellness in order to live what some people call “the good life”. In this house you have the latest technology and a crew of people that are more than willing to take care of all of your needs. Now, picture yourself in this house. It certainly does not compare, right? So what is my point? Why am I showing these pictures? Well what you do not know is that in the second picture lives an aged couple who had been married for over 20 years. They had lived together the toughest years of their lives in that simple house. They had seen their daughter grow, they saw how she would fail, but they also had the opportunity to see her achieve all of her goals. Now if you show this...
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...The “Perfect Man,” or al-Insan al-Kalil, was first coined by Ibn Arabi, a Sufi mystic and philosopher. It was said that the “Perfect Man” embodied all that was man, an archetype per se. He had within him all the divine properties of God, but had since lost this state of perfection, leading to separation from God. In Sufism, it is believed that all people still have the ability regain that state of perfection. In this sense, the “Perfect Man” is said to be someone who has realized his true oneness with God; one who has reached this perfect state is called awliya. The foremost example of the Perfect Man is the Prophet Muhammad, who all Muslims aspire to imitate. It’s important in Sufism that a being like the Perfect Man exists because it makes it easier to picture a relationship with God, as the bridge formed by the Perfect Man makes Him close and accessible. In this way, Sufis can see themselves as a reflection of the Divine, though different due to the existence of human nature. To attain a state of perfection, one must always realize this difference between human nature and the Divine, while still trying to emulate the attributes of God. These attributes are commonly cited as the attributes of beauty, the attributes of majesty, the attributes of perfection, and the attributes of the essence. Reaching these attributes requires a person to relinquish his ego, and focus solely on how he can become more like God, while still staying humble and knowing his own human nature...
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...^ISDOM OF THE EAST THE PERSIAN MYSTICS JALALU'D-DIN RUM! BY F. HADLAND DAVIS " AUTHOR OF IN THE VALLEY OF STARS " THERE IS A TOWER OP SILENCE "! LONDON STREET JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE 1912 ALL RIGHTS TO A. T. K. THIS LITTLE BOOK OF EASTERN WISDOM IS LOVINGLY INSCRIBED " OUR JOURNEY is TO THE ROSE-GARDEN OF UNION jALA"LU'D-DfN PREFACE to thank Mr. R. A. Nicholson for kind and generous permission to use selections from his Dwani Shamsi Tabriz, and I DESIRE his also his publishers, the Cambridge Press. I am deeply indebted to Mr. E. H. Whinfield for allowing me to use quotations from his rendering I of the Masnavi (Triibner's Oriental Series). also cordially thank Mr. John Hastie for giving permission to quote a few passages from the " " Festival of Spring late Rev. Professor Hastie's (James Maclehose and Sons, Glasgow). The poems quoted from this volume are entitled : "Thy Rose," "I saw the Winter weaving," " " Love sounds the Music of the Spheres," The " The Beloved All in Souls Love-moved," and All the other translations from the lyrical All." poetry of Jalalu'd-Din Rumi are by Mr. R. A. me Nicholson. To these gentlemen, 7 and to those 8 I have left PREFACE unnamed, I tender my warmest thanks my for their help, sympathy, and interest in " attempt to popularise the wisest of the Persian Stiffs." F. LONDON, January 22, 1907. HADLANB DAVIS. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...
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...The Heart Chakra is the core essential to both our physical and spiritual bodies, much like the actual human heart. This Chakra collage somewhat darker than my previous pieces as I feel substantial dysfunction around the heart chakra. I have experienced significant emotional and bodily abuse through intimate relationships with others. The silhouette in the collage is shaded in ominous shades of blue and green. The posing of the silhouette is meant to illustrate a person reaching out for help after falling. Like The Damsel archetype, I’m constantly waiting for that one ‘godlike’ individual to lift me out of my turmoil surrounding love and make me feel complete again. I am aware that is an incredibly unhealthy way to operate, I should be able...
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...Golden Age. During that time, Muslim world was experiencing a great flourishing with the scientific, economic and cultural area. Between the 11th and 13th centuries, Islam had contributed many ancient classical texts. Most of them were translated from Arabic to many languages. Moreover science, astronomy and mathematics were developed during the 10th century. For example Alhazen who is Islamic philosopher contributed principles of optics, astronomy, mathematics. In medieval Europe he was awarded as “Ptolemaus Secundus” (Ptolemy the Second). His works also used as a reference to many scholars like Newton and Descartes. In technology, Islam was contributed number of crops astronomical instruments used by latitude to Europe. In philosophy Al-Ghazali was the one of the important philosophers contributing to Europe. According to Margaret Smith, “There can...
