...Abstract Complications from, and economic costs associated with diabetes are on the rise. The concern is that this global health epidemic is only expected to worsen in the coming decades. One quantitative research study aims to improve patient outcomes specifically related to proper control of blood glucose level, by linking patient outcomes with health literacy and patient trust. A quantitative study consisting of a convenience sample of 102 subjects from two urban health care centers was used. Patient demographics, socioeconomic status, and diabetes related knowledge, and depression were measured. The results of this study are mixed in supporting the hypothesis that lower health literacy directly impacts glycemic control. The 2010 journal article titled, “Impact of health literacy and patient trust on glycemic control in urban USA population” from Nursing Health and Sciences, hypothesizes a direct relationship between a patient’s overall health literacy and the ability to maintain glycemic control. The study’s intent is to examine questions related to health literacy and a patient’s trust in their healthcare provider to make a connection to how well the subjects managed glycemic control. Questions related to potential depression are also relevant. Author, Josephine M. Mancuso, PhD, ANP-BC from Marquette University, has published articles in the following nursing journals: Journal Of Nursing Care Quality, Journal Of Professional Nursing: Official Journal Of The American...
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...controlled in around 70 per cent of the cases. Strict diet is often done to control blood glucose levels by reducing and even avoiding rice consumption because rice is considered as hyperglycemic food (can raise blood glucose level quickly) and replacing it with tubers. Whereas rice has a range of Glycemic Index value (GI), from low to high GI depending on the species and varieties. Rices that raise blood glucose level quickly have high GI levels, whereas with low GI will raise blood glucose levels slowly. Glycemic Index (GI) The number listed next to each food is its glycemic index. This is a value obtained by monitoring a person’s blood sugar after eating the food. The value can vary slightly from person to person and from one type or brand of food and another. A noticeable difference is the GI rating of Special-K which produced considerably different results in tests in the US and Australia, most likely resulting from different ingredients in each location. Despite this slight variation, the index provides a good guide to which foods you should be eating and which foods to avoid. The glycemic index range is as follows: |Low GI = 55 or less | |Medium GI = 56 - 69 | |High GI = 70 or more | The glycemic index was researched by Sydney University in conjunction with the CSIRO, based on original research by the University of Toronto, Canada. Sydney University’s great glycemic index website is here http://www.glycemicindex.com/. Choosing low...
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...I. Introduction Diabetes mellitus, or simply diabetes, is a chronic disease that requires special and continuous medical care to prevent acute complications as well as to reduce the risk of long-term complications. Main subject of the diabetes care is to maintain glycemic level at normal range. According to ADA (American Diabetes Association), there are for clinical types of diabetes- 1. Type 1 diabetes (results from β-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency) 2. Type 2 diabetes (results from a progressive insulin secretory defect on the background of insulin resistance) 3. Other specific types of diabetes due to other causes 4. Gestational diabetes mellitus Table 1 Diabetes diagnostic criteria according to ADA guideline 1. | FPG ≥ 126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l). Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 hrs. | | OR | 2. | Symptoms of hyperglycemia and a casual plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l). Casual is defined as any time of day without regard to time since last meal. The classic symptoms of hyperglycemia include polyuria, polydipsia, and unexplained weight loss. | | OR | 3. | 2-h plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) during an OGTT (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test). The test should be performed as described by the World Health Organization, using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose dissolved water. | Source: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/31/Supplement_1/S12/T2.expansion...
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...adverse effect on quality of life for older patients when they exist together. Nouwen et al. (2010) identified depression as a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. Inversely, diabetes is also a risk factor for the development of depression. Undergoing stressful life events that cause depression or chronic psychological distress can undermine the control of blood sugar that can cause adverse effects sympathoadrenal glucose intolerance, increased glucose intolerance and hypothalamopituitary adrenal axis. The increased glucose intolerance is established to act via the neuroendocrine system to affect the mood...
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...NRS-410V Module 5 Evidence-Based Practice Project—Paper on Diabetes Pathophysiology and Nursing Management of Clients Health – Disorders of the Digestive and Musculoskeletal System Grand Canyon University Identify a research or evidence-based article that focuses comprehensively on a specific intervention or new diagnostic tool for the treatment of diabetes in adults or children. In a paper of 750-1,000 words, summarize the main idea of the research findings for a specific patient population. Research must include clinical findings that are current, thorough, and relevant to diabetes and the nursing practice. Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. Use of New Technologies to Improve Self-Management Support in Diabetes Patients Name September 5, 2015 NRS-410 Grand Canyon University Instructor: Providing support and care with new technologies like text messages, cell phones and the internet can improve health outcomes that are clinically relevant to diabetes by increasing self-efficacy and knowledge to carry out actions of self-management. There has been a boost in the focus studies put on intervention and diagnostic methods for diabetes and, as a result, there are many materials available concerning how use of cell phones and the internet can improve self-management behaviors in different groups. The following paper...
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...Treating Diabetes Mellitus Type II Treating Diabetes Mellitus Type II Type II diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronically elevated blood glucose levels. It characteristically results from a surplus caloric intake, as compared to energy consumption, combined with inadequate insulin secretion, due to dysfunction of the insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells (Pfeiffer & Klein, 2014). Type II diabetes has reached pandemic levels, despite efforts to slow its progression. In a society where healthcare is ever-changing, primary care physicians, along with advanced practitioners are now treating this disease more readily, as compared to specialist and endocrinologist in the past. As with many disease processes, there are several options when choosing a treatment plan for type II diabetes. Combining knowledge and evidence-based research, the practitioner will be able to establish an individualized treatment plan for treating type II diabetes mellitus. Pathophysiology Type II diabetes is a very complex, non-communicable disease that effects more than 370 million people throughout the world. The symptoms of this disease can vary from patient to patient. Without intense and concentrated efforts to address the pathogenesis and treatment of this syndrome, the destructive macrovascular and microvascular outcomes of type II diabetes will remain a major problem for years to come (Kahn, Cooper, & Del Prato, 2014). In T2D plasma insulin levels may be low,...
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...COURSE INFORMATION | IG NUMBER | | COURSE | NUTRITION THERAPY II | TOPIC: | NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF CARDIO-VASCULAR DISEASES | TERM | Prelim | WEEK NO | 2 | SESSION | 2 | DURATION | 5 hrs. | INTENDED LEARNINGOUTCOMES | COURSE OUTCOMES | 1. Explain the pathophysiology, the effects of the disease on patient’s nutritional status and the and the required dietary management. 2. Discuss the principles involved in the dietary management of a patient’s disease. 3. Design a nutritional therapy program for patient with cardio-vascular disease. | UNIT OUTCOME/S | 1. Discussion on cardio-vascular diseases and their nutritional therapy management. 2. Develop nutritional therapy program for a patient with cardio-vascular disease. | MATERIALS AND RESOURCES NEEDED | MATERIALS | * Overhead Projector/Laptop and LCD, Laboratory Manual in Nutrition Therapy | TEXTBOOK | Ruiz, Adela J. (2010). Basic Diet Therapy for Filipinos | SUBTOPICS | * TEACHING ACTIVITY | * LEARNING ACTIVITY | * TIME | * OLFU VMV * PEO, CEO * Course Outline | Interactive Lecture | Interactive Discussion | 1.5 hrs. | * OLFU VMV * PEO, CEO * Course Outline | Problem-solving: Organization of laboratory activities | Laboratory Activity: Class organization and Kitchen brigade system | 2.5 hrs. | SUBTOPICS | * ASSESSMENT TASKS | * ASSESSMENT TOOLS | * TIME | * OLFU VMV * PEO, CEO * Course Outline | * Objective test | * *...
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...(1993). The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. New England J Med, 329:977-986. Tsui, E., Barnie, A., Ross, S., Parkes, R., Zinman, B., Intensive insulin therapy with insulin lispro:a randomized trial of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion verses multiple daily insulin injection. (2001). Diabetes Care. 24:1722-1727. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. (1998). Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment on risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet, 352, 837-853. Zöllner, Y. F., Ziegler, R., Stüve, M., Krumreich, J., & Schauf, M. (2016). Event and cost offsets of switching 20% of the type 1 diabetes population in germany from multiple daily injections to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: a 4-Year simulation model. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 10(5), 1142–1148....