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...The Problem of Knowledge Al-Ghazali, a philosopher from the 11th century claimed, after he embraced the beliefs of Islam, that all causal events and interactions are not the product of material conjunctions but rather the immediate and present will of God. The idea of occasionalism, the theory about causation which presents that created substances can’t be efficient causes of events, instead the will of God causes it to happen, is indeed something to think about. His claim of causation being linked to the will of God can be refuted easily, saying that because the will of God has purpose in the theory, it is a belief and so not knowledge according to the criteria of knowledge. To what extend can we refute his claim and what is the problem of knowledge in this context? In relation to the theory of knowledge the step of answering the question is to find a way of getting the most certainty to prove or even disprove that causal events and interactions are not the product of material conjunctions. The way of finding the knowledge that is needed to confirm the thoughts of causation can be language, perception, reason or emotion. The way of getting the knowledge we need is from perception or reason, perhaps even both. The knowledge of the process of causation cannot be acquired by language or emotions. Reason seems a compelling way of acquiring knowledge, but it has its flaws with abstract thinking, while perception has his flaws with abstract pictures. So perhaps combining these...
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...-FEBRUARY(13 - 20 Jun2015) COURSES CODES SECT QTY STDN LECTURER INVIGILATORS (H = Head) VENUE EXAM DATE/TIME KL 1. UDE1123 UBSE1123 18 8 19 05 Organization Behavior & Development (OBD) 01 03 04 17 Dr. Mozhdeh Mokhber Dr. Nomahaza Mahadi Dr. Nik Hasnaa/ Dr.Wan Normeza Dr. Amin Vakilbashi 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Dr. Mozhdeh Mokhber (H) Dr. Nomahaza Mahadi Dr. Nik Hasnaa Dr. Wan Nomeza Dr. Amin Vakilbashi Support Staff Dewan Besar, UTM KL 13/6/2015 (SAT) 9.00am – 12.00pm Total Students: 62 1. Negotiation and Strategic Decision Making (NEGO) MRC4073 MBSA 2253 01 24 Tan Sri Prof. Ir. Dr. Mohd Zulkifli bin Tan Sri Mohd Ghazali 2. Tan Sri Prof. Ir. Dr. Mohd Zulkifli bin Tan Sri Mohd Ghazali (H) Support Staff Total Students: 24 Room 3&4, Level 12, Menara Razak UPDATED: 20th MAY 2015 COURSES CODES SECT QTY STDN LECTURER INVIGILATORS (H = Head) VENUE EXAM DATE/TIME Dewan Besar, UTM KL 13/6/2015 (SAT) 2.00pm – 5.00pm Dewan Besar, UTM KL 14/6/2015 (SUN) 9.00am – 12.00pm Dewan Besar, UTM KL 14/6/2015 (SUN) 2.00pm – 5.00pm KL Management & Cost Accounting (ACCT) Operation & Project Management (OPM) Business and Growth Strategy- BIGS (DBA) Marketing Management (MKTG) Financial Management (FM) Quality & Change Management (QCM) Economic Analysis (ECON) Research and Development Management –R&D Mgt (DBA) MBSA1413 ...
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...Running Head: MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE WORKPLACE Motivational Theories and Their Effects on the Workforce Hooriyeh Ali College of Business Management Abstract The definition of motivation has been given. Motivational theories have been explained, and their examples have been given. Theories of Maslow (1943), Herzberg (1959), and McGregor (1960) and so on are discussed. The effects of motivational theories on the workplace are studied and analysed, with practical examples given as support. Effects of Motivational Theories on the Workforce According to Steers, Mowday and Shapiro (2004), motivation is derived from the Latin word movere, which literally means movement. Allen (1998) provides the definition, that motivation is a set of processes which inspire people to achieve their goal. Motivation, over all, is a drive which makes people pursue their aims and ambitions, and makes it possible for people to achieve them. In this report, we study the effects motivational theories have on the workforce. Many popular motivational theories have arisen, such as Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (1943), Frederick Herzberg’s two factor theory (1959) and Douglas McGregor’s theory X and theory Y (1960). These theories deal with the needs and wants of employees, the types of employees found, and most importantly how to deal with demotivated employees and how to motivate them. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs structures the dependency of...
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...It seems a part of human nature to believe or want to believe that something greater than the human race is out there. Religion, philosophy, and even science work to connect dots and draw conclusions to support the existence of a supernatural being. Many philosophers have made their attempts to justify the existence of God but one of the most fascinating is the modern cosmological argument made by Dr. William Lane Craig which is based on the premise that the universe is finite. In this paper, I will describe his argument for the cosmological argument and oppose his argument. The original concept of the cosmological argument originated with a Muslim theologian named al-Ghazali who lived in the 12th century as a response to Greek philosophers....
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...Mencari Definisi Ekonomi Islam PENDAHULUAN Dewasa ini masyarakat Islam Malaysia semakin peka dengan isu yang melibatkan permasalahan hukum dalam kehidupan harian. Peningkatan ini boleh dilihat dengan ketara melalui penglibatan persatuan-persatuan pengguna Islam yang membangkitkan isu-isu berkaitan. Selain itu keprihatinan masyarakat Islam dalam memilih produk berlogo halal juga boleh dijadikan kayu pengukur yang tersendiri. Dalam hal ini, kita boleh lihat pendirian Persatuan Pengguna Islam dalam berhadapan dengan isu kilang membuat mi di Pulau Pinang sedikit masa lalu. Hal ini telah memberi gambaran bahawa tahap kesedaran masyarakat Islam di Malaysia semakin meningkat hari demi hari. Pada masa yang sama, produk kewangan Islam sudah mendapat tempat di hati pengguna sistem perbankan. Motto Bank Islam iaitu “Perbankan untuk semua” bukan hanya impian dan omongan kosong sahaja. Sudah acapkali kita terserempak dengan orang bukan Islam berurusan di kaunter-kaunter atau auto-teller machine (ATM). Malah peningkatan deposit dalam sektor kewangan Islam menjadi indikator penting membuktikan perbankan Islam semakin diterima umum. Hakikatnya pembangunan ekonomi Islam bukan saja dibincangkan di Malaysia. Negara-negara Tmur Tengah seperti Arab Saudi, Mesir, Jordan dan sebagainya sudah lama mengamalkan sistem perbankan tanpa riba selain konsep-konsep muamalah yang lain seperti mudharabah, musyarakah ataupun bai-bitamin ajil dalam pembelian rumah. Bank dari negara Kuwait misalnya begitu...
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...Leadership Research Introduction The three studies researched were, Selart and Johansen (2011), “Ethical decision making in organizations: The role of leadership stress”, Mohr and Wolfram (2010), “Stress among managers: The importance of dynamic tasks, predictability, and social support in unpredictable times”, and Ghahroodi, Ghazali, and Ghorban (2013), “Examining ethical leadership and its impacts on the followers' behavioral outcomes”. All three articles had themes related to job stressors which impacted motivational relationships between leaders and followers. The impacted motivational relationships in turn affected the ethical behaviors of leader engagements with subordinates. The distinction between the articles hinged on whether motivational interactions suffered due to ethical dilemmas (Selart and Johansen, 2011), or dynamic work demands (Mohr and Wolfram, 2010), or pressure to be an ethical role models (Ghahroodi et al. 2013). The authors accredited their study importance to recognizing and understanding how stress affects ethical leadership actions. Research Question Comparison Selart and Johansen (2011) considered how stressful conditions affected the behaviors of leaders and their decision making processes. The authors query was toward evaluating if stress affected leadership behaviors, did it also affect how the leader was motivating subordinates. They examined if manager stress inhibits manager ability to identify ethical dilemmas. Mohr and Wolfram...
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...ECOLOGY: AN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE By Iftekhar A. Hai, Director of Interfaith Relations, United Muslims of America The below article was published in EarthLight magazine about the Islamic attitude towards nature and the environment. It will also be published in a book called "The Best of EarthLight: Ecology and Spiritual Living" Al Ghazali, the most renowned Muslim scholar, philosopher, writer and teacher, lived from year 1058 to 1111 c.e. during the Muslim era in Spain and Portugal, said, ãI can excel in rational knowledge (law, theology, philosophy and science) while remaining egotistical, self centered and arrogant. People can become masters in worldly knowledge with their inner self still impure. Moses Maimonides, the most renowned Jewish scholar, philosopher, writer and teacher was greatly influenced by the writings of Al Ghazali. He lived from 1135 to 1204 c.e., born in Cordoba during the Muslim era in Spain said, “ cannot You achieve excellence in thoughts, word and deeds without the purification of the heart with divine knowledge. These two great people lived to influence multitudes of people from generations to generations. Their works are still held in high esteem. Even today, these two philosophers and thinkers are read and quoted for their wisdom. From all their writings it is evident that they, not only respected and enhanced human rights, by explaining the law, they also were firm believers in extending kindness and compassion to the animals. Both compared humans being...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS No Pages Acknowledgement Introduction Question 1: Greek Logic and Metaphysis in Critical Thinking 1.1 Background of Socrates 1.2 Contribution of Socrates 1.3 Background of Plato 1.4 Contribution of Plato Question 2: Islamic Contribution in Critical Thinking 2.1 Background of Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 2.2 Contribution of Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 2.3 Background of Al-Kindi 2.4 Contribution of Al-Kindi Conclusion References Acknowledgement First of all, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to those who helped and provided me the possibility to complete my assignment. First and foremost, a special thanks to my Critical Thinking’s lecturer, Mr. Krishnan for the valuable guidance and advices regarding my coursework. I would like to thank him for his willingness to teach me the parts that I don’t understand and showing me some good examples that are related to my coursework. Secondly, I would like to thank my parents for giving me support in terms of words of encouragement and financial assistance to complete my assignment. Without their encouragement, I won’t be able to finish my assignment in time. Furthermore, I would like to thank the authority of Legenda Education Group for providing me with a good environment and facilities to complete this project. Also, I would like to thank librarian which help me to find books that related to the topic of my project. Last but not least, special thanks to my...
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