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...and allows for our body to absorb this glucose stored in our liver from our bloodstream. However when there is very little insulin in the blood, glucose is not taken up by our body’s cells, and instead our body uses fat as a source of energy. In type 2 Diabetes, cells don’t respond to insulin properly, this is called insulin resistance. And the pancreas produces inadequate insulin for the body’s needs. A combination of factors such as obesity, lack of physical activity, poor diet, high blood pressure, genetics, and environment are all associated with type 2 Diabetes. Though healthy eating and regular physical activity can control diabetes, there currently is no cure. Overtime a patient may need tablets or insulin, as it can result in fewer complications in the long term. In the following experiment however neither tablets or insulin influenced the blood glycemic index of the affect of the berries on the patient. Nieshanka Nanthakrishnakumar 9SC1 Berries are considered super foods due to the nutrients within them. This is mainly because they are high in antioxidants. “Antioxidants are compounds in Nieshanka Nanthakrishnakumar 9SC1 foods that neutralise chemicals called free radicals (unstable molecules), produced by oxidation in the human body” (2014 State Government of Australia, 21/10/2013). Flavonoids are the main nutrients existing in all the berries tested, and serves as a major antioxidant. Some nutrients that are also present in berries “include potassium, Vitamin K and...
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...patients suffering from diabetes (Cavanaugh et al., 2009). It is linked to poor knowledge regarding diabetes as well as the difficulty to learn advanced skills of self-care required for improving glycemic control (Cavanaugh et al., 2009). In most cases, diabetic patients with low literacy are more likely to African American, older with lower income as well as educational attainment (Osborn, Cavanaugh & Kripalani, 2010). Additionally, this group has a less knowledge specific on diabetes (Cavanaugh et al., 2009). Low numeracy skill is common among diabetic ethnic minority groups (Osborn, Cavanaugh & Kripalani, 2010). Low health literacy, as well as numeracy, is widespread with approximately one in every three Americans affected (Osborn, Cavanaugh & Kripalani, 2010). Health literacy is essential for individuals to take control and manage own health. While considering diabetes, patients affected with low health literacy are faced with the difficulty to understand the disease, are less involved in self-care initiatives, and have inadequate glycemic control (Kandula et al., 2009). In self-management of diabetes, people are responsible for several activities, which become a challenge with inadequate health literacy. The activities include adhering to medication, healthy eating, glucose monitoring, as well as reducing risks. Due to unrecognized low levels of literacy, affected persons with multiple complications are likely to experience these problems (Kandula et al., 2009). Addressing...
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...characteristics of the clinical site and patient population. The teaching plan should be customized to this population. This is a sample teaching plan that you can use and customize to your needs. You may want to design a pre-test and post-test to give your patients would are attending the teaching program. Based on statistics from the Centers for Disease Control website, 17.0 million people in the United States, approximately 6.2% of the population, have diabetes. Of this 17 million people, 11.1 million are diagnosed and 5.9 million are undiagnosed. In the different age groups, about 151,000 people less than 20 years of age have diabetes, approximately 0.19% of people in this age group. In the 20 and older age group 16.9 million and 8.6% of people have diabetes. The 65 and older age group has 7.0 million and 20.1% of all people with diabetes (www.cdc.gov/diabetes). The Identified Learning Need Patients with Diabetes have very comprehensive learning needs. The learning needs are focused on managing their glucose levels and preventing complications of diabetes. Learning needs for managing diabetes are complex and include: monitoring blood glucose levels, menu/food planning, exercise, medications, skin care, management of co-existing disease processes, knowledge of medications, knowledge of the disease process and how to manage hypo/hyperglycemic episodes. Many patients are diagnosed with diabetes every year and many are unaware that it requires lifestyle changes, especially in the...
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...characteristics of the clinical site and patient population. The teaching plan should be customized to this population. This is a sample teaching plan that you can use and customize to your needs. You may want to design a pre-test and post-test to give your patients would are attending the teaching program. Based on statistics from the Centers for Disease Control website, 17.0 million people in the United States, approximately 6.2% of the population, have diabetes. Of this 17 million people, 11.1 million are diagnosed and 5.9 million are undiagnosed. In the different age groups, about 151,000 people less than 20 years of age have diabetes, approximately 0.19% of people in this age group. In the 20 and older age group 16.9 million and 8.6% of people have diabetes. The 65 and older age group has 7.0 million and 20.1% of all people with diabetes (www.cdc.gov/diabetes). The Identified Learning Need Patients with Diabetes have very comprehensive learning needs. The learning needs are focused on managing their glucose levels and preventing complications of diabetes. Learning needs for managing diabetes are complex and include: monitoring blood glucose levels, menu/food planning, exercise, medications, skin care, management of co-existing disease processes, knowledge of medications, knowledge of the disease process and how to manage hypo/hyperglycemic episodes. Many patients are diagnosed with diabetes every year and many are unaware that it requires lifestyle changes, especially in the...
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...EATING FOR WELLNESS Class Activity 1 – Why Do I Eat? I eat because I’m hungry. I eat because I want to increase my level of physical activity. I eat because I need to survive. Eating Trends Past: * Agricultural; manual labor * More fruits, vegetables, and grains eaten * Choices limited to what can be produced by the individual Present: * High-tech; fast-paced * Dual career families and packaged and processed foods (more fats, sugars, and salts * More eating out; more choices; poorer selections * Choices predicated on convenience, time and cost efficacy Eating Trends Nutrition and dietary habits have implications for each of the dimensions of wellness: * Physical – physiological nourishment; growth * Emotional – as a reward; soothe feelings; response to stress * Social – events, gatherings, and family interaction * Intellectual – understanding dietary principles and food contents; informed consumerism * Spiritual – rituals; searching for inner truth/direction * Environmental – food and crop quality; protection of the food chain * Occupational – business contacts; coffee breaks; income affecting food selections Eating Trends * General shift away from meals to snacks, at-home to away-from-home * On any given day in the U.S., 25% of the adult population visits a fast food restaurant * Americans now spend more on fast food than on higher education, personal computers, computer software...
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...Diabetes Pathophysiology * The underlying pathophysiologic defect in type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Following this destruction, the individual has an absolute insulin deficiency and no longer produces insulin. Autoimmune beta cell destruction is thought to be triggered by an environmental event, such as a viral infection. Genetically determined susceptibility factors increase the risk of such autoimmune phenomena. * About 90% of diabetic Americans have type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is higher in African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanics, and Pacific Islanders than it is in Caucasians. Most type 2 diabetes patients are overweight, and most are diagnosed as adults. The genetic influence in type 2 diabetes is greater than that seen with type 1. While concordance rates between monozygous twins for type 1 diabetes are about 30 to 50%, the rate is approximately 90% for type 2 diabetes. Although the genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes is strong, no single genetic defect has been found. In addition to genetic influences, acquired risk factors for type 2 diabetes include obesity, advancing age, and an inactive lifestyle. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION * Type 1 Diabetes: About 5 to 10 percent of those with diabetes have type 1 diabetes. It's an autoimmune disease, meaning the body's own immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Patients with type 1 diabetes have very...
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...increase stress level for teenagers like Jenna and could hinder her compliance with treatments’. Although it is less common, there was a study on children with diabetes and increase risk of anxiety symptom and this rate is between 13-17% (Herzer, 2010). Jenna exhibit a little bit of anxiety while looking to be accepted by her friend and compulsive eating of cookies and soda, seeking internet friends and taking her brothers medications and lying to her mother about it. Jenna symptom’s is a big challenge for a teenager, family; especially her friend’s support will help her in adhering to her treatment as prescribed. Reference Herzer, M., Hood, K.K. Anxiety symptoms in adolescents with type 1 diabetes; association with blood glucose monitoring...
